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ENTO 330 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Largest insect collection in the world?

A

Musée National d’histoire Naturelle (MNHN)

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2
Q

Largest insect collection in North America?

A

National Museum of Natural History (NMNH or USNM)

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3
Q

Largest insect collection in Canada

A

Canadian National Collection of Insects (CNC)

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4
Q

Second Largest collection in Canada and Largest university collection?

A

Lyman Entomological Museum (LEM or LEMQ)

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5
Q

Lyman Entomological Museum?

A

Created in 1914

  • collection left by Henry Lyman after death on Empress Lyman
  • mainly butterflies
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6
Q

Why are insect collections important?

A
  • Long-term data (large library of information)
  • specimens available to other researchers
  • collection data used in many different studies
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7
Q

Minimum information needed for a specimen?

A
  • locality of capture

- date of capture

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8
Q

Valuable (but optional) information to include with a specimen?

A
  • Name of collector
  • type of collecting method
  • ecological data
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9
Q

Additional labels added to specimen?

A
  • Identification label
  • type label (Holotype or paratype)
  • Museum label
  • special code (database, donation, separate notes)
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10
Q

Economic value of pinned insects?

A

$1.50

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11
Q

Economic value of pointed insects?

A

$2.50

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12
Q

Economic Value of Exotic insects?

A

+ $0.50

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13
Q

Economic value of dissected insects?

A

+ $3.00

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14
Q

Economic value of specimen with biological data?

A

+$0.75

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15
Q

Economic value with specimen identified to genus level?

A

+ $0.75 (by authority $1.50)

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16
Q

Economic value with specimens identified to species level?

A

+$1.50 (by authority $3.00)

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17
Q

Threats to insect specimens?

A
  • partially or completely eaten by museum pests
  • other problem: mould, fading, Dust damage
  • fires
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18
Q

Insect abundance?

A
  • largest biomass of all terrestrials animals
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19
Q

Insect Diversity?

A
  • insects represent more than half of all known living organism
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20
Q

Reasons for insect success?

A

1) Ancient lineage and low rate of extinction
2) presence of an exoskeleton
3) presence of wings
4) small size
5) complete metamorphosis
6) high reproductive capacity

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21
Q

Advantages of being an old lineage?

A
  • ready to exploit new environment

- less competition

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22
Q

Advantages of having an exoskeleton?

A
  • protection from physical change
  • discourage predators
  • protective barrier between living tissues and the environment
  • protects against desiccation
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23
Q

Advantages of having wings?

A
  • great advantage for finding food, mates and escaping from enemies
  • can move freely from one habitat to another to find better conditions
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24
Q

Advantages of their small size?

A
  • need little food
  • can exploit a large number of microhabitats
  • easy to find places for nesting
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25
Q

Advantages of complete metamorphosis?

A
  • different body forms= different habitats and food–> reduces infraspecific competition
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26
Q

Advantages of high reproductive capacity?

A
  • insects lay large number of eggs

- they have short generation time (populations build up faster, faster rate of mutation)

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27
Q

Beneficial aspects of insects?

A
  • Pollination
  • food source
  • nutrient cycling
  • soil improvement
  • control of other organisms
  • medicine and genetics
  • biological indicators
  • commercial products
  • aesthetics and cultural use
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28
Q

What is Entomophagy?

A

the study of insects as human food

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29
Q

Importance of Scavengers?

A
  • involved in decomposition of organic matte

- nutrient cycling

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30
Q

Importance of soil insects?

A
  • Aerate the soil

- improve its physical properties and add to its organic content

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31
Q

What percentage of insects are pests?

A

1%

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32
Q

Types of Insect pests?

A
  • plant pests
  • stored product pests
  • household pests
  • direct human pests
  • livestock pests
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33
Q

What does Phytophagous mean?

A

insects feeding on plants

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34
Q

Phytophagous insect types?

A
  • Monophagous
  • Oligophagous
  • polyphagous
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35
Q

Types of direct feeding?

A

chewing, sucking, tunnelling

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36
Q

Types of indirectly feeding?

