midterm 1

Question 1

Aristotle

Answer 1

essentialist, scala natura, believed in intelligent design of universe, believed in a geocentric universe.

Question 2

Copernicus

Answer 2

argued that the universe was heliocentric universe.

Question 3

Galileo

Answer 3

reaffirmed the heliocentric universe, improved the telescope and developed a primitive microscope.

Question 4

Ussher

Answer 4

used generations in the Old Testament to calculate the age of the earth at about 6000 years (4004 B.C.) in his History of the World.

Question 5

Antony van Leuwenhoek

Answer 5

developed a more sophisticated microscope, father of microbiology.

Question 6

Hooke

Answer 6

developed compound microscope, recognized significance of fossils & extinctions, posited continuous change through catastrophes

Question 7

Linnaeus

Answer 7

developed taxonomic system and standardized the binomial system of nomenclature (Homo sapiens), non-evolutionist

Question 8

Erasmus Darwin

Answer 8

Grandfather of Charles Darwin, evolutionist.

Question 9

Cuvier

Answer 9

recognized extinctions and change through time
in fossil record, but invoked catastrophes to explain them, non-evolutionist, father of
paleontology.

Question 10

Hutton

Answer 10

introduced concept of Uniformitarianism, father of modern geology.

Question 11

Lyell

Answer 11

popularized/provided scientific support for

Uniformitarianism in his volume Principles of Geology.

Question 12

Malthus

Answer 12

wrote the Essay on the

Principle of Population that influenced Darwin in his thinking on Natural Selection.

Question 13

Darwin

Answer 13

developed theory of Natural Selection and

provided support for it in On the Origin of Species.

Question 14

Alfred Russel Wallace

Answer 14

co-developed the theory of Natural

Selection, very famous scientist of his time.

Question 15

Mendel

Answer 15

discovered the principles of inheritance: 1) Law of Independent Segregation; 2) Law of independent Assortment

Question 16

Watson and Crick

Answer 16

discovered structure of DNA molecule, won the Nobel

Prize along with Maurice Wilkins for its discovery.

Question 17

Rosalind Franklin

Answer 17

took the x-ray image of DNA molecule leading to the discovery of its structure, died before she could be awarded the Nobel prize

Question 18

Information Darwin used in formulating the theory of evolution by natural selection (6 things)

Answer 18

1. Fossil sequences containing extinct organisms
2. Existence of rudimentary/vestigial organs (e.g., gill slits in human embryos)
3. Uniform body plan of reptiles, birds, and mammals
4. Artificial selection: knowledge of breeding practices of domestic animals (pigeons)
5. Malthus’ “An essay on the principle of population” about the struggle for existence
6. Hutton’s and Lyell’s geologic evidence for the great age of the earth

Question 19

Five tenets of Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection

Answer 19

1. There is a potential for exponential increase of populations, yet we find stability in populations and their resources.
2. More individuals are produced than can survive: hence, there is a ferocious struggle for existence.
3. There exists natural variability among individuals in a population that is both random
   and heritable.
4. Survival is not random, but depends on the hereditary constitution of an individual.
5. Over generations, natural selection leads to gradual change in a population and to the production of new species.

Question 20

language of DNA (letter, word, sentence)

Answer 20

base = letter, triplet = word, gene = sentence

Question 21

diploid

Answer 21

two copies of each chromosome

Question 22

haploid

Answer 22

one copy of each chromosome

Question 23

autosomes (somatic cells)

Answer 23

diploid body cells, not reproductive (mitosis)

Question 24

sex chromosomes (gametes)

Answer 24

haploid reproductive cells, X and Y (meiosis)

Question 25

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic?

Answer 25

eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles and prokaryotes do not, they have loose genetic material

Question 26

sources of variation in meiosis

Answer 26

recombination/crossing over, reassortment

Question 27

Transcription (mRNA processing)

Answer 27

in the nucleus, uracil replaces thymine in RNA code, introns edited out, exons connected

Question 28

Translation process (where and what does it)

Answer 28

in cytoplasm, t-RNA brings amino acids to ribosomes on rough endoplasmic reticulum, where mRNA is read codon by codon and proteins assembled.

Question 29

How many amino acids?

Answer 29

20

Question 30

How many codons?

Answer 30

64, three are non coding so really 61

Question 31

Law of Segregation

Answer 31

hereditary units separate in production of gametes

Question 32

Law of Independent Assortment

Answer 32

units for different traits assort independently of each other in the production of gametes

Question 33

Mendelian traits

Answer 33

simple traits involving only one gene locus

Question 34

How do polygenic traits differ from traits of simple inheritance

Answer 34

influence of environment and they tend to be measurable (height, weight, etc)

Question 35

gene pool

Answer 35

the genotypes in a population

Question 36

Five assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg

Answer 36

1) the population is infinitely large; 2) there is no mutation; 3) there is no gene flow; 4) no natural selection is occurring; 5) mating is random.

