Midterm 1

Question 1

The sudden drop in life expectancy in 1918 was due to:

a. The Great Famine
b. Influenza pandemic
c. Black Plague
d. World War II
e. None of the above

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following diseases is 100% eradicated?

a. Polio
b. Malaria
c. Smallpox
d. Leprosy
e. All of the above

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The “Doctrine of Signatures” by Jakob Bohme states that:

a. All living things have a medical use.
b. God created everything with an indication of its purpose.
c. God intended for us only to use natural remedies.
d. Medications only work by the placebo effect.
e. All doctors must have signatures.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is true?
a. “An Account of the Foxglove and its Medical Uses” was written by Erasmus
Darwin in 1785, the competitor to William Withering.
b. Lanoxin (digoxin), extracted from foxglove plants, was an effective medication
for heart attacks.
c. Bloodletting was a common and ineffective treatment for heart failure (dropsy).
d. William Withering discovered the effects of foxglove by accidently using it in a
patient’s tea.
e. None of the above.

Answer 4

C

Question 5

Which of these can help prevent malaria?

a. Mosquito nets.
b. Genetically modified parasite-resistant mosquitoes.
c. Ipecac.
d. A and B only.
e. A and C only.

Answer 5

D

Question 6

Thalidomide:

a. Is a teratogen and caused birth defects in the spine of newborns.
b. Had gone through safety testing in Europe.
c. Was never prescribed in the USA thanks to Dr. Frances Kelsey.
d. A and C only.
e. B and C only.

Answer 6

E

Question 7

. What was William Withering’s famous discovery?

a. Milkmaids were immune to smallpox.
b. Foxglove extract could be used to treat dropsy.
c. All plants contained therapeutic compounds.
d. Salicylic acid from the willow tree extract, used for pain and inflammation.
e. Realized that heroine was not safe.

Answer 7

B

Question 8

Thalidomide introduced what problems, causing it to be removed from the market?

a. Caused limb abnormalities in the children of mothers who took the drug.
b. Caused hyperthyroidism in the children of mothers who took the drug.
c. Caused stomach cancer in the expectant mothers who took the drug.
d. Caused early heart disease in the expectant mothers who took the drug.
e. Caused multiple sclerosis in the individuals who took this drug.

Answer 8

A

Question 9

Which of the following is true?
a. Rachel Carson received the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology, for her
contribution in synthesizing DDT.
b. Artemisinin is an effective remedy against sepsis, preventing a large number of
deaths on the operating tables in the early 1900s.
c. In the 1950s, Listerine was commonly used to treat dandruff and bad breath.
d. Although effective in killing insects, DDT was banned in many countries due to
its teratogenic properties that can affect humans.
e. None of the above.

Answer 9

C

Question 10

In 2019, a new drug hit the market and the present revenue has been calculated to be
700,000$ per year. Assume sales of this drug are increasing at 7% a year. In what year
will this revenue be at 1,400,000$ per year?
a. 2022
b. 2019
c. 2045
d. 2029
e. Never.

Answer 10

D

Question 11

Which of the following countries/continents is responsible for approximately 50% of
prescription drug sales in the world?
a. Canada
b. Italy
c. Japan
d. South America
e. North America

Answer 11

E

Question 12

Assume that sales of a drug are increasing at 10% a year. What is the expected total
revenue in 7 years if the present revenue is $1,000,000 per year?
a. $500,000
b. $2,000,000
c. $1,500,000
d. $700,000
e. $100,000

Answer 12

B

Question 13

Who invented the famous quote “Cure sometimes, treat often, comfort always”?

a. Thomas Roddick
b. Hippocrates
c. Joseph Lister
d. William Osler
e. Dr. John Harvey Kellogg

Answer 13

B

Question 14

In 2019, a new drug has hit the market and the present revenue has been calculated to be
1 600 000$ per year. Assume sales of this drug are decreasing at 7% a year. In what year
will this revenue be at 800 000$ per year?
a. 2020
b. 2027
c. 2029
d. 2031
e. 2026

Answer 14

C

Question 15

Which colour of urine would indicate that a patient has liver problems?

a. Grey
b. Brown
c. Pink
d. Bright yellow
e. None of the above

Answer 15

B

Question 16

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

a. The uroscopy flask was the scientist’s symbol.
b. Penicillin was discovered during World War One.
c. Life expectancy in Canada is higher than that in Japan.
d. Bacterial pneumonia caused most of the deaths in the 1918 flu.
e. None of the above statements are true.

Answer 16

D

Question 17

Which of the following CORRECTLY matches the disease with its eradication method:

a. Guinea worm disease and cheesecloth
b. Smallpox and Multi-Drug Therapy (MDT)
c. Leprosy and vaccination
d. Chagas disease and homeopathic remedies
e. a and b are correct

Answer 17

A

Question 18

Who claimed that: “All drugs are poison and only the right dosage makes them stop
being a poison.”
a. Sir Charles Scarburgh
b. Jeanne Calment
c. Paracelsus
d. Hippocrates
e. William Withering

Answer 18

C

Question 19

What is the average life expectancy in North America?

a. 70
b. 75
c. 80
d. 85
e. 90

Answer 19

C

Question 20

What country has the highest life expectancy?

a. USA
b. Canada
c. UK
d. China
e. Japan

Answer 20

E

Question 21

Hippocrates claimed that ox liver was a cure for night blindness. What substance in ox
liver makes this a true statement?
a. Vitamin A
b. Vitamin B2
c. Vitamin B6
d. Vitamin C
e. Vitamin D

Answer 21

A

Question 22

Which of the following plants can be used to induce vomiting:

a. Foxglove
b. Ipecac
c. Aconite
d. Saffron
e. Poppy

Answer 22

B

Question 23

Hundreds of years ago what was put into wine to try to give the body more iron?

a. Forks
b. Coins
c. Nails
d. Keys
e. Rings

Answer 23

C

Question 24

“Dropsy” was a term used to describe which medical condition?

a. Diabetes
b. Congestive heart failure
c. Pneumonia
d. Arthritis
e. Celiac Disease

Answer 24

B

Question 25

What type of disease is malaria? a. Parasitic disease b. Bacterial disease c. Viral disease d. Genetic disease e. None of the above

Answer 25

A

Question 26

Paul Herman Muller was awarded a Nobel Prize for his discovery that: a. Quinine could be used as a treatment for malaria. b. Foxglove plant was useful as a treatment for dropsy. c. Mosquitoes could be genetically modified to become parasite-resistant. d. DDT has insecticidal properties that could be used to control malaria mosquitoes. e. DDT has harmful effects on bird reproduction.

Answer 26

D

Question 27

What was the issue with the drug thalidomide? a. It required a large dose to be effective. b. It was a potent teratogen. c. It resulted in hair loss. d. It was a potent carcinogen. e. There were no significant side effects associated with thalidomide

Answer 27

B

Question 28

On average, how much money does it cost to get a new drug to market? a. $2-3 million b. $20-30 million c. $200-300 million d. $2-3 billion e. $20-30 billion

Answer 28

D

Question 29

The drug that currently has the highest monetary sales per year is used to treat: a. Cancer b. Diabetes c. Arthritis d. Migraines e. Hypertension

Answer 29

C

Question 30

Which of the following is TRUE with respect to Chagas Disease? a. It is caused by the parasitic “kissing bug b. Infection can be avoided by spraying insecticide c. Symptoms can begin to show as late as 20 years after infection d. Charles Darwin’s described this disease on The Voyage of the Beagle e. All of the above are true.

Answer 30

E

Question 31

What was the cause of the 1918 Pandemic? a. Influenza b. Smallpox c. Polio d. Chagas disease e. The war

Answer 31

A

Question 32

Risk is a measurement that is the product of which three variables? a. Hazard, exposure, toxicity b. Hazard, vulnerability, toxicity c. Risk, exposure, vulnerability d. Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI), exposure, hazard e. None of the above

Answer 32

E

Question 33

``` Which of the following is NOT an example of the “Natural does not equal safe” concept? a. Hemlock juice b. Castor oil c. Aspirin d. Salmonella bacteria e. Dart frogs ```

Answer 33

C

Question 34

What was curare used for? a. Treating dropsy b. Helping vines grow c. Lethal injections d. Muscle relaxation e. All of the above

Answer 34

D

Question 35

What is sulfanilamide? a. Newer and better version of penicillin against streptococcal infections b. Carcinogen c. Diethylene glycol d. First antibiotic (before penicillin) against streptococcal infections e. A teratogen

Answer 35

D

Question 36

The lethal dose of botulin toxin (from the botulinum bacterium) is? a. 0.03 mcg b. 10 mcg c. 10 000 mcg d. 100 000 mcg e. 3 mcg

Answer 36

A

Question 37

What is the definition of toxicology? a. The study of the effects of chemicals on living organisms. b. The study of the effects of only toxic plants. c. The study of the effects of only toxic insects. d. The study of the effects of only toxic seeds. e. The study of the effects of only carcinogens.

Answer 37

A

Question 38

Which of the following are difficulties associated with toxicology? a. Type of exposure b. Biochemical individuality c. Teratogenic effects d. Acute and chronic effects e. All of the Above

Answer 38

E

Question 39

Which of the following drugs is associated with Charles Waterton? a. Acyclovir b. Alcohol c. Methotrexate d. Ibuprofen e. Curare

Answer 39

E

Question 40

In 1938, President Roosevelt signed which of the following into law? a. The Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act b. The Food, Vitamins and Drugs Act c. The Food, Vitamins and Minerals Act d. The Food, Drug and Creams Act e. The Food, Drug and Recycling Act

Answer 40

A

Question 41

Hormesis refers to: a. A biological process where you generate toxins. b. A biological phenomenon where enzymes self destruct due to high doses of toxins. c. A biological phenomenon where a beneficial effect results from exposure to low doses of an agent that is otherwise toxic at higher doses. d. The effect of injecting hormones into your body. e. The breakdown of hormones in your blood.

Answer 41

C

Question 42

Which food item can sometimes contain the botulin toxin? a. Cassava root b. Lima beans c. Puffer fish d. Garlic e. None of the above

Answer 42

D

Question 43

Which of the following is true about Phase 1 enzymes? a. They latch onto toxins and remove them from the body. b. They attach oxygen atoms onto molecules to increase their water solubility. c. When administered in small doses, they can help ease migraines. d. The lethal dose is 10,000 mcg. e. They are found only in mouse models and not in humans.

Answer 43

B

Question 44

What was seldane used for? a. Antihypertensive drug to treat high blood pressure. b. Antidepressant to treat depression. c. Analgesic to treat pain. d. Antibiotic to treat bacterial infection. e. Antihistamine to treat allergies.

Answer 44

E

Question 45

Identify the correct description of “Agent Orange”. a. Mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4-5-T with trace TCDD b. Pure 2,4-D c. Pure 2,4,5-T d. Pure TCDD e. None of the above

Answer 45

A

Question 46

Dioxin can be produced by: a. Side reaction during synthesis of 2,4-D. b. Side reaction during synthesis of 2,4,5-T. c. Heating up plastic containers in a microwave. d. Synthesizing chlorhexidine under low temperature conditions. e. All of the above

Answer 46

B

Question 47

Exposure to TCDD causes: a. Jaundice b. Amnesia c. Diabetes d. Chloracne e. Arthritis

Answer 47

D

Question 48

Cassava root and lima beans contain: a. Cyanide b. Tetrodotoxin c. Botulin d. Dioxin e. Curare

Answer 48

A

Question 49

Which of the following is TRUE regarding Botulin? a. It is more toxic that tetrodotoxin and cyanide. b. The bacterium Clostridium botulinum produces this toxin. c. Botulin can be injected to stop tremors. d. It can be used to treat headaches. e. All of the above are true.

Answer 49

E