A
  • transmission of plant diseases (spread pathogens to new host
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37
Q

Crop Pest Examples?

A
  • Boll weevil
  • Colorado potato beetle
  • mediterranean fruit fly
  • desert locust
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38
Q

Forest Pests examples?

A
  • gyspy moth
  • emerald ash borer
  • asian longhorns beetle
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39
Q

Boll weevil

A
  • one host: cotton
  • most destructive cotton pest in America
  • successfully eradicated from many states
  • cotton industry uses about 25% of the worlds insecticides
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40
Q

Colorado potato beetle

A
  • most important pest of potato
  • feed on potato but also tomato, eggplant, pepper
  • well known for its resistance to many insecticides
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41
Q

Mediterranean fruit fly (or Medfly)

A
  • one of world most important fruit pests
  • more than 260 different hosts
  • attacks most fruits, also flowers, vegetable and nuts
  • heavily controlled in US
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42
Q

Deset locust

A
  • large variety of plants- both crop and non-crop plants
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43
Q

Gyspy moth

A
  • feeds on 300 species of trees

- caterpillars feed of foliage and adults don’t feed

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44
Q

Emerald Ash borer

A
  • native to Asia
  • one host: ash trees
  • larva bore into wood
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45
Q

Asian longhorns beetle

A

Native to China

  • larvae bore into wood
  • attack multiple species of trees
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46
Q

What are stored Product Pests?

A
  • pests contaminating large containers of stored food products
  • either feed directly on product, or on mold
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47
Q

Examples of Stored product pests?

A

Rice weevil, Indian Meal Moth, Foreign grain beetles

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48
Q

What are household pests?

A

Pests contaminating our food, they damage our clothes and house,or feed on us

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49
Q

Examples of Household pests?

A

Bed bugs, indian meal moth, ants, cockroaches, clothes moths, carpet beetles, book lice

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50
Q

Direct Human pests?

A
  • can cause minor effects or more serious ones
  • directly effect us (ie. bites)
  • can transmit disease
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51
Q

Biological vectors

A

insect plays a major role in the life cycle of the pathogen

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52
Q

Mechanical Vectors?

A

insect is a passive carrier, carrying pathogen on its body or mouthparts

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53
Q

Examples of direct human pests?

A

Mosquitoes, bees, wasps, lice, botfly

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54
Q

Types of livestock pests?

A
  • biting insects
  • endoparasitic insects
  • ectoparasitic insects
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55
Q

Examples of biting livestock insects?

A

stable flies, mosquitoes, black flies, horse flies

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56
Q

Example of endoparasitic livestock pests?

A

bot flies

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57
Q

Example of ectoparasitic livestock pest?

A

fleas

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58
Q

How do humans affect populations of pest species?

A
  • Monoculture
  • irrigation canals
  • intercontinental transport
  • overuse of insecticides
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59
Q

Annual losses in USA due to detrimental insects?

A

$5 Billion

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60
Q

Annual benefits in USA due to beneficial insects?

A

over $19 Billion

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61
Q

Insects are a part of what phylum?

A

Arthropoda

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62
Q

What does Arthros mean?

A

joint

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63
Q

What does Poda mean?

A

foot

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64
Q

General characteristics of class Insecta?

A

1) Presence of exoskeleton
2) Bilateral symmetry
3) body divided into segments or metameres
4) Jointed appendages
5) Open circulatory system
6) respiration by means of spiracles and trachea or gills
7) brain and ventral nerve cord
8) complete digestive system
9) excretory system (Malpighian tubules) for waste disposal

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65
Q

What are the three distinct regions of tagmata of an insect?

A

1) Head
2) Thorax
3) Abdomen

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66
Q

What are magmata composed of?

A

metameres

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67
Q

Tagmosis?

A

organization of the body into major units

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68
Q

What is the head specialized for?

A

Specialized for sensory function and feeding

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69
Q

What is the thorax specialized for?

A

specialized for locomotion

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70
Q

What is the abdomen specialized for?

A

specialized for reproduction (but also contains part of the circulatory, digestive and excretory systems)

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71
Q

What are jointed appendages modified into?

