Midterm 1 Flashcards
(300 cards)
1
Q
Largest insect collection in the world?
A
Musée National d’histoire Naturelle (MNHN)
2
Q
Largest insect collection in North America?
A
National Museum of Natural History (NMNH or USNM)
3
Q
Largest insect collection in Canada
A
Canadian National Collection of Insects (CNC)
4
Q
Second Largest collection in Canada and Largest university collection?
A
Lyman Entomological Museum (LEM or LEMQ)
5
Q
Lyman Entomological Museum?
A
Created in 1914
- collection left by Henry Lyman after death on Empress Lyman
- mainly butterflies
6
Q
Why are insect collections important?
A
- Long-term data (large library of information)
- specimens available to other researchers
- collection data used in many different studies
7
Q
Minimum information needed for a specimen?
A
- locality of capture
- date of capture
8
Q
Valuable (but optional) information to include with a specimen?
A
- Name of collector
- type of collecting method
- ecological data
9
Q
Additional labels added to specimen?
A
- Identification label
- type label (Holotype or paratype)
- Museum label
- special code (database, donation, separate notes)
10
Q
Economic value of pinned insects?
A
$1.50
11
Q
Economic value of pointed insects?
A
$2.50
12
Q
Economic Value of Exotic insects?
A
+ $0.50
13
Q
Economic value of dissected insects?
A
+ $3.00
14
Q
Economic value of specimen with biological data?
A
+$0.75
15
Q
Economic value with specimen identified to genus level?
A
+ $0.75 (by authority $1.50)
16
Q
Economic value with specimens identified to species level?
A
+$1.50 (by authority $3.00)
17
Q
Threats to insect specimens?
A
- partially or completely eaten by museum pests
- other problem: mould, fading, Dust damage
- fires
18
Q
Insect abundance?
A
- largest biomass of all terrestrials animals
19
Q
Insect Diversity?
A
- insects represent more than half of all known living organism
20
Q
Reasons for insect success?
A
1) Ancient lineage and low rate of extinction
2) presence of an exoskeleton
3) presence of wings
4) small size
5) complete metamorphosis
6) high reproductive capacity
21
Q
Advantages of being an old lineage?
A
- ready to exploit new environment
- less competition
22
Q
Advantages of having an exoskeleton?
A
- protection from physical change
- discourage predators
- protective barrier between living tissues and the environment
- protects against desiccation
23
Q
Advantages of having wings?
A
- great advantage for finding food, mates and escaping from enemies
- can move freely from one habitat to another to find better conditions
24
Q
Advantages of their small size?
A
- need little food
- can exploit a large number of microhabitats
- easy to find places for nesting
25
Advantages of complete metamorphosis?
- different body forms= different habitats and food--> reduces infraspecific competition
26
Advantages of high reproductive capacity?
- insects lay large number of eggs
| - they have short generation time (populations build up faster, faster rate of mutation)
27
Beneficial aspects of insects?
- Pollination
- food source
- nutrient cycling
- soil improvement
- control of other organisms
- medicine and genetics
- biological indicators
- commercial products
- aesthetics and cultural use
28
What is Entomophagy?
the study of insects as human food
29
Importance of Scavengers?
- involved in decomposition of organic matte
| - nutrient cycling
30
Importance of soil insects?
- Aerate the soil
| - improve its physical properties and add to its organic content
31
What percentage of insects are pests?
1%
32
Types of Insect pests?
- plant pests
- stored product pests
- household pests
- direct human pests
- livestock pests
33
What does Phytophagous mean?
insects feeding on plants
34
Phytophagous insect types?
- Monophagous
- Oligophagous
- polyphagous
35
Types of direct feeding?
chewing, sucking, tunnelling
36
Types of indirectly feeding?
- transmission of plant diseases (spread pathogens to new host
37
Crop Pest Examples?
- Boll weevil
- Colorado potato beetle
- mediterranean fruit fly
- desert locust
38
Forest Pests examples?
