Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Bio Anthropology > midterm 2 > Flashcards

midterm 2 Flashcards

(59 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Geology

A

Reconstruction of ancient landscapes through study of rock layers and formations. Plate tectonics help us understand the distribution of primates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Paleobotany (palynology)

A

use of fossilized pollen grains to reconstruct ancient floral environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Paleontology

A

Use of fossilized animal bones to reconstruct ancient faunal environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Taphonomy

A

things that happen to a skeleton from the time an organism dies until it is recovered for study.
Surface exposure: scavengers, insects, microbes, weathering, sun exposure
Soil chemistry: acidic soils, calcareous encrustation
Geologic/geomorphic processes: pressure from overburden, wave action, faulting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Stratigraphic dating

A

relative. uses rock layers chemical and physical differences to get estimate of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

biostratigraphic dating and faunal cross dating

A

relative. uses the presence of known dated species in rock layers to get an idea of the age.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Fluorine dating

A

relative. measure amount of fluorine and compare it to the surroundings and other creatures to date estimate. Debunked the Piltdown man

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Paleomagnetic dating

A

relative. based on changes in the earths magnetic field, rock ions directed north or south.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cultural dating

A

relative. based on artifact association.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Dendrochronology

A

absolute. tree ring dating produces calendar dates but only dates when the tree was cut. also used to calibrate radiocarbon curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Radiocarbon dating

A

absolute. once living materials. 50,000 yBP to 200 years ago.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Potassium-argon dating

A

absolute. volcanic rock deposits only. 200,000 to billions of years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Argon-argon dating

A

absolute. dates volcanic and metamorphic rocks. over 200,000 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Uranium-thorium dating

A

absolute. dates calcium carbonate deposits like caves. 1 million to 2,000 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Fission track dating

A

absolute. used on rocks with high U-238 concentrations and polished surfaces, usually volcanic rock/glass. 3 million to 100,000 years old. checks potassium-argon dates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The arboreal hypothesis

A

primate traits emerged as adaptations to life in trees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Visual predation hypothesis

A

primate traits emerged as specialized adaptations for preying on insects and small creatures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Angiosperm (flowering plant) radiation hypothesis

A

primate traits emerged as specialized adaptations for eating fruit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Paleocene

A

Emergence of primates. Plesiadapis and Carpolestes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Eocene

A

age of euprimates (prosimians). Adapids (Notharctus and Adapis) and Omomyids (Shoshonius)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Oligocene

A

Age of anthropoids. Apidium, Aegyptopithecus, Perupithecus, Branisella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Miocene

A

Age of hominoids. Proconsul, Dryopithecines, Sivapithecus, Gigantopithecus, Oreopithecus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Pliocene

A

Age of hominids. A. afarensis, A. africanus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Pleistocene