A

numerous specialized organs

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72
Q

General Properties of Exoskeleton?

A
  • support body and maintains its form
  • lines the tracheal system and portions of the digestive and reproductive system
  • provides surfaces for muscle attachment
  • sclerotized regions provide structural rigidity, membranous regions between sclerites permit movement and flexibility
  • contains color pigments and patterns
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73
Q

Why are colour pigments and patterns important?

A
  • important in defence (warning/aposematic colouration, mimicry, distraction, camouflage
  • important in courtship and infraspecific recognition
  • important in thermoregulation
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74
Q

Types of Insect Colours?

A

1) Pigmental

2) Structural

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75
Q

Pigmental colour?

A

some pigments are derived from plants (ie. carotenoids) and others derived from pigment deposition (ie. melanins)

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76
Q

Structural colour?

A
  • also called physical colouration

- derived from the cuticle and its irregularities

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77
Q

Three main layers of the exoskeleton?

A
  • Cuticle
  • Epidermis
  • Basement Membrane
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78
Q

Characteristics of Cuticle?

A

Acellular, complex, multilayered

- secreted by epidermis

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79
Q

Characteristics of Epidermis?

A

Cellular layer: secretes the cuticle

  • forms external sensory receptors
  • major role during molting
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80
Q

Characteristics of Basement membrane?

A
  • Acellular, thin

- separates hemocoel from epidermis

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81
Q

Cuticle Split into…?

A

Epicuticle and Procuticle

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82
Q

Procuticle split into?

A

Exocuticle and endocuticle

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83
Q

Epicuticle?

A

protection and impermeability (contains wax layer)

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84
Q

Cuticular extensions that are rigid and Non-articulated?

A

1) Spines- large, heavily sclerotized

2) Microtrichia- very small, hair like structures

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85
Q

Cuticular extensions that are movable articulated?

A
  • setae (sensory hairs)
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86
Q

What are Setae?

A

Sensory hairs

- are multicellular, and associated with 3 specialized epidermal cells

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87
Q

What are the 3 specialized epidermal cells that Setae are associated with?

A
  • Sensory Cells
  • Trichogen cells
  • Tormogen cells
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88
Q

What do sensory cells do?

A

Detect movement

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89
Q

Examples of specialized types of setae?

A

Bristles, trochoid sensible and hairs

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90
Q

What is molting?

A

the entire process of preparing for, undergoing and recovering from ecdysis

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91
Q

What is Ecdysone?

A

hormone produced to activate epidermal cells to secrete a new exoskeleton

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92
Q

What is Apolysis?

A

separation of the old cuticle from the epidermis

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93
Q

What is Ecdysis?

A

process of shedding the old cuticle

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94
Q

What is the exuvia (pl. exuviae)?

A

the old cuticle

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95
Q

what is a teneral?

A

A soft, newly emerged insect (from pupal case or just after ecdysis)

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96
Q

What is tanning or sclerotization?

A

the stiffening and darkening of the cuticle

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97
Q

Describe the steps in the molting process

A

1) Ecdysone is released by the prothoracic gland which activates the epidermal cells and the cells increase in size
2) Apolysis- old cuticle separates from the epidermis. The epidermis secretes a molting fluid that will digest the old endocuticle (exocuticle not dissolved by motling fluid)
3) Epidermis secretes new cuticle (epicuticule and undifferentiated pro cuticle)
4) ecdysis starts- insect swallows are or water and the old cuticle splits (usually at the midline of dorsal side) and insect pulls out of old cuticle
5) insect inflates body by swallowing air or water and by increasing hemolymph pressure
6) new cuticle becomes harder and darker (tanning or sclerotization process), the pro cuticle differentiates between the sclerotized exocuticle and softer inner endocuticle

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98
Q

Most insects molt _____ times throughout their life?

A

4-8 times

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99
Q

Insect bodies consist of ____ primitive segments?

A

20

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100
Q

Head of an insect consists of ..?

A
  • Eyes

- Paired appendages (antennae, mouthparts)

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101
Q

Head is specialized for?

A

feeding and sensory perception

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102
Q

Types of mouthparts?

