Midterm 1 Flashcards
(204 cards)
1
Q
What are the characteristics of living things?
A
- Chemical uniqueness
- Complexity and hierarchical organization
- Reproduction
- Possession of a genetic program
- Growth
- Metabolism
- Environmental interaction
- Movement
2
Q
What is a codon?
A
A sequence of three nucleotides that encodes for an amino acid
3
Q
What does define the correspondence between sequence of nucleotides in DNA and sequences of amino acids in proteins?
A
Genetic code
4
Q
Who are autotrophs?
A
Plants, algae, many bacteria and some unicellular eukaryotes
5
Q
Does all bacteria are heterotrophs?
A
No
6
Q
Does all unicellular eukaryotes are autotrophs?
A
No
7
Q
Do single ocelled organisms undergo developement?
A
Yes, they still grown (ex: phase, divisions)
8
Q
What is the study of organism interaction with the environment?
A
Ecology
9
Q
What are the ways that plans move?
A
- Shoots grow
- Flowers open and close
- Leaves turn towards the sun
- Climbing plants have tendrils that reach out until they have something to grip onto
10
Q
When did the earth formed?
A
4.6 billion years ago
11
Q
Was there atmosphere on early earth?
A
No, neither soil or oceans.
12
Q
When did life formed and from what?
A
4 billion years ago from primordial soup
13
Q
What is the Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis?
A
Organic compounds characteristic of life formed slowly over time from simple molecules present in the prebiotic environment.
14
Q
Who came out with the primordial soup theory?
A
Oparin and Haldane
15
Q
What were the components of early atmospheres?
A
- Water vapor
- Hydrogen gas
- Ammonia
- Carbon dioxide
- Methane
- LIMITED oxygen
16
Q
Who tested the primordial soup theory?
A
Miller and Urey
17
Q
What produced the Miller and Urey experience?
A
Carbon dioxide was transformed into organic compounds such as amino acid, urea, and fatty acids, essential components of life.
18
Q
What were the compounds and energetical source in Miller and Urey experience?
A
- Water vapor
- Ammonia
- Methane
- Hydrogen
energetical source: electrical sparks
19
Q
What term describe one part soluble in water and another part insoluble in water?
A
Amphiphilic
20
Q
What is the second stage in origins of life?
A
Formation of polymers (e.g: proteins and nucleic acids)
21
Q
Was the early atmosphere reducing or oxidizing?
A
Strongly reducing (lack of oxygen, was giving electrons)
22
Q
Could life on earth start again?
A
No. Present atmosphere is too oxidizing.
Molecules necessary for life can’t be synthesized outside cells because the presence of oxygen make them unstable.
23
Q
What were the necessary steps for life to occur?
A
- Simple organic molecules
- Complex organic molecules
- Cells
24
Q
What is a codon?
A
A sequence of three nucleotides that encode for an amino acid
25
What is the best estimate of number of species on Earth?
8 million species of eukaryotes.
26
What describes the formation of complex organic molecules from simpler inorganic molecules through chemical reaction?
Chemical evolution (first step in the development of life)
27
What describes the process by which changes in the genetic composition of populations of organisms occur in response to environmental changes?
Organic evolution
28
Who came independently from Darwin with the conception of natural selection?
Wallace
29
True or False?
| Natural Selection was accepted before Evolution as a theory.
False
30
What are the foundations of evolution theory?
1. Geology: history of life is long and changing
2. Economics (Malthus): population pressures, human populations grow faster than resource
3. Embryology: Similarities between organisms
31
What is Natural Selection?
The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.
32
What explains adaptation?
Natural selection
33
What describes a change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment?
Adaptation
34
What is the process by which features acquire functions for which they were not originally adapted or selected?
Exaptation
35
What use is a rudimentary feather?
Thermoregulation
36
Is evolution random?
No. Genetic variability has a random aspect because mutations are random. However, the force that drives evolution is natural selection and it's not random.
37
True or false?
| Most mutations are favorable.
False. Most mutations are unfavourable or neutral.
38
What are the evolutionary theories accepted as having universal application throughout the living world?
1. Perpetual change
2. Common descent
3. Multiplication of species
39
What are the evidence for common descent?
1. Conserved genetics (codon usage among living things)
| 2. Homology
40
Define homology.
Similarity of parts/organs of different organisms caused by evolutionary derivation from a corresponding part/organ in a common ancestor.
41
What defines the developmental history of an organism throughout its entire life?
Ontogeny
42
What defines the evolutionary history of a species?
Phylogeny
43
Do ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny?
No, but it does provide evidence for common descent.
44
True or false?
| Behavioral factors can be a biological factor that prevent interbreeding.
True
45
What are the two ways that allopatric speciation can occur?
Vicariant speciation and Founder effect.
46
What speciation describes the ancestral population geographically divided and isolated subpoplations evolve reproductive barriers between them?
Allopatric speciation.
47
True or false?
| In vicariant population, fragments of the ancestral population are left intact.
True
48
What describes a speciation from diverging lineages co-occupy a geographic area?
Sympatric speciation.
Different individuals within a species become specialized for occupying different components of the environment.
49
Which type of speciation might iguanas floating leads to ?
Allopatric: founder effect.
50
What type of speciation might geographic separation of caribbean leads to?
Allopatric: vicariant
51
What type of speciation eurasian blackcap is an example of? Is it due to reproductive or geographic barriers?
It's sympatric speciation because it's on the same land, and it's reproductive barrier.
52
True or false?
| Gradualism is not supported by the fossil record.
True
53
Describes gradualism.
Theory like what small changes accumulate slowly over time.
54
What describes the pertains to evolutionary changes in frequencies of variant forms of genes within population?
Microevolution
55
What describes the pertains to evolution on a long timescale?
Macroevolution
56
What are the patterns in macroevolution?
1. Stasis
2. Lineage splitting
3. Extinction
57
What are the evolutionary fates for every species?
1. Give rise to new species
| 2. Become extinct
58
What is a punctuated equilibrium?
Long period of stasis, punctuated by a brief event of speciation
59
How long does a species survive on average?
5-10 million years (stasis)
60
How long lasts speciation on average?
10 000 - 100 000 years (event of speciation)
61
Since how long the coelacanths exist?
80 million years
62
In what way does the metaphoric tree of life fall appart?
1. Branches are not equal
2. No central trunk
3. No directionality
4. Some line goes from one branch to the other
63
True or false?
| Character similarity resulting from common ancenstry is the definition of homology.
True
64
What name do we give to non-homologous similarities that may be found in various organisms?
Homoplasy
65
True or false?
| Characters that build up the evolutionary tree can be behavioural
True
66
What defines the branching diagram showing the inferred evolutionary relationship among various biological species?
Phylogenetic tree
67
What defines the diagram used in cladistics to show evolutionary relationship between organisms?
Cladogram
68
What is a clade?
A unit of evolutionary common descent that includes ancestral lineage and all descendents.
69
Defines character
Organismal feature that varies between species
70
What defines all other variant forms of the character that arose later within the group?
A derived character
71
What type of clade defines the most recent common ancestor and some but not all descendants of that ancestor?
Paraphyletic clade
72
What type of clade defines a most recent common ancestor that is not included ?
Polyphyletic clade
73
Defines taxonomy
Study of the principles of scientific classification, systematic ordering and naming of organisms
74
What is the fundamental way that we classify organisms in biology?
It's based on evolutionary relationships
75
What is the science of classification of organisms based on common evolutionary descent?
Systematics
76
Who is the Father of taxonomy?
Linneaus
77
What are the 5 kingdoms in the 5 kingdoms system?
1. Metazoa
2. Plantae
3. Fungi
4. Protista
5. Monera
78
What are the 6 kingdoms system?
1. Metazoa
2. Plantae
3. Fungi
4. Protista
5. Bacteria
6. Archea
79
Which kingdoms are also domains?
Bacteria and archea
80
What is the simple definition for species?
Group of organisms that are capable of producing a fertile offspring
81
What name do we give to offspring produced by mating of individuals from two different species?
Interspecific hybrid
82
What are the requirements biologists agree to define a species?
1. Individual descend from a common ancestral population
2. Reproductive compatibility
3. Genotypic and phenotypic cohesion
83
What is the sexual reproduction?
Fusion of 2 gametes
84
True or false?
| Asexual reproduction doesn't exist in vertebrate
False, it is rare but it does exist.
85
Does asexual reproduction involve gametes?
No.
86
What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?
Quick and energy efficient
87
True or false?
| Sexual reproduction takes about three time as long as asexual reproduction in species that do both?
False, twice as long
88
What is the phenomenon describes by the accumulation of deleterious mutations?
Muller's Ratchet
89
What is the Muller's ratchet?
The accumulation of deleterious mutation
90
What is the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?
The accumulation of deleterious mutations
91
What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?
Ability to mix and match (more novel genotypes)
92
What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?
1. Energetically costly
| 2. Males do not directly produce offspring
93
True or false?
| The main disadvantages of sexual reproduction is the energetically cost.
False.
| The main disadvantage is that males do not directly produce offspring
94
What type of asexual reproduction is common among bacteria and protozoa?
Binary fission
95
What type of asexual reproduction occurs in hydra?
Budding
96
Does gemmulation occur in sponges?
Yes
97
Fragmentation occurs in what species?
In many anemones and sea stars
98
What type of reproduction describes an embryo develops from unfertilized egg?
Parthenogenesis
99
Define parthenogenesis
Embryo develops from unfertilized egg, sperm may activate but not fuse with egg
100
Are monoecious organisms hermaphroditic?
Yes
101
T/F
| There is no monoecious vertebrates.
False
| Some fishes are.
102
T/F
| In oviparous eggs, the fertilization is external.
False
| It can be internal or external
103
Does ovoviviparous fertilization internal?
Yes
104
From where does come derive nourishment in ovoviviparous eggs?
From yolk
105
What is the organic vessel where the embryo develops?
The egg
106
What is the female reproductive/germ cell?
The ovoum
107
T/F
| Gamete can be diploid
False
108
T/F
| There is no organelles in eggs
False
| There is cytoplasm, nucleus, organelles and yolk.
109
The vegetal pole is where there is the most...
yolk
110
The animal pole is where there is the most..
cytoplasm
111
What type of eggs do we have in echinoderms and molluscs?
Isolecithal, like in mammals.
112
What type of egg describes an abundance of yolk densely concentrated at a vegetal pole?
Telolecithal
113
Lots of yolk exhibit X development
direct (telolecithal)
114
Little yolk exhibit X development
indirect (isolecithal, mesolecithal)
115
What is indirect development?
Passes through larval stage capable of feeding itself
| Undergoes metamorphosis
116
T/F
| Cell division occurs more easily in yolk than in cytoplasm.
False
| Cell division occurs more easily cytoplasm than in yolk.
117
What is the type of cleavage that defines a complete and approximately equal divisions of cells?
Holoblastic
118
What is the type of cleavage that describes a division of cell restricted to a small area of egg?
Meroblastic
119
Associate the type of eggs with there division
```
Holoblastic = isolecithal and mesolecithal
Meroblastic = centrolecithal and telolecithal
```
120
What is the name of the zygote at the end of the cleavage?
Blastula, made out of blastomeres
121
What is gastrulation?
It converts the blastula into a two or a three-layered embryo
122
How many germ layer does a blastula have?
1
123
What is the name of the opening cavity in the blastula?
The blastopore
124
What is the name of the process where one side of the blastula bends inward ?
Invagination
125
What is the name of the outerlayer cells of lining blastocoel?
Ectoderm
126
What is the name of the innerlayer cells linning gut?
Endoderm
127
T/F?
| All sponges have only one germ layer.
False, some are diploblastic
128
What is the first event in organogenesis and from which tissue?
Formation of nervous system from ectoderm.
129
What is the first functional organ and from what tissue?
Hearth, from mesoderm
130
What is the name of the cavity completely suronded by mesoderm?
Coelom
131
From what tissue does the coelom in schizocoely form?
Mesoderm
132
From what tissue does the coelom in enterocoely form?
Endoderm
133
What are the two types of coelom formation?
Schizocoely and enterocoely
134
What are the two types of specification?
Cytoplasmic and conditional
135
What describes the capacity of some cell to evoke a developmental response in other cells?
Induction
136
Cytoplasmic specification leads to what kind of development?
Mosaic
137
Conditional specification leads to what kind of development?
Regulative
138
Can individual blastomere in cytoplasmic specification produce a whole embryo?
No
139
Do all metazoa have the presence of blastula and gastrula stages?
Yes
140
What is the name of a free-swimming ciliated marine larvae characteristic of most molluscs and marine worms?
Trocophore
141
Protostomes are divided in which two major classes?
Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa
142
Does ecdysozoa ehibit spiral cleavage?
Some but not all.
143
What kind of cleavage occurs in most deuterostomes?
Radial cleavage
144
What kind of development do most lophotrochozoans protostomes undergo?
Mosaic development
145
Platyhelminthes are more likely too undergo what kind of development?
Mosaic
146
Echinodermata are more likely to undergo what kind of development?
Regulative
147
T/F
| All deuterostomes are ceolomate
T
148
T/F
| All metazoa are multicellular
T
149
What is the name that we give to plant-like unicellular eukaryotes?