Question 50

Tequila and whisky make hangovers worse because they: a. Have a higher percent alcohol. b. Contain substances called congeners. c. Have a bad aftertaste. d. Are usually mixed with other alcohols. e. Are usually consumed in large amounts.

Answer 50

B

Question 51

Dihydromyricetin (DHM) is a chemical that: a. Can be found in the Japanese raisin tree. b. Has been proven to decrease hangover symptoms by 90%. c. Worsens alcohol intoxication in rats. d. Was only tested on rats but not humans. e. Treats heart conditions.

Answer 51

A

Question 52

What is the most effective way to avoid the symptoms of alcohol induced hangover? a. Drink water b. Practice abstinence or moderation c. Eat a greasy meal d. Take a hangover cure e. Go to sleep

Answer 52

B

Question 53

There is a drug on the market that claims to be a hangover cure and contains Dihydromyricetin (DHM). Why was the study that looked at the effectiveness of this drug on humans unreliable? a. The study was too small. b. There was no placebo control. c. It was not a double-blind study. d. The 50% decrease in hangover symptoms may be representative of the placebo effect. e. All of the above

Answer 53

E

Question 54

What is the best cure for hangover? a. Dihydromyricetin (DHM) b. Congeners c. Hamburgers d. Pufferfish e. None of the above

Answer 54

E

Question 55

Hay fever is: a. An allergy to hay. b. Properly termed allergic rhinitis. c. Only affects those with asthma. d. An allergy to farm animals. e. Occurs when your body temperature exceeds 38°C.

Answer 55

B

Question 56

The hygiene hypothesis suggests that: a. If you do not shower every day, you will develop asthma. b. Living on a farm increases the risk of developing lung cancer. c. You must clean your hands before each meal to avoid developing food allergies. d. Children who attend daycare are less likely to develop allergies. e. Infection with worms causes allergies.

Answer 56

D

Question 57

Which of the following is true? a. Adrenaline is an allergen. b. Adrenaline does not reverse anaphylactic reactions. c. Adrenaline dilates your bronchial tubes. d. Adrenaline is produced by the kidneys. e. Adrenaline is also called dopamine.

Answer 57

C

Question 58

Which of the following is true concerning cats? a. Black cats are more likely to cause allergies than other colored cats. b. Allergies to cats are in fact allergies to a protein found in their dead skin cells. c. You can have allergic symptoms upon your first exposure to a cat. d. Kittens cannot trigger allergic reactions in humans. e. Two of the above are true.

Answer 58

E (A and B are correct)

Question 59

Your friend is having an asthma attack. What do you give them? a. Sudafed (pseudoephedrine) b. Hydro-cortisol c. Ventolin (salbutamol) d. Allegra (fexofenadine) e. Tylenol (acetaminophen)

Answer 59

C

Question 60

The increase in allergy rates can be explained by all of the following, except: a. Increasing population b. Greater chemical exposure c. Hygiene hypothesis d. Early vitamin use in children e. Increased use of synthetic substances

Answer 60

D

Question 61

Which of the following allergies is becoming more prevalent? a. Peanut b. Sesame c. Dog d. Shellfish e. Pollen

Answer 61

B

Question 62

What chemical(s) is/are found in an EpiPen? a. Adrenaline (epinephrine) only b. Benadryl (diphenhydramine) only c. Advil (ibuprofen) and benadryl (diphenhydramine) d. Advil (ibuprofen) and adrenaline (epinephrine) e. Adrenaline (epinephrine) and benadryl (diphenhydramine)

Answer 62

A

Question 63

Which of the following concerning asthma is true: a. Asthma symptoms cannot be triggered by allergies. b. Histamines are released during an asthma attack. c. During an asthma attack, it’s important to immediately dilate the bronchial tubes. d. Steroids can’t prevent an asthma attack. e. Exercise can make asthma symptoms go away.

Answer 63

C

Question 64

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between antihistamines and their effect on sedation? a. Benadryl (diphenhydramine); non-drowsy b. Claritin (loratadine); non-drowsy c. Seldane (terfenadine); drowsy d. Allegra (fexofenadine); drowsy e. Zyrtec (cetrizine); drowsy

Answer 64

B

Question 65

People who suffer from allergies are: a. Less prone to asthma compared to someone without allergies. b. More prone to asthma compared to someone without allergies. c. As prone to asthma as someone without allergies. d. Will never have asthma. e. Will absolutely have asthma

Answer 65

B

Question 66

Which of the following is true? a. Adrenalin constricts the bronchi. b. Adrenalin is produced naturally by the kidneys. c. Adrenalin does not reverse anaphylactic reactions. d. Benadryl does not reverse anaphylactic reactions. e. None of the above are true

Answer 66

D

Question 67

Since 1980, allergy rates have ____ and asthma rates have____: a. Allergy rates have decreased, while asthma rates have increased b. Allergy and asthma rates have both remained the same c. Allergy and asthma rates have both decreased d. Allergy rates have increased, while asthma rates have decreased e. Allergy rates have increased and asthma rates have doubled

Answer 67

E

Question 68

Which of the following is true? a. Allergic rhinitis is most commonly caused by exposure to hay. b. Animal allergies are typically caused by the animal shedding dead skin cells. c. Allergies can occur upon first exposure to the allergen. d. Animal allergies are typically caused by proteins in the animal hair. e. All of the above are true.

Answer 68

B

Question 69

Which of the following is true regarding contact dermatitis vs. immune system mediated dermatitis? a. Developing a rash after working with vinegar all day is an example of immune system mediated dermatitis. b. A reaction to poison ivy is an example of contact dermatitis. c. Nickel reactions are not immune system mediated dermatitis because only proteins can be allergens. d. Contact dermatitis is due to skin irritants and does not involve IgE antibodies. e. All of the above are true.

Answer 69

D

Question 70

Which of the following is true regarding Allergy Immunotherapy? a. Subcutaneous immunotherapy involves rubbing small amounts of allergen into the skin so that it absorbs without invoking the IgE immune response. b. Subcutaneous immunotherapy can be done at home, reducing total visits to the doctor. c. Sublingual therapy can be self administered at home, following a doctor’s instructions. d. Sublingual therapy is more commonly known as getting “allergy shots”. e. Allergy immunotherapy is 99% effective.

Answer 70

C

Question 71

The definition of an allergy is: a. A condition in which your airways narrow and swell and produce extra mucus. b. A condition that makes your skin red and itchy. c. A condition in which there is inflammation and swelling of the mucous membrane of the nose. d. Any adverse reaction to substances that are normally harmless. e. None of the above.

Answer 71

D

Question 72

Which of the following is true: a. Poorer countries have a higher prevalence of allergies. b. Anaphylaxis refers to a rapidly progressing, life threatening allergic reaction. c. Atopy refers to the genetic tendency to develop very rare allergic diseases. d. Asthma rates have decreased significantly since 1980. e. Children who at the age of 1 ate fish at least once a month were 30% more likely to develop hay fever by age 12.

Answer 72

B

Question 73

Children who attended daycare are ______ likely to develop allergies and ______ likely to develop leukemia or Hodgkin’s lymphoma. a. Less likely to develop allergies and less likely to develop leukemia or Hodgkin’s lymphoma. b. Less likely to develop allergies and more likely to develop leukemia or Hodgkin’s lymphoma. c. More likely to develop allergies and less likely to develop leukemia or Hodgkin’s lymphoma. d. More likely to develop allergies and more likely to develop leukemia or Hodgkin’s lymphoma. e. Attending daycare has no effect on the likelihood of developing allergies, leukemia, or Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

Answer 73

A

Question 74

Which of the following is NOT one of the most common food allergens? a. Soy b. Peanuts c. Dairy d. Cow meat e. Shellfish

Answer 74

D

Question 75

Which of the following is true concerning a study on peanut allergy in children published in the New England journal of Medicine: a. 372 children aged 4-17 were given capsules of peanut flour starting at 0.5 mg peanut protein and increasing to 300 mg, the equivalent of 1 peanut. b. After 24 weeks, 2 thirds were able to tolerate a peanut protein dose equivalent to 2 peanuts, with absolutely no reactions. c. The goal of the study was to cure children of their allergy to peanuts. d. After the study, the children were able to eat peanuts in the same capacities as others with no allergic reactions. e. None of the above.

Answer 75

A