A
  • Mandibulate mouthparts

- Haustellate mouthparts

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103
Q

List the mandibulate mouthparts

A

Clypeus, Labrum, Mandible, Maxilla, Labium

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104
Q

Role of Labrum (Mandibulate mouthpart)?

A
  • covers the mouth
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105
Q

role of Mandible? (Mandibulate mouthparts)

A

to grasp, cut and chew food

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106
Q

Role of Maxilla? (mandibulate mouthparts)

A

food manipulation during mastication

- possesses a pair of palps (maxillary palps)

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107
Q

Role of Labium? (mandibulate mouthparts)

A

closes the mouth below

- possesses pair of palps (labial palps)

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108
Q

Piercing-sucking mouthparts?

A
  • have elongated proboscis or beak to suck liquid
  • external structure is the labium
  • encloses 4 piercing stylets: two maniples and two maxillae
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109
Q

Some types of haustellate mouthparts?

A

Chewing-lapping, piercing-sucking, siphoning, sponging, cutting-sponging

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110
Q

different Mouthpart orientations?

A

1) Hypognathous
2) Prognathous
3) Opisthognathous

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111
Q

Hypognathous?

A
  • mouthpart orientation

- directed ventrally

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112
Q

Prognathous?

A
  • a mouthpart orientation

- directed anteriorly

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113
Q

Opisthognathous?

A
  • a mouthpart orientation

- directed posteriorly

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114
Q

Main divisions of the antennae?

A

Scape, pedicel and flagellum

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115
Q

flagellum divided into ?

A

Flagellomeres

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116
Q

Role of antennae?

A

to feel (touch), hear and smell

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117
Q

What is the thorax specialized for?

A

locomotion

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118
Q

what are the three segments of the thorax?

A
  • Prothorax
  • Mesothorax
  • Metathorax
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119
Q

What is the Notum?

A

dorsal region of the thorax

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120
Q

What is the Sternum?

A

Ventral region of the thorax

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121
Q

What is the Pleuron?

A

Lateral region of the thorax

122
Q

Parts of the leg?

A

Coxa, Trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsi (or Tarsus), tarsal claw (pre tarsus)

123
Q

Pulvilli?

A

padlike structure at the base of claws

124
Q

Empodium?

A

bristle like structure between the claws

125
Q

Legs adapted for walking?

A

Ambulatory

126
Q

Legs adapted for running?

A

cursorial

127
Q

Legs adapted/modified for jumping?

A

Saltatorial

128
Q

Legs adapted/modified for grasping?

A

raptorial

129
Q

Legs adapted/modified for digging?

A

fossorial

130
Q

Legs adapted/modified for swimming?

A

natatorial

131
Q

At what stage are wings fully function in most insects?

A

adult stage

132
Q

Forewing modifications?

A

Tegmina, Hemelytra and Elytra

133
Q

Tegmina?

A

thicker, leathery forewings found in praying mantis, cockroaches, earrings, grasshoppers

134
Q

Elytra?

A

heavily sclerotized forewings found in beetles

135
Q

Hemelytra?

A

forewings of Heteroptera (true bugs) with thickened basal section and membranous apical section

136
Q

Role of Abdomen?

A

carry organs of reproduction,digestion, excretion and respiration

137
Q

Tergum?

A

dorsal region of an abdominal segment

138
Q

Sternum?

A

ventral region of an abdominal segment (or thoracic segment)

139
Q

What is the Cerci?

A

paired appendages at posterior end of the abdomen- normally used as sensory organs or sometimes modified into a defensive organ

140
Q

aedeagus?

A

male copulatory organ

141
Q

Ovipositor?

A

tubular structure used for egg laying. Sometimes modified for piercing, sawing or stinging

142
Q

What is a Nymph?

A

an immature stage of an insect with incomplete metamorphosis

143
Q

What is a Naiad?

A

an aquatic gill-breathing nymph

144
Q

What is a larva?

A

an immature stage (between egg and pupa) of an insect having complete metamorphosis

145
Q

What is a caterpillar?