Question 37

Major types of evolutionary forces

Answer 37

1) Mutations 2) Genetic drift 3) Gene flow 4) Natural selection 5) Nonrandom mating

Question 38

types of point mutations

Answer 38

silent, missense, frameshift

Question 39

gene flow

Answer 39

spread of genes across boundaries. works on large populations by introducing new genes and gradual change

Question 40

genetic drift

Answer 40

qrandom change, founder effect, bottleneck. works on small populations and changes the genes available in those populations

Question 41

results of natural selection (three types)

Answer 41

direction, stabilizing, disruptive

Question 42

Problems with race as a concept

Answer 42

1. How many races are there? There is no consensus on this. 2. How do you categorize continuous variation? 3. Selected traits often fail to cluster. 4. Categorizations fail to take into consideration intragroup variation. 5. Cultural bias influences which traits you choose and the importance attributed to each. 6. Ethnic or cultural traits are often confused with genetic traits. 7. Unlike other animals, racial boundaries in humans tend to be arbitrary and changing. 8. Biggest problem: these groupings tend to be used for racist purposes.

Question 43

Human life cycle

Answer 43

prenatal, postnatal (neonatal, infancy, childhood, juvenile, adolescence), adulthood (prime adulthood 20-50, old age 50+)

Question 44

what is adaptation?

Answer 44

reaction to stress, which disrupts homeostasis, and trying to return to a stable homeostasis

Question 45

Levels of adaptation

Answer 45

Cultural response Acclimatization response Developmental response Genetic response

Question 46

Allen's rule

Answer 46

body form or shape is linear in warm climates and more rounded and compact in cold climates. Round forms have a smaller surface area to volume ratios.

Question 47

Bergmann's rule

Answer 47

body size is large in cold climates and small in warm climates. Large bodies have a smaller surface area to volume ratios.

Question 48

major stressors of high altitude environments

Answer 48

hypoxia, cold, arid, nutrient poor

Question 49

what are the four levels of response to hypoxia?

Answer 49

cultural: carry oxygen, diamox (stimulant increases breathing), coca tea (Peru) acclimatization: increased production of red blood cells, hemoglobin, and capillaries developmental: greater lung volume genetic: larger chest cavities, higher oxygen saturation, more efficient glucose metabolism

Question 50

what the responses of the circulatory system in extreme temperatures?

Answer 50

``` hot = vasodilation cold = vasoconstriction ```

Question 51

shared primate traits (there are 15 listed)

Answer 51

erect posture, opposable thumbs, prehensile grip, nails, four tooth types (incisor, molar, canine, premolar), reduced tooth number, omnivory, reduced sense of smell, color vision, depth perception (stereoscopic vision), larger more complex brain, fewer young, longer gestation, learned behavior, social groups

Question 52

Prosimian types and traits

Answer 52

lower primates, strepsirrhine except tarsiers. includes lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers. traits: wet nose, split lip, longer snout, scent glands/scent marking, tooth combs, toilet claw, shorter gestation/maturation, smaller brains, black and white vision

Question 53

Anthropoids include...

Answer 53

higher primates, haplorrhines. New world monkeys (platyrrhine) and Old world monkeys (catarrhine)

Question 54

compare old world and new world monkeys

Answer 54

New World: platyrrhine, flat wide nose with sideways facing nostrils, 2-1-3-3 dentition, prehensile tail, mostly arboreal Old World: catarrhine, downward hook noses, 2-1-2-3 dentition, fully opposable thumbs, some adapted to life on the ground (butt pads)

Question 55

Apes and humans traits

Answer 55

also catarrhine noses and same 2-1-2-3 dental as old world monkeys, larger brains, broad faces, Y-5 molar cusp, lack tails

Question 56

instantaneous point sampling

Answer 56

the observer records the behavior of an individual in a group at predetermined time intervals. This sampling methods records states, rather than events.

Question 57

Focal animal sampling

Answer 57

observer focuses his attention on a single individual, so he can provide accurate data on frequencies and durations of studied behaviours

Question 58

Ad libidum

Answer 58

Observer writes down anything that seems interesting. A good way to decide what behaviors are important for the animal you are studying.

Question 59

Experimental

Answer 59

manipulating a variable to examine how it affects the behavior of the animal

Question 60

types of study environments

Answer 60

laboratory, enclosed naturalistic habitat, field

Question 61

Behavioral ecology

Answer 61

study of relationship between environment and social structure (relationship between diet, foraging behavior, body morphology, group size, reproductive strategies)

Question 62

name the family from People of the Forest

Answer 62

Flo, Faben, Figan, Fifi, Flint