- gyspy moth
- emerald ash borer
- asian longhorns beetle
39
Boll weevil
- one host: cotton
- most destructive cotton pest in America
- successfully eradicated from many states
- cotton industry uses about 25% of the worlds insecticides
40
Colorado potato beetle
- most important pest of potato
- feed on potato but also tomato, eggplant, pepper
- well known for its resistance to many insecticides
41
Mediterranean fruit fly (or Medfly)
- one of world most important fruit pests
- more than 260 different hosts
- attacks most fruits, also flowers, vegetable and nuts
- heavily controlled in US
42
Deset locust
- large variety of plants- both crop and non-crop plants
43
Gyspy moth
- feeds on 300 species of trees
| - caterpillars feed of foliage and adults don't feed
44
Emerald Ash borer
- native to Asia
- one host: ash trees
- larva bore into wood
45
Asian longhorns beetle
Native to China
- larvae bore into wood
- attack multiple species of trees
46
What are stored Product Pests?
- pests contaminating large containers of stored food products
- either feed directly on product, or on mold
47
Examples of Stored product pests?
Rice weevil, Indian Meal Moth, Foreign grain beetles
48
What are household pests?
Pests contaminating our food, they damage our clothes and house,or feed on us
49
Examples of Household pests?
Bed bugs, indian meal moth, ants, cockroaches, clothes moths, carpet beetles, book lice
50
Direct Human pests?
- can cause minor effects or more serious ones
- directly effect us (ie. bites)
- can transmit disease
51
Biological vectors
insect plays a major role in the life cycle of the pathogen
52
Mechanical Vectors?
insect is a passive carrier, carrying pathogen on its body or mouthparts
53
Examples of direct human pests?
Mosquitoes, bees, wasps, lice, botfly
54
Types of livestock pests?
- biting insects
- endoparasitic insects
- ectoparasitic insects
55
Examples of biting livestock insects?
stable flies, mosquitoes, black flies, horse flies
56
Example of endoparasitic livestock pests?
bot flies
57
Example of ectoparasitic livestock pest?
fleas
58
How do humans affect populations of pest species?
- Monoculture
- irrigation canals
- intercontinental transport
- overuse of insecticides
59
Annual losses in USA due to detrimental insects?
$5 Billion
60
Annual benefits in USA due to beneficial insects?
over $19 Billion
61
Insects are a part of what phylum?
Arthropoda
62
What does Arthros mean?
joint
63
What does Poda mean?
foot
64
General characteristics of class Insecta?
1) Presence of exoskeleton
2) Bilateral symmetry
3) body divided into segments or metameres
4) Jointed appendages
5) Open circulatory system
6) respiration by means of spiracles and trachea or gills
7) brain and ventral nerve cord
8) complete digestive system
9) excretory system (Malpighian tubules) for waste disposal
65
What are the three distinct regions of tagmata of an insect?
1) Head
2) Thorax
3) Abdomen
66
What are magmata composed of?
metameres
67
Tagmosis?
organization of the body into major units
68
What is the head specialized for?
Specialized for sensory function and feeding
69
What is the thorax specialized for?
specialized for locomotion
70
What is the abdomen specialized for?
specialized for reproduction (but also contains part of the circulatory, digestive and excretory systems)
71
What are jointed appendages modified into?
numerous specialized organs
72
General Properties of Exoskeleton?
- support body and maintains its form
- lines the tracheal system and portions of the digestive and reproductive system
- provides surfaces for muscle attachment
- sclerotized regions provide structural rigidity, membranous regions between sclerites permit movement and flexibility
- contains color pigments and patterns
73
Why are colour pigments and patterns important?
- important in defence (warning/aposematic colouration, mimicry, distraction, camouflage
- important in courtship and infraspecific recognition
- important in thermoregulation
74
Types of Insect Colours?
1) Pigmental
| 2) Structural
75
Pigmental colour?
some pigments are derived from plants (ie. carotenoids) and others derived from pigment deposition (ie. melanins)
76
Structural colour?
- also called physical colouration
| - derived from the cuticle and its irregularities
77
Three main layers of the exoskeleton?
- Cuticle
- Epidermis
- Basement Membrane
78
Characteristics of Cuticle?