A

common name for the larval stage of Lepidoptera

146
Q

What is a grub?

A

common name for larval stage scarab beetles

147
Q

What is a maggot?

A

common name for larval stage of flies

148
Q

What is a pupa?

A

a resting, non-feeding stage between the larval and adult stage (complete metamorphosis)

149
Q

what is a chrysalid?

A

common name for the pupal stage of butterflies

150
Q

What is an Imago?

A

the last stage of development of an insect (adult stage). Sexually mature

151
Q

What is an instar?

A

the insect between successive molts

152
Q

What are the three main patterns of development?

A
  • Ametabolous
  • Hemimetabolous
  • Holometabolous
153
Q

What is Ametabolous development?

A

Development with no metamorphosis. Insect goes from Egg to nymph to adult. Insect just gets larger and becomes sexually mature

154
Q

What is Hemimetabolous development?

A

Development with incomplete metamorphosis. Insect develops wings as adult. Insect goes from egg to nymph (or naiad) to adult

155
Q

What is holometabolous development?

A

development with complete metamorphosis. The larval stage is very different from adults. Insect goes from egg to larva to pupa to adult.

156
Q

Why are insect muscles important?

A
  • Body support and help maintain posture
  • locomotion
  • flight
  • movement of viscera
157
Q

Types of Insect muscles?

A
  • Skeletal muscles

- Visceral Muscles

158
Q

What are skeletal muscles?

A

muscles attached to integument, move various parts of the body including appendages. Includes flight muscles

159
Q

What are visceral muscles?

A

surround the heart, digestive tract, and reproductive system. Produce peristaltic movements

160
Q

What are direct flight muscles?

A
  • primitive state of wings

- muscles connected to wings

161
Q

What are indirect flight muscles?

A
  • muscles are attached to notum and sternum

- deformation of thoracic segment gives wing movement

162
Q

What are apodemes?

A

ingrowths of the insects exoskeleton

163
Q

Transverse commissures?

A

connect trachea on opposite sides of body

164
Q

Longitudinal tracheal trunks?

A

Connect tracheae from adjacent spiracles on same side of body

165
Q

How many pairs of thoracic spiracles?

A

2

166
Q

How many pairs of abdominal spiracles?

A

8

167
Q

What is cutaneous respiration?

A

gas exchange by diffusion through the body wall or through tracheal gills

168
Q

What are gills?

A

special extensions of the body with a rich tracheal network, through which gas exchange occurs

169
Q

What is Hemolymph?

A

watery fluid (plasma) which contains water, ions, blood cells, amino acids, lipids etc that is responsible for all chemical exchanges between tissues

170
Q

Role of Dorsal vessel?

A

collects hemolymph in the abdomen and conducts it forwards to the head

171
Q

Ostia?

A

openings/valves in the dorsal vessel that ensure the one way flow of haemolymph

172
Q

Role of the the aorta?

A

carry the blood into the head

173
Q

Role of the accessory pulsatile organ of antenna?

A

assist with blood pumping into appendages

174
Q

Role of dorsal diaphragm?

A

facilitate circulation by diving body cavity into compartments

175
Q

Foregut?

A

Ingestion, temporary storage and grinding

176
Q

Midgut?

A

production and secretion of digestive enzymes= Digestion&absorption

177
Q

Hindgut?

A

absorption of water, salts, and other molecules. Elimination of waste products through anus

178
Q

What is the proventriculus?

A

a grinding organ (present in insects that feed on solid food)

179
Q

What is the role of the crop?

A

food storage

180
Q

Role of gastric caecum?

A

provides extra surface area for secretion of enzyme or absorption of water and other substances

181
Q

Role of the ventriculus?

A

primary site for enzymatic digestion of food and absorption of nutrients

182
Q

role of the perithrophic membrane?

A

protects digestive cells without inhibiting absorption of nutrients

183
Q

Role of the Ileum, colon and rectum?

A

regulate the absorption of water and salts from waste products

184
Q

Foregut organs?

A
  • Pharynx
  • oesophagus
  • crop
  • proventriculus
185
Q

Midgut organs?

