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Animal Biology And Nutrition > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Types of growth

A

Chronological
Physiological
Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy

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2
Q

What is growth

A

An increase in height, length, girth, and weight that occurs in young animals given adequate feed and water

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3
Q

Measures of growth

A
  1. Average daily gain (ADG)
  2. Days to market
  3. Cattle 205 day weight (adjusted weaning weight)
  4. Breeding stock: weight per day of age (WDA)
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4
Q

How to determine ADG

A

Weight gained over time in days

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5
Q

How to determine adjusted weaning weight

A

(Weaning wt. - birth weight) over (# of days from birth to weaning) x205+birth wt.

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6
Q

4 factors that effect carcass composition (growth curve)

A

Nutrition
Gender
Breed
Frame size

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7
Q

Why do we castrate

A

Boars: meat can have unpleasant aroma
Bulls: dark cutting (looks like it’s freezer burnt)
Easier to control

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8
Q

How do we assess growth

A

Time from reference point

Live weight at physiological/chronological stages

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9
Q

What is pre weaning growth

A

Growth from birth to weaning

Dependent on quality of milk produced by dam

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10
Q

What is Post weaning growth

A

Growth after weaning

Influenced by pre weaning growth rate, genetics, gender, nutrition and environment

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11
Q

What is compensatory growth

A

“Catch up” growth: when an animal grows more rapidly than normal, after a period of restricted growth, in order to reach normal weight

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12
Q

Growth promotants are used to

A

Increase growth weight

Improve feed efficiency, reduce other inputs

Change carcass composition

Reduce greenhouse gas emissions

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13
Q

Growth promotants may include

A 
Antimicrobial growth promotants 
Probiotics
Anabolic steroids 
Enzymes added to feed
B-agonists
Somatotropin
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14
Q

What is the role of the male reproductive system

A

Produce genetic material (spermatozoa)

To deliver the genetic material into the right part of the female reproductive system

Hormones- testosterone

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15
Q

Components of male reproductive system

A

Testes
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Urethra

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16
Q

What are testes

A

PRIMARY SEX ORGAN
Divided into lobes enclosed by the scrotum
Functions: produce male gametes (spermatozoa), leydig (interstitial) cells produce testosterone

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17
Q

What is epididymis

A 
External duct leading from testes
Functions: transport spermatozoa from seminiferous tubules to vas deferens
Concentration of sperm
Maturation of spermatozoa 
Storage of spermatozoa (tail)
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18
Q