Protophyta
150
Are protozoa from the same ancestor?
No, they are not monophyletic.
151
What is a protozoa?
An animal-like unicellular eukaryotes
152
Protozoa font partis de quel kingdom?
Protista
153
What kind of group are protozoa?
Paraphyletic
154
What are the disadvantages of being unicellular?
1. Limited size
2. Shorter life span
3. No division of labour
155
What are the advantages of being unicellular?
1. Rapid reproduction
| 2. Minimal resources required
156
Cilia and flagella are refered to as?
Undulipodia
157
What are the two types heterotrophs can be?
1. Holozoic
| 2. Saprozoic
158
What is a feeder that ingest visible food particle?
Holozoic
159
What is a feeder that ingest food in a soluble form?
Saprozoic
160
Where does phagocytosis occur in amoebas?
Anywhere along the membrane
161
Where does the phagocytosis occur in many unicellular eukaryotes?
Cytostome
162
Where does undigestible matter is expelled in protozoans?
Cytoproct
163
T/F
| All protozoans do asexual reproduction
T
164
Does some protozoans reproduce sexually?
Oui
165
What types of asexual reproduction do protozoans?
1. Binary fission
2. Multiple fission
3. Budding
166
What is are the types of reproduction in paramecium?
Binary fission
167
What is the name of temporary union of two ciliate protozoa for the purpose of exchanging chromosomal material?
Conjugation
168
T/F
| Apicomplexa is a species
False.
| Apicomplexa is a phylum of parasitic protistes.
169
T/F
| All apicomplexa are endoparasites
T
170
What are the name of parasite that live outside the host?
Ectoparasite
171
What is the reproducion of apicomplexa?
Both asexual and sexual
172
What is the phylum of plasmodium malaria?
Apicomplexa
173
What is the definition of a definitive host?
Where the sexual reproduction occurs, where symbiont matures and reproduce
174
What is the definition of an intermediate host?
Where the asexual stage occurs, if no sexual reproduction, but in which maturation and sexual reproduction do not occur
175
What groups are fungi, metazoa, and choanoflagellates?
Opisthokonta
176
What is the level of organismal complexity in a protozoa ?
Protoplasmic
177
Name an organism that show colonial cellular complexity.
Choanoflagellates
178
What is the level of organismal complexity in cnidarians?
Cell-tissue
179
What is the level of organismal complexity in platyhelminthes
Tissue-organ
180
True or false?
| All fungi are multicellular
FALSE
181
T/F?
| Fungi are chemoheterotrophs.
True
182
T/F
| Fungi do intracellular digestion
F
| Extracellular digestion
183
What is an assemblage of cells embedded in a extracellular matric ECM and supported by a skeleton of minute needlelike spicules and protein?
A sponge
184
What is an extracellular matric?
A collection of extracellular molecules secreted by support cells that provides strucural and biochemical support to the surronding cells.
185
What are the tree form of porifera?
Asconoid: flagellated spongeol
Syconoid: flagellated canals
Leuconoid: flagellated chambers
186
From where does water enter in an asconoid sponges?
Ostia (one ostium)
187
From where does water is pulled out in a asconoid sponges?
Oscolum
188
Define the current of water in asconoid sponges
ostia, spongoceol, osculum
189
What is the water movement in syconoid sponges?
1. Incurrent canals
2. Prosopyles
3. Radial canal
4. Apopyles
5. Spongocoel
6. Osculum
190
T/F
| There is only one osculum in leuconoid.
False
191
T/F
| There is no spongocoel in leuconoid sponges
T
192
What is the name of epithelial type cells in sponges?
Pinanocytes
193
Porocytes are cells in what type of sponges
Asconoid
194
What are the name of flagellated collar cells in sponges?
Choanocytes
195
What are the cells that move through mesohyl for transport of food and oxygen?
Archaeocyte
196
What is the major structural protein in ECM of sponges?
Collagen
197
T/F
| All sponges secretes spongin
False
| Only demospongiae
198
T/F
| Sponges eat by diffusion
T
199
T/F
| All sponges reproduce sexually and sexually
T
200
T/F
| Most sponges are dioecious
F
| Most sponges are monoecious
201
What kind of aseuxal reproduction do sponges?
1. Fragmentation
2. Budding
3. Gemmulation
202
What cells are mostly present in gemmules sponges?
Archaeocytes
203
From what cell sperm and oocytes emerged in sponges?
Choanocytes and sometimes archaeocytes
204
T/F?
| Most sponges are ovoviviparous
F
| Most sponges are viviparous. The