A
  • Gastric caecum
  • ventriculus
  • peritrophic membrane
186
Q

hindgut organs?

A
  • ileum
  • rectum
  • anus
  • colon
  • Malphigian tubule
187
Q

What is the Malpighian tubule?

A

an excretory organ that removes nitrogenous waste from haemolymph

188
Q

Neuron?

A

specialized cell. Basic component of nervous system

189
Q

What are the types of neutrons?

A
  • Sensory neurons
  • Interneurons
  • Motor Neurons
190
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A

located near integument, in the peripheral nervous system and are associated with sense organs
- receive stimuli from insects environment an transmit info to central nervous system

191
Q

What are interneurons?

A

located within ganglia of the central nervous system and receive sensory neutrons and transmit it to motor neurons

192
Q

What are motor Neurons?

A

located within the ganglia of the central nervous system

- receive info from interneurons and transmit it to muscles

193
Q

Types of Nervous systems of insect?

A
  • Peripheral nervous system
  • central nervous system
  • visceral nervous system
194
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

consists of all the sensory neutrons of the sense organs and the motor neurone axons

195
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

principal division- series of ganglia: brain, sub oesophageal ganglion and ganglia of ventral nerve cord

196
Q

What is the visceral nervous system?

A

innervate parts of the gut, reproductive organs, tracheal system including spiracles

197
Q

Brain?

A

made up of 3 pairs of fused ganglia. Handles all signals arriving from the body

198
Q

Sub oesophageal ganglion?

A

control mouthparts and salivary glands

199
Q

Ventral nerve cord?

A

is double with a series of ganglion. Ganglia innervate legs, flight muscles and control activities of each segment

200
Q

Types of sensilla?

A
  • mechanoreceptors
  • chemoreceptors
  • photoreceptors
201
Q

Sensilla?

A

also called receptors

- are sensory organs

202
Q

Mechanoreceptors?

A

detect physical forces: tough, tensions, or vibrations in the substrate

203
Q

chemoreceptors?

A

detect aqueous chemicals (tastes) and airborne chemicals (Smell)

204
Q

Photoreceptors?

A

detect light energy

205
Q

Mechanoreceptors are tactile receptors?

A

perceive stimuli which arise outside the insect (touch, movement)

206
Q

Mechanoreceptors as proprioceptors?

A

respond to the deformations, tensions, and compressions in the body- also provide info on posture and position

207
Q

Mechanoreceptors as auditory receptors?

A

respond to vibration

208
Q

Trochoid sensilla?

A
  • type of mechanoreceptors- can be tactile receptors, auditory receptors or proprioceptors
209
Q

Campaniform sensilla?

A
  • type of mechanoreceptors- act as proprioceptors responding to pressure and cuticle deformation
210
Q

Chordontal sensilla?

A

mechanoreceptors: can be proprioceptors or auditory receptors

211
Q

Johnston’s organ?

A

highly evolved auditory organ that is formed by chordontal sensilla clustered together

212
Q

Tympanal organ?

A

specialized auditory organ found in a few insects and are very sensitive to airborne vibration

213
Q

Olfactory receptors?

A
  • a type of chemoreceptor
  • perception of chemicals in a vapour state (airborne)
  • also called distant receptors
  • smell
214
Q

Gustatory receptors?

A
  • a type of chemoreceptor
  • perception of chemicals in aqueous state
  • also called contact receptors
  • taste
215
Q

Stemmata?

A
  • also called lateral ocelli

- photoreceptors in insect larvae (holometabolous insect development)

216
Q

Main functions of female reproductive system?

A
  • egg production

- receive and store sperm

217
Q

Spermatheca?

A

receive and stores sperm

218
Q

Spermathecae gland?

A

provides nourishment for stored spermatozoa

219
Q

Functions of the accessory gland in females?

A
  • secrete material used to glue of cement eggs to substrate
  • secrete protective coating on the eggs
  • secrete silken stalk in lacewing
  • act as a poison gland in many Hymenoptera
  • act as a milk gland in tsetse flies
220
Q

Main functions of male reproductive system?

A
  • production and storage of spermatozoa

- transport of spermatozoa to the reproductive tract of the female

221
Q

functions of accessory glands in males?

A
  • produce seminal fluid to nourish spermatozoa/carrier for the spermatozoa
  • altering female behaviour
  • formation of the spermatophore
  • formation of a mating plug
222
Q

Sexual reproduction?

A

most common form of reproduction in insects. Involves fertilization of the eggs. Sperm transfer may be direct or indirect

223
Q

Asexual reproduction?

A

development from unfertilized eggs. May be obligatory or facultative

224
Q

Haemocoelic insemination?

A
  • also called traumatic insemination

- injection of sperm into body wall of females

225
Q

Oviparity?

A

production of eggs that hatch outside the body- embryonic development starts outside body

226
Q

Viviparity?

A

give birth to live young. Embryonic development is completed within body of the female

227
Q

Methods used in location and recognition of a mate?

A

swarming, flashing, singing, pheromones etc

228
Q

What is courtship?

A

close-range attraction mechanism that induces sexual receptivity before and sometimes during mating

229
Q

Examples of courtship??

A

visual displays, tactile stimulation, pheromones, singing nuptial gift

230
Q

What are Hormones?

A

chemicals released inside the body on an individual and transported by the circulatory system to specific sites where they influences a variety of physiological processes

231
Q

Hormones released by what system?

A

Endocrine system

232
Q

Ecdysone?

A

a hormone that initiates melting process

- released by prothoracic gland (which is a type of endocrine gland)

233
Q

Juvenile hormone?

A

a metamorphosis inhibiting hormone that is released by a specialized endocrine gland: Corpora allot, located behind the brain

234
Q

Semiochemicals?

A

chemical substances released outside the body to communicate with individuals of the same species (pheromones) or with different species (allelochemicals)

235
Q

Semiochemicals released by ____ glands?

A

exocrine glands

236
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

glands having docs that discharge secretions outside body

237
Q

Examples of pheromones?

A
  • sex pheromones
  • aggregation pheromone
  • spacing pheromones
  • trail-marking pheromones
  • alarm pheromones
  • social pheromones
238
Q

What are sex pheromones?

A

pheromones used in attracting mate of the same species

- often produced by females to attract males

239
Q

What are aggregation pheromones?

A

chemicals that cause individuals of the same species to crowd around the source of the pheromone

240
Q

What are spacing pheromones?

A

chemicals that cause individuals to keep their distance from each other

241
Q

What are trail marking pheromones?

A

chemicals often used to communicate information on the location of a food source

242
Q

What are alarm pheromones?

A

chemicals that are used to signal a danger which cause the insects to disperse away from the source of danger or to attack the enemies

243
Q

What are social pheromones?

A

chemicals that are used in regulation of colony structure

244
Q

What are allelochemicals?

A

chemical substances released outside an individual and producing a behavioural response by a second individual of a different species (not always an insect species)

245
Q

What are kairomones?

A

chemicals that benefit the receiver but disadvantage the producer

246
Q

What are allomones?

A

chemicals that benefit the producer by modifying the behaviour of the receiver (have a neutral effect on receiver or may disadvantage the receiver)

247
Q

What are synomones?

A

chemicals that benefit both the producer and the receiver

248
Q

First great radiation of insects occurred when?

A
  • carboniferous period (285-360 MYA)
249
Q

When did primitive winged insects appear?

A

350 MYA

250
Q

When did first hexapods appear?

A

400 MYA

251
Q

When was the second great radiation of insects?

A

during the Cretaceous period (65-145 MYA)

252
Q

The second great radiation of insects corresponds to?

A

Flowering plants first appearing

253
Q

Orders in the class Entognatha?

A

Protura, Collembolan, Diplura

254
Q

Class Entognatha?

A

concealed mouthparts, enclosed wishing folds of the head

255
Q

Class Insecta?

A

Ectognatha (true insects)

- mouthparts visible externally

256
Q

Characteristics of Order Protura?

A
  • lack eyes and antennae
  • forelegs enlarged with many sensillae
  • cerci absent
  • unusual development (amorphsc): abdominal segments added during the first 3 molts
257
Q

Characteristics of order Collembola?