What is vas deferens

A

Transport spermatozoa from epididymis to urethra

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19
Q

What is a urethra

A

Excretory duct for semen and urine

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20
Q

Testes must be ________ degrees colder than body temperature

A

4-6°

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21
Q

How to maintain lower temperatures in testes

A

Location

Muscles

Counter current heat exchange mechanism

Sweat glands

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22
Q

How does location keep testes cold

A

Outside of body cavity away from body heat

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23
Q

How do muscles keep testes cool

A

Contract and pull scrotum up if cold and down if hot

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24
Q

How does counter current heat exchange mechanism keep testes cool

A

Blood coming from the heart is cooled by veins to keep testes cool

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25
How do sweat glands keep the testes cool
Increases the amount of evaporative heat loss
26
What are some accessory glands of the male tract
Vesticular glands Prostate gland Bulbourethal (cowpers) glands
27
Anatomy of male reproductive system 2 parts
Penis | Sigmoid flexure: present in boar, bull and ram, S shaped figure that retracts the penis into sheath for protection
28
Hormone in male reproductive system and what it does
Testosterone 1. Increases spermatozoa production 2. Increases muscle synthesis 3. Promotes secretion of accessory glands 4. Development of secondary sexual characteristics 5. Libido or sex drive
29
Breeding soundness evaluations
Physical exam Scrotal circumference Semen evaluation Libido
30
Factors that influence breeding soundness
1. Age 2. Nutrition 3. Environmental temperature 4. Disease 5. Frequency of use
31
Role of female reproductive system
Produce half the genetic material to produce the offspring Provide nutrients and protection to the developing fetus
32
Anatomy of female reproductive system
``` Ovaries Oviduct Uterus Cervix Vagina Vulva ```
33
What are ovaries
*PRIMARY SEX ORGAN* Produce ova (female gamete) Produce female sex hormones Undergo cyclic changes
34
What is an oviduct
Carries gametes (spermatozoa and ova) Site of fertilization Site of early stages of embryo development Connects ovary to uterus
35
What is a uterus
Fertilized egg implants and grows Produces hormones Supplies nutrients to embryo and fetus Contracts to eject fetus
36
What is a cervix
Thick walled inelastic Prevents microbial contamination, entry of foreign material Tightly closed except during estrus (heat) and parturition (birth) Site of semen deposits during natural mating in sows and mares Secretions create thick mucous plug during pregnancy
37
What is a vagina
Organ of copulation Site of semen deposit during natural mating of cows, does and ewes Birth canal
38
What is a vulva
External opening to reproductive tract | Secretes lubricating mucous during heat and parturition
39
What is monotocous
Normally give birth to one young each gestation One ovum produced each estrus/heat period Eg cow and horse
40
What is Polyocous
Normally give birth to multiple young each gestation 10 to 25 ova produced each estrous cycle Eg sow, ewe, dog, cat
41
Purpose of estrous cycle
Releases eggs which are mature enough to be fertilized Prepare the uterus for potential pregnancy Ensure that the male will provide spermatozoa at the appropriate time
42
Ovarian hormones
GnRH Estrogen Progesterone (p4)
43
What is GnRH
GnRH: gonadotropin releasing hormone Gonadotropins: FSH: follicle stimulating hormone, stimulates estradiol LH: causes follicle rupture and releases ova
44
What is estrogen
Causes reproductive behaviour (peaks prior to heat/estrus) Promotes secretory activity of the reproductive tract eg. Mucous secretion
45
What is progesterone (p4)
Inhibits GnRH release Inhibits reproductive behaviour Promotes maintenance of pregnancy
46
Uterine hormone and what is it
Prostaglandin F2a: Released by the uterus of the ova is not fertilized Causes the CL to regress so that FSH and LH can be released and new follicles develop Can inject prostaglandin to do the same thing; used to synchronize estrous in herd
47
Estrous detection techniques
Animal behaviour Temperature Pedometers or other motion detectors Mount detectors, tail paint/chalk
48
Anestrus can be caused by
``` Pregnancy Lactation Presence of offspring Season Stress Pathology ```
49
Why use artificial insemination (AI)
Rapid dissemination of superior sires More extensive use of superior sires Facilitates cross breeding Reduction of disease Improved record keeping More economical Safety
50
Limitations of AI
Possible extensive use of a sire which later shows up poor Estrous detection is labour intensive Inability to get good conception rates with frozen boar, ram and stallion semen Registration restrictions with some breed associations Lack of technical service in some areas
51
Estrous synchronization methods
Progesterone method: 7-12 day treatment (89-90% synch rate) administered in feed or water, subcutaneous implants, PRID, patch Prostaglandin F2a method: inject during days 5-17 of estrous cycle (60-65% conception rate), or 2 injections 12 days apart, regression of CL and return to estrous within 36-72 hours
52
Three stages of parturition
Relaxation of cervix Expulsion of fetus Expulsion of fetal memebranes
53
Codominance
Both traits are shown
54
Incomplete dominance
Both are shown but mixed. Black and white make grey
55
Definition of gene
Basic unit of inheritance consisting of DNA sequence at a specific location (locus) on a chromosome
56
Definition of chromosome
Are long strands of DNA and associated proteins present in the nucleus of every cell of an organism
57
Definition of locus
The site of a particular gene on a chromosome. At each locus is a pair of genes, one on the paternal chromosome and one on the maternal chromosome
58
Alleles definition
Are alternative forms of genes found at a given locus
59
Epistasis definition
When one pair of genes masks or alters the expression of another pair of genes
60
Sex-related inheritance categories
Sex-linked Sex-limited Sex-influenced
61
Sex-limited inheritance
Both males and females carry the trait but only one sex shows it
62
Sex-linked inheritance
The gene is on the sex chromosome, usually X chromosome in mammals
63
Sex-influenced inheritance
Outcome depends on sex of the animal differs between males and females
64
Selection tools
EBV: estimated breeding value EPD: estimated progeny difference
65
What is complementarity breeding
Improvement of the overall performance of offspring by mating animals with different but complementary breeding values Ex. Big mate with small to get medium

Animal Biology And Nutrition (1 decks)

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