Acellular, complex, multilayered
| - secreted by epidermis
79
Characteristics of Epidermis?
Cellular layer: secretes the cuticle
- forms external sensory receptors
- major role during molting
80
Characteristics of Basement membrane?
- Acellular, thin
| - separates hemocoel from epidermis
81
Cuticle Split into...?
Epicuticle and Procuticle
82
Procuticle split into?
Exocuticle and endocuticle
83
Epicuticle?
protection and impermeability (contains wax layer)
84
Cuticular extensions that are rigid and Non-articulated?
1) Spines- large, heavily sclerotized
| 2) Microtrichia- very small, hair like structures
85
Cuticular extensions that are movable articulated?
- setae (sensory hairs)
86
What are Setae?
Sensory hairs
| - are multicellular, and associated with 3 specialized epidermal cells
87
What are the 3 specialized epidermal cells that Setae are associated with?
- Sensory Cells
- Trichogen cells
- Tormogen cells
88
What do sensory cells do?
Detect movement
89
Examples of specialized types of setae?
Bristles, trochoid sensible and hairs
90
What is molting?
the entire process of preparing for, undergoing and recovering from ecdysis
91
What is Ecdysone?
hormone produced to activate epidermal cells to secrete a new exoskeleton
92
What is Apolysis?
separation of the old cuticle from the epidermis
93
What is Ecdysis?
process of shedding the old cuticle
94
What is the exuvia (pl. exuviae)?
the old cuticle
95
what is a teneral?
A soft, newly emerged insect (from pupal case or just after ecdysis)
96
What is tanning or sclerotization?
the stiffening and darkening of the cuticle
97
Describe the steps in the molting process
1) Ecdysone is released by the prothoracic gland which activates the epidermal cells and the cells increase in size
2) Apolysis- old cuticle separates from the epidermis. The epidermis secretes a molting fluid that will digest the old endocuticle (exocuticle not dissolved by motling fluid)
3) Epidermis secretes new cuticle (epicuticule and undifferentiated pro cuticle)
4) ecdysis starts- insect swallows are or water and the old cuticle splits (usually at the midline of dorsal side) and insect pulls out of old cuticle
5) insect inflates body by swallowing air or water and by increasing hemolymph pressure
6) new cuticle becomes harder and darker (tanning or sclerotization process), the pro cuticle differentiates between the sclerotized exocuticle and softer inner endocuticle
98
Most insects molt _____ times throughout their life?
4-8 times
99
Insect bodies consist of ____ primitive segments?
20
100
Head of an insect consists of ..?
- Eyes
| - Paired appendages (antennae, mouthparts)
101
Head is specialized for?
feeding and sensory perception
102
Types of mouthparts?
- Mandibulate mouthparts
| - Haustellate mouthparts
103
List the mandibulate mouthparts
Clypeus, Labrum, Mandible, Maxilla, Labium
104
Role of Labrum (Mandibulate mouthpart)?
- covers the mouth
105
role of Mandible? (Mandibulate mouthparts)
to grasp, cut and chew food
106
Role of Maxilla? (mandibulate mouthparts)
food manipulation during mastication
| - possesses a pair of palps (maxillary palps)
107
Role of Labium? (mandibulate mouthparts)
closes the mouth below
| - possesses pair of palps (labial palps)
108
Piercing-sucking mouthparts?
- have elongated proboscis or beak to suck liquid
- external structure is the labium
- encloses 4 piercing stylets: two maniples and two maxillae
109
Some types of haustellate mouthparts?
Chewing-lapping, piercing-sucking, siphoning, sponging, cutting-sponging
110
different Mouthpart orientations?
1) Hypognathous
2) Prognathous
3) Opisthognathous
111
Hypognathous?
- mouthpart orientation
| - directed ventrally
112
Prognathous?
- a mouthpart orientation
| - directed anteriorly
113
Opisthognathous?
- a mouthpart orientation
| - directed posteriorly
114
Main divisions of the antennae?
Scape, pedicel and flagellum
115
flagellum divided into ?
Flagellomeres
116
Role of antennae?
to feel (touch), hear and smell
117
What is the thorax specialized for?
locomotion
118
what are the three segments of the thorax?