A
  • globular to elongated body
  • most familiar and most abundant of the entognathous orders
  • cerci absent
  • have a furcula for jumping
  • have a collophore (or glue peg)
258
Q

Order Collembola (common name?)

A

springtails

259
Q

Characteristics of Diplurans?

A
  • elongated body, unpigmented
  • lack eyes
    long antennae and a pair of cerci
  • some parental care behaviour in some diplurans
260
Q

Apterygotes?

A

Primitively wingless. Insects that never had wings

261
Q

Pterygotes?

A

winged or secondarily wingless- believed to have been derived from a winged ancestor

262
Q

Primitive wingless orders (in class insecta)

A
  • Archeognatha (jumping bristletails)

- Zygentoma (firebrats and silverfish)

263
Q

Apterygote orders?

A

Archeognatha and Zygentoma

264
Q

Paleoptera?

A

Primitive wings, cannot fold wings over abdomen

265
Q

Neoptera?

A

New wings

266
Q

Pterygota split into _____ and ______?

A

Paleoptera and Neoptera

267
Q

What are the two surviving paleoptera orders?

A

Ephemeroptera (mayflies) and Odonata (Dragonflies and damselflies)

268
Q

Ephemeroptera?

A

Mayflies

269
Q

Odonata?

A

Dragonflies and damselflies

270
Q

Suborders of Odonata?

A
  • Anisoptera (Dragonflies)

- Zygoptera (Damselflies)

271
Q

Anisoptera?

A

Suborder containing dragonflies

272
Q

Zygoptera?

A

Suborder containing damselflies

273
Q

Order Orthoptera

A

Grasshoppers, crickets and katydids

274
Q

Suborders of Orthoptera?

A
  • Caelifera (short-horned orthoperta)

- Ensifera (long-horned orthoptera)

275
Q

Family Acrididae?

A

Grasshoppers

276
Q

Locusts belong to which suborder?

A

Caelifera

277
Q

Family Romaleidae?

A

Lubber grasshoppers

278
Q

Family Tetrigidae?

A

Pygmy grasshoppers

279
Q

Ensifera?

A

long-horned Orthoptera

280
Q

Caelifera?

A

Short-horned Orthoptera

281
Q

Families belonging to suborder Ensifera?

A
  • Gryllidae (Crickets)

- Tettigoniidae (Katydids)

282
Q

Family Gryllidae?

A

Crickets

283
Q

Family Tettigoniidae?

A

katydids

284
Q

Order Phasmatodea?

A

Stick insects and leaf insects

285
Q

Order Grylloblattodea?

A

Rock crawlers

286
Q

Order Mantophasmatodea?

A

African Rock crawlers

287
Q

Most recently discovered insect order?

A

Mantophasmatodea (african rock crawlers)

288
Q

Superorder Dictyopteran includes what orders?

A

Mantodea, Blattodea, Isoptera

289
Q

Order Mantodea?

A

Mantids or Mantises

290
Q

Ootheca?

A

Egg case

291
Q

How many Mantodea species in Canada?

A

3

292
Q

What Mantid species are found in Canada?

A

European Mantid, Chinese Mantid, and Ground Mantid

293
Q

Order Blattodea?

A

Cockroaches

294
Q

Native north American Cockroach examples?

A

Wood Cockroach, Hooded Cockroach

295
Q

Ovoviviparous?

A

Egg development inside body, give birth to live young

296
Q

examples of Cockroach pests in Canada?

A

Oriental Cockroach, American Cockroach

297
Q

Order Isoptera?

A

Termites

298
Q

Nasute termites?

A

Soliders have reduced mandibles but instead, a forward prolongation of the head that can eject a sticky poisonous substance

299
Q

Termitaria? (Sing. Termitarium)

A

A termite nest

300
Q

Ecological and Economic importance of termites?

A
  • extremely important in soil aeration and enrichment and for wood decomposition and nutrient cycling
  • major course of atmospheric methane
  • among the most destructive insects of human wooded structures

ENTO 330 (1 decks)

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