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Psychiatry 79 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

Who were the patients and what was the intervention in the Walch study on sunlight?

A

-Spinal cord patients were placed in hospital beds exposed to 46% more sunlight than control

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2
Q

What were the effects of sunlight exposure in the Walch study?

A
  • Patients consumed less pain medication
  • Experienced marginally less pain
  • Were less stressed out
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3
Q

What is the PERMA model of well-being?

A 
Positive emotions
Engagement 
Relationships
Meaningfulness
Accomplishments
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4
Q

How many synapses do neurons have on average?

A

Around 7000

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5
Q

What are the six majors regions of the neocortex?

A
  • Parietal lobe
  • Frontal lobe
  • Temporal lobe
  • Cerebellum
  • Occipital lobe
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6
Q

What is the limbic system and what are the major brain regions involved?

A
  • Limbic system is everything connected to hypothalamus, which control emotions and basic drives
  • Amygdala
  • Anterior cingulate
  • Hypothalamus
  • Hippocampus
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7
Q

What brain regions were more connected in people with a growth mindset?

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and dorsal striatum

-

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8
Q

Both grit and growth mindset involved communication between which regions

A

DLPFC (planning) & dorsal striatum (habits)

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9
Q

What is the most common neurotransmitter?

A

Glutamate

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10
Q

What are the phenotypic effects of the depression risk gene?

A
  • Smaller size to amygdala and ACC, and uncoupling of ACC-amygdala communication
  • Short allele of serotonin transporter gene is less efficient.
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11
Q

To oversimplify, stress is mediated by the _________

A

hypothalamus

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12
Q

What are two major stress hormones?

A

Cortisol and adrenaline

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13
Q

Neurological effects of exercise

A
  • Reduced thalamic GABA
  • Reduces cortisol
  • Increases endorphins
  • Increases endocannabinoids
  • Increases in brain derived neurotrophic factor
  • Boosts serotonin
  • Increases heart rate variability
  • Older adults had more PFC grey matter from midlife exercise
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14
Q

What part of the brain is most involved in goal-directed behavior

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

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15
Q

Clinical evidence for orbitofrontal cortex involvement in self-control

A

Compared with healthy subjects, individuals with Online Gaming Addiction had significant gray matter atrophy in the right orbitofrontal cortex, (as well as bilateral insula, and right supplementary motor area)

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16
Q

Why is sleep restorative?

A

Cleans away metabolic junk via cerebrospinal fluid

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17
Q

For complex tasks, there is a U-shaped function of optimal performance

A

Yerkes-Dodson Law

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18
Q

Neurophysiological correlate of controllability

A

And greater connectivity between vmPFC and amygdala

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19
Q

What brain region does gratitude affect?

A

Increases rostral anterior cingulate activity because positive things in life gain personal relevance

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20
Q

Brain regions involved in worry

A

Medial PFC and anterior cingulate

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21
Q

Brain regions involved in response to imminent danger

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A

Amygdala, hippocampus, anterior cingulate, hypothalamus, insula

22
Q

Neural correlate of cognitive reframing

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A

Dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex mediates amygdala response

23
Q

Area involved in trying to make the best decision and area involved in trying to make a good enough decision

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A

Emotional ventromedial PFC = optimal decision

Dorsolateral PFC = good enough decision

24
Q

Effects of oxytocin on caregivers listening to crying babies

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A

Greater insula reactivity, and reduced amygdala reactivity in response to baby crying

25
Child abuse survivors have less of which neurotransmitter?
Oxytocin
26
OT reduces meth's stimulation of which brain region
the nucleus accumbens
27
Writing a thank you letter caused increase in what region of the brain? The effect lasted for at least how long?
rostral anterior cingulate; at least 3 months
28
What area of the brain is activated by positive social feedback?
NAcc, similar striatum areas as winning money
29
Being listened to increases _____ _____ activity as well as ____ activity
nucleus accumbens, insula
30
Why is smiling contagious?
It activates mirror neurons
31
Theory of mind includes which two brain regions
Dorsomedial pfc, temo-parietal junction - sense of self
32
Music correlates positively with which brain regions?
nucleus accumbens, insula, acc
33
Music correlates negatively with which brain regions?
Amygdala | vmPFC
34
What are the physiobehavior effects of awe
Improves mood Increases altruism Improves immune function Increases parasympathetic activity
35
which brain regions are important in awe
Striatum Parts of the lateral PFC (imagination) Hippocampus
36
Parts of brain implicated in default mode network that are deactivated from awe
Posterior cingulate and mPFC
37
11 Elements of flow
There are clear goals every step of the way There is immediate feedback to one’s actions There is a balance between challenges and skills Action and awareness are merged Distractions are excluded from consciousness There is no worry of failure Self-consciousness disappears The sense of time becomes distorted The activity becomes for it’s own sake (autotelic)
38
Benefits of art expression
``` Reduced stress Elevated mood Improved cognition Greater enjoyment Enhanced empathy ```
39
benefits of art appreciation
Reduced anxiety Elevated mood Greater productivity Improved theory-of-mind
40
How does music affect two neurotransmitters?
cortisol down, oxytocin up
41
Smart phone addicts have reduced impulse control | And reduced ____ and ____ _____ gray matter
Smart phone addicts have reduced impulse control | And reduced ACC and PFC gray matter (mPFC, DLPFC)
42
Online game addicts have reduced gray matter in what regions
Orbitofrontal cortex | Insula
43
– Students who have smart phone addiction have which 3 problems
higher anxiety, depression, and sleep problems
44
The working memory uses which brain region
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)
45
Brain regions involved in theory of mind
dmPFC Orbitofrontal cortex TPJ Anterior VLPFC (more abstract)
46
Brain regions involved in mirror neuron system
Premotor cortex | Posterior VLPFC
47
Social emotions engage which brain regions
premotor area, SMA, inferior frontal gyrus
48
Hearing fake laughter activates which brain regions?
dmPFC and ACC
49
Which 4 factors come from divorce?
Contempt Criticism Defensiveness Stonewalling
50
What brain regions in listener lagged behind speaker?
Insula, parietal regions, nucleus accumbens
51
What brain regions in listener preceded speaker
mPFC, orbitofrontal, dlPFC, nucleus accumbens

Psychiatry 79 (2 decks)

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