- Prothorax
- Mesothorax
- Metathorax
119
What is the Notum?
dorsal region of the thorax
120
What is the Sternum?
Ventral region of the thorax
121
What is the Pleuron?
Lateral region of the thorax
122
Parts of the leg?
Coxa, Trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsi (or Tarsus), tarsal claw (pre tarsus)
123
Pulvilli?
padlike structure at the base of claws
124
Empodium?
bristle like structure between the claws
125
Legs adapted for walking?
Ambulatory
126
Legs adapted for running?
cursorial
127
Legs adapted/modified for jumping?
Saltatorial
128
Legs adapted/modified for grasping?
raptorial
129
Legs adapted/modified for digging?
fossorial
130
Legs adapted/modified for swimming?
natatorial
131
At what stage are wings fully function in most insects?
adult stage
132
Forewing modifications?
Tegmina, Hemelytra and Elytra
133
Tegmina?
thicker, leathery forewings found in praying mantis, cockroaches, earrings, grasshoppers
134
Elytra?
heavily sclerotized forewings found in beetles
135
Hemelytra?
forewings of Heteroptera (true bugs) with thickened basal section and membranous apical section
136
Role of Abdomen?
carry organs of reproduction,digestion, excretion and respiration
137
Tergum?
dorsal region of an abdominal segment
138
Sternum?
ventral region of an abdominal segment (or thoracic segment)
139
What is the Cerci?
paired appendages at posterior end of the abdomen- normally used as sensory organs or sometimes modified into a defensive organ
140
aedeagus?
male copulatory organ
141
Ovipositor?
tubular structure used for egg laying. Sometimes modified for piercing, sawing or stinging
142
What is a Nymph?
an immature stage of an insect with incomplete metamorphosis
143
What is a Naiad?
an aquatic gill-breathing nymph
144
What is a larva?
an immature stage (between egg and pupa) of an insect having complete metamorphosis
145
What is a caterpillar?
common name for the larval stage of Lepidoptera
146
What is a grub?
common name for larval stage scarab beetles
147
What is a maggot?
common name for larval stage of flies
148
What is a pupa?
a resting, non-feeding stage between the larval and adult stage (complete metamorphosis)
149
what is a chrysalid?
common name for the pupal stage of butterflies
150
What is an Imago?
the last stage of development of an insect (adult stage). Sexually mature
151
What is an instar?
the insect between successive molts
152
What are the three main patterns of development?
- Ametabolous
- Hemimetabolous
- Holometabolous
153
What is Ametabolous development?
Development with no metamorphosis. Insect goes from Egg to nymph to adult. Insect just gets larger and becomes sexually mature
154
What is Hemimetabolous development?
Development with incomplete metamorphosis. Insect develops wings as adult. Insect goes from egg to nymph (or naiad) to adult
155
What is holometabolous development?
development with complete metamorphosis. The larval stage is very different from adults. Insect goes from egg to larva to pupa to adult.
156
Why are insect muscles important?
- Body support and help maintain posture
- locomotion
- flight
- movement of viscera
157
Types of Insect muscles?
- Skeletal muscles
| - Visceral Muscles
158
What are skeletal muscles?
muscles attached to integument, move various parts of the body including appendages. Includes flight muscles
159
What are visceral muscles?
surround the heart, digestive tract, and reproductive system. Produce peristaltic movements
160
What are direct flight muscles?
- primitive state of wings
| - muscles connected to wings
161
What are indirect flight muscles?
- muscles are attached to notum and sternum
| - deformation of thoracic segment gives wing movement
162
What are apodemes?
ingrowths of the insects exoskeleton
163
Transverse commissures?
connect trachea on opposite sides of body
164
Longitudinal tracheal trunks?
Connect tracheae from adjacent spiracles on same side of body
165
How many pairs of thoracic spiracles?
2
166
How many pairs of abdominal spiracles?
8
167
What is cutaneous respiration?
gas exchange by diffusion through the body wall or through tracheal gills
168
What are gills?
special extensions of the body with a rich tracheal network, through which gas exchange occurs
169
What is Hemolymph?
watery fluid (plasma) which contains water, ions, blood cells, amino acids, lipids etc that is responsible for all chemical exchanges between tissues
170
Role of Dorsal vessel?
collects hemolymph in the abdomen and conducts it forwards to the head
171
Ostia?
openings/valves in the dorsal vessel that ensure the one way flow of haemolymph
172
Role of the the aorta?
carry the blood into the head
173
Role of the accessory pulsatile organ of antenna?
assist with blood pumping into appendages
174
Role of dorsal diaphragm?
facilitate circulation by diving body cavity into compartments
175
Foregut?
Ingestion, temporary storage and grinding
176
Midgut?
production and secretion of digestive enzymes= Digestion&absorption
177
Hindgut?
absorption of water, salts, and other molecules. Elimination of waste products through anus
178
What is the proventriculus?
a grinding organ (present in insects that feed on solid food)
179
What is the role of the crop?
food storage
180
Role of gastric caecum?
provides extra surface area for secretion of enzyme or absorption of water and other substances
181
Role of the ventriculus?
primary site for enzymatic digestion of food and absorption of nutrients
182
role of the perithrophic membrane?
protects digestive cells without inhibiting absorption of nutrients
183
Role of the Ileum, colon and rectum?
regulate the absorption of water and salts from waste products
184
Foregut organs?
- Pharynx
- oesophagus
- crop
- proventriculus
185
Midgut organs?
- Gastric caecum
- ventriculus
- peritrophic membrane
186
hindgut organs?
- ileum
- rectum
- anus
- colon
- Malphigian tubule
187
What is the Malpighian tubule?
an excretory organ that removes nitrogenous waste from haemolymph
188
Neuron?
specialized cell. Basic component of nervous system
189
What are the types of neutrons?
- Sensory neurons
- Interneurons
- Motor Neurons
190
What are sensory neurons?
located near integument, in the peripheral nervous system and are associated with sense organs
- receive stimuli from insects environment an transmit info to central nervous system
191
What are interneurons?
located within ganglia of the central nervous system and receive sensory neutrons and transmit it to motor neurons
192
What are motor Neurons?
located within the ganglia of the central nervous system
| - receive info from interneurons and transmit it to muscles
193
Types of Nervous systems of insect?
- Peripheral nervous system
- central nervous system
- visceral nervous system
194
What is the peripheral nervous system?
consists of all the sensory neutrons of the sense organs and the motor neurone axons
195
What is the central nervous system?
principal division- series of ganglia: brain, sub oesophageal ganglion and ganglia of ventral nerve cord
196
What is the visceral nervous system?
innervate parts of the gut, reproductive organs, tracheal system including spiracles
197
Brain?
made up of 3 pairs of fused ganglia. Handles all signals arriving from the body
198
Sub oesophageal ganglion?
control mouthparts and salivary glands
199
Ventral nerve cord?
is double with a series of ganglion. Ganglia innervate legs, flight muscles and control activities of each segment
200
Types of sensilla?
- mechanoreceptors
- chemoreceptors
- photoreceptors
201
Sensilla?
also called receptors
| - are sensory organs
202
Mechanoreceptors?
detect physical forces: tough, tensions, or vibrations in the substrate
203
chemoreceptors?
detect aqueous chemicals (tastes) and airborne chemicals (Smell)
204
Photoreceptors?
detect light energy
205
Mechanoreceptors are tactile receptors?
perceive stimuli which arise outside the insect (touch, movement)
206
Mechanoreceptors as proprioceptors?
respond to the deformations, tensions, and compressions in the body- also provide info on posture and position
207
Mechanoreceptors as auditory receptors?
respond to vibration
208
Trochoid sensilla?
- type of mechanoreceptors- can be tactile receptors, auditory receptors or proprioceptors
209
Campaniform sensilla?
- type of mechanoreceptors- act as proprioceptors responding to pressure and cuticle deformation
210
Chordontal sensilla?
mechanoreceptors: can be proprioceptors or auditory receptors
211
Johnston's organ?
highly evolved auditory organ that is formed by chordontal sensilla clustered together
212
Tympanal organ?
specialized auditory organ found in a few insects and are very sensitive to airborne vibration
213
Olfactory receptors?
- a type of chemoreceptor
- perception of chemicals in a vapour state (airborne)
- also called distant receptors
- smell
214
Gustatory receptors?
- a type of chemoreceptor
- perception of chemicals in aqueous state
- also called contact receptors
- taste
215
Stemmata?
- also called lateral ocelli
| - photoreceptors in insect larvae (holometabolous insect development)
216
Main functions of female reproductive system?
- egg production
| - receive and store sperm
217
Spermatheca?
receive and stores sperm
218
Spermathecae gland?
provides nourishment for stored spermatozoa
219
Functions of the accessory gland in females?
- secrete material used to glue of cement eggs to substrate
- secrete protective coating on the eggs
- secrete silken stalk in lacewing
- act as a poison gland in many Hymenoptera
- act as a milk gland in tsetse flies
220
Main functions of male reproductive system?
- production and storage of spermatozoa
| - transport of spermatozoa to the reproductive tract of the female
221
functions of accessory glands in males?
- produce seminal fluid to nourish spermatozoa/carrier for the spermatozoa
- altering female behaviour
- formation of the spermatophore
- formation of a mating plug
222
Sexual reproduction?
most common form of reproduction in insects. Involves fertilization of the eggs. Sperm transfer may be direct or indirect
223
Asexual reproduction?
development from unfertilized eggs. May be obligatory or facultative
224
Haemocoelic insemination?
- also called traumatic insemination
| - injection of sperm into body wall of females
225
Oviparity?
production of eggs that hatch outside the body- embryonic development starts outside body
226
Viviparity?
give birth to live young. Embryonic development is completed within body of the female
227
Methods used in location and recognition of a mate?
swarming, flashing, singing, pheromones etc
228
What is courtship?
close-range attraction mechanism that induces sexual receptivity before and sometimes during mating
229
Examples of courtship??
visual displays, tactile stimulation, pheromones, singing nuptial gift
230
What are Hormones?
chemicals released inside the body on an individual and transported by the circulatory system to specific sites where they influences a variety of physiological processes
231
Hormones released by what system?
Endocrine system
232
Ecdysone?
a hormone that initiates melting process
| - released by prothoracic gland (which is a type of endocrine gland)
233
Juvenile hormone?
a metamorphosis inhibiting hormone that is released by a specialized endocrine gland: Corpora allot, located behind the brain
234
Semiochemicals?
chemical substances released outside the body to communicate with individuals of the same species (pheromones) or with different species (allelochemicals)
235
Semiochemicals released by ____ glands?
exocrine glands
236
What are exocrine glands?
glands having docs that discharge secretions outside body
237
Examples of pheromones?
- sex pheromones
- aggregation pheromone
- spacing pheromones
- trail-marking pheromones
- alarm pheromones
- social pheromones
238
What are sex pheromones?
pheromones used in attracting mate of the same species
| - often produced by females to attract males
239
What are aggregation pheromones?
chemicals that cause individuals of the same species to crowd around the source of the pheromone
240
What are spacing pheromones?
chemicals that cause individuals to keep their distance from each other
241
What are trail marking pheromones?
chemicals often used to communicate information on the location of a food source
242
What are alarm pheromones?
chemicals that are used to signal a danger which cause the insects to disperse away from the source of danger or to attack the enemies
243
What are social pheromones?
chemicals that are used in regulation of colony structure
244
What are allelochemicals?
chemical substances released outside an individual and producing a behavioural response by a second individual of a different species (not always an insect species)
245
What are kairomones?
chemicals that benefit the receiver but disadvantage the producer
246
What are allomones?
chemicals that benefit the producer by modifying the behaviour of the receiver (have a neutral effect on receiver or may disadvantage the receiver)
247
What are synomones?
chemicals that benefit both the producer and the receiver
248
First great radiation of insects occurred when?
- carboniferous period (285-360 MYA)
249
When did primitive winged insects appear?
350 MYA
250
When did first hexapods appear?
400 MYA
251
When was the second great radiation of insects?
during the Cretaceous period (65-145 MYA)
252
The second great radiation of insects corresponds to?
Flowering plants first appearing
253
Orders in the class Entognatha?
Protura, Collembolan, Diplura
254
Class Entognatha?
concealed mouthparts, enclosed wishing folds of the head
255
Class Insecta?
Ectognatha (true insects)
| - mouthparts visible externally
256
Characteristics of Order Protura?
- lack eyes and antennae
- forelegs enlarged with many sensillae
- cerci absent
- unusual development (amorphsc): abdominal segments added during the first 3 molts
257
Characteristics of order Collembola?
- globular to elongated body
- most familiar and most abundant of the entognathous orders
- cerci absent
- have a furcula for jumping
- have a collophore (or glue peg)
258
Order Collembola (common name?)
springtails
259
Characteristics of Diplurans?
- elongated body, unpigmented
- lack eyes
long antennae and a pair of cerci
- some parental care behaviour in some diplurans
260
Apterygotes?
Primitively wingless. Insects that never had wings
261
Pterygotes?
winged or secondarily wingless- believed to have been derived from a winged ancestor
262
Primitive wingless orders (in class insecta)
- Archeognatha (jumping bristletails)
| - Zygentoma (firebrats and silverfish)
263
Apterygote orders?
Archeognatha and Zygentoma
264
Paleoptera?
Primitive wings, cannot fold wings over abdomen
265
Neoptera?
New wings
266
Pterygota split into _____ and ______?
Paleoptera and Neoptera
267
What are the two surviving paleoptera orders?
Ephemeroptera (mayflies) and Odonata (Dragonflies and damselflies)
268
Ephemeroptera?
Mayflies
269
Odonata?
Dragonflies and damselflies
270
Suborders of Odonata?
- Anisoptera (Dragonflies)
| - Zygoptera (Damselflies)
271
Anisoptera?
Suborder containing dragonflies
272
Zygoptera?
Suborder containing damselflies
273
Order Orthoptera
Grasshoppers, crickets and katydids
274
Suborders of Orthoptera?
- Caelifera (short-horned orthoperta)
| - Ensifera (long-horned orthoptera)
275
Family Acrididae?
Grasshoppers
276
Locusts belong to which suborder?
Caelifera
277
Family Romaleidae?
Lubber grasshoppers
278
Family Tetrigidae?
Pygmy grasshoppers
279
Ensifera?
long-horned Orthoptera
280
Caelifera?
Short-horned Orthoptera
281
Families belonging to suborder Ensifera?
- Gryllidae (Crickets)
| - Tettigoniidae (Katydids)
282
Family Gryllidae?
Crickets
283
Family Tettigoniidae?
katydids
284
Order Phasmatodea?
Stick insects and leaf insects
285
Order Grylloblattodea?
Rock crawlers
286
Order Mantophasmatodea?
African Rock crawlers
287
Most recently discovered insect order?
Mantophasmatodea (african rock crawlers)
288
Superorder Dictyopteran includes what orders?
Mantodea, Blattodea, Isoptera
289
Order Mantodea?
Mantids or Mantises
290
Ootheca?
Egg case
291
How many Mantodea species in Canada?
3
292
What Mantid species are found in Canada?
European Mantid, Chinese Mantid, and Ground Mantid
293
Order Blattodea?
Cockroaches
294
Native north American Cockroach examples?
Wood Cockroach, Hooded Cockroach
295
Ovoviviparous?
Egg development inside body, give birth to live young
296
examples of Cockroach pests in Canada?
Oriental Cockroach, American Cockroach
297
Order Isoptera?
Termites
298
Nasute termites?
Soliders have reduced mandibles but instead, a forward prolongation of the head that can eject a sticky poisonous substance
299
Termitaria? (Sing. Termitarium)
A termite nest
300
Ecological and Economic importance of termites?
- extremely important in soil aeration and enrichment and for wood decomposition and nutrient cycling
- major course of atmospheric methane
- among the most destructive insects of human wooded structures