Study These Flashcards
A

Age of Homo. Homo Erectus, Homo Habilis

25
traits of bipedalism
``` foramen magnum below skull S-shaped spine Bowl-shaped ilium, short and shifted to side Relatively long legs Valgus knee (knock knee) Longitudinal foot arch non-opposable big toe ```
26
dental traits of hominins
non honing chewing: small, blunt, non-projecting canine, no diastema thick tooth enamel
27
Hunting hypothesis
Darwin proposed that human traits (bipedalism, small canine, bigger brain) were acquired because they ate only meat and these traits improved their ability to hunt with weapons
28
Patchy forest hypothesis
Rodman and Mchenry proposed that bipedalism was more energy efficient in an environment with patchy forests as they could carry more food and move efficiently.
29
Provisioning hypothesis
Lovejoy proposed that a male in a monogamous relationship with a female would enhance his reproductive success by provisioning the female with food and allowing her to have more than one offspring at a time. Bipedalism allowed for them to carry more food to provision with.
30
Famous finds: Sahelanthropus tchadensis
"Toumai" skull, Chad, discovered by Michel Brunet
31
famous finds: Orrorin tugenensis
"Millenium Man," Kenya, discovered by Brigitte Senut and Martin Pickford
32
famous finds: Adipithecus kadabba
Ethiopia, discovered by Haile Selassie and Time White
33
famous finds: Ardipithecus ramidus
Ethiopia, discovered by Maeve Leakey team
34
famous finds: Australopithecus afarensis
Knee joint, "Lucy", "First Family", Ethiopia, discovered by Donald Johnson Laetoli footprints, Tanzania, discovered by Marey Leakey and Tim White "Lucy's Child" Ethiopia, discovered by Seray Alemseged
35
famous finds: Australopithecus africanus
"Taung child" South Africa, discovered by Raymond Dart | "Mrs. Ples" South Africa, discovered by Robert Broom
36
famous finds: Australopithecus sediba
Malapa Cave, South Africa, discovered by Lee Berger
37
famous finds: Australopithecus aethiopicus
Black Skull, Kenya
38
famous finds: Australopithecus boisei
Zinjanthropus boisei/Nutcracker Man, Olduvia Gorge, Tanzania, discovered by Louis and Mary Leakey
39
famous finds: Australopithecus robustus
Swartkrans cave, South Africa, discovered by Robert Brown
40
famous finds: Homo habilis
Twiggy, Mary and Louis Leakey at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania KNM-ER 1470, large brained sometimes referred to as H. rudolfensis found by Bernard Ngeneo of Leakey team in Kenya KNM-ER 1813, smaller brained fiend by Kamoya Kimeu of Leakey team in Kenya Dik-Dik hominid, post-cranial skeleton found by Donald Johnson and Tim White at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
41
famous finds: Homo erectus
Java man, discovered by Eugene Dubois at Trinil site in Java, Indonesia Peking Man, initially named Sinanthropus pekinensis, partial remains of 40 individuals, Shoukoudian Cave, China Nariokotome Boy, full skeleton found by Kanoya Kimeu (Leakey team) in Kenya Dmanisi Crania, 5 crania found in Republic of Georgia by David Lordkipanidze team
42
famous finds: Homo naledi
Rising Star Cave, discovered by Lee Berger
43
famous finds: Early Archaic Homo sapiens
Rhodesian Man, Zambia, Africa | Atapuerca 5, Atapuerca Cave, Spain
44
famous finds: Late Arhaic Homo sapiens (Neandertals)
Old Man of La Chapelle, France, basis of erroneous reconstruction of Neandertals as ape men by Marcellin Boule Shanidar Man, Iraq, injury victim who required care to live Teshik-Tash child, Uzbekistan, ritually buried Leago Velho child, Portugal, hybrid Neanderthal/modern human?
45
300-600 cc cranial capacity
All Australopithecines and Ardipthecines, Homo naledi, Kenyanthropus platyops, Orrorin tugensis, Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Homo floresiensis
46
600-1,000 cc cranial capacity
Homo habilis, Homo erectus
47
1,000-1,600 cc cranial capacity
Neandertalensis, Early Archaic Homo sapiens, Late Archaic Homo sapiens
48
What is the earliest Oldowan-style tool use?
possibly A. afarensis, A. platyops, and A. garhi
49
Oldowan tools
primary user Homo Habilis, simple and opportunistic
50
Acheulian tools
Homo erectus and Mary Archaic Homo sapiens, best known tool form is the hand axe
51
Mousterian tools
Late Archaic Homo sapiens and Neandertals, Levallois technique
52
Which species began predatory hunting?
Homo erectus
53
Which species used fire?
Homo erectus
54
Summarize the geographic distribution of primates thought time
all hominids before Homo erectus and all australopithecines are in Africa. by 1.8 mya H. erectus is in Eurasia and Africa (Old world) and so is Early Archaic Homo sapiens from 350,000 to 130,000 ya. Homo sapiens neanderthalensis in Asia 60,000 to 40,000 ya and Europe 130,000 to 30,000 ya
55
Which hominids were contemporaneous?
A. afarensis and Kenyanthropus platyops (3.5 mya) A africanus, A. garhi, A, aethiopicus, and possibly Homo habilis (2.5 mya) H. habilis, A. boisei, A. robustus, and A. sediba (2-1.8 mya) H. erectus, A. boisei, A. robustus (1.8-1.5 mya) H. erectus, H. naledi, and early archaic Homo sapiens for a brief time (350,000-300,000 yBP)
56
trends in human evolution
bipedalism: evident in all hominids canine tooth decreases through hominids and molar tooth increases in australopithecines and decreases in Homo brain size only shoes significant increase with appearance of genus Homo facial prognathism decreases in Homo Appearance and changes in stone tools, who used what tools? look at other flashcard
57
Multi-regional Continuity Model
Modern humans evolved from earlier archaic populations in their respective regions (Africa, Europe, Asia). Gene flow occurred and there is continuity of morphology thought regions of the globe
58
Out-of-Africa Model
Modern humans originated out of Africa and spread to Europe where they replaced all other populations and there was no gene flow
59
Assimilation of Partial Replacement Model
Modern humans first evolved in Africa, then spread to Europe and Asia and underwent gene flow with Neandertals

Bio Anthropology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions