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Clin 1 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 8 stages of nutrition deficiency?

A
  1. dietary inadequacy
  2. decrease reserves
  3. decrease in body fluid
  4. decrease function or tissue
  5. decrease in enzyme activity
  6. functional change
  7. clinical symptoms
  8. anatomical signs
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2
Q

what is a stadiometer?

A

equipment to measure height

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3
Q

what are the ways to measure frame size?

A
  1. height (cm) / wrist circumference (cm)

2. elbow breadth (width)

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4
Q

What is the BMI equation?

A

BMI = weight (kg)/height^2 (m^2)

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5
Q

What are other ways to measure height?

A

knee height or arms’ length (not for Asian or afro Americans)

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6
Q

What is the total weight of proteins in a healthy man of 70 kg?

A

12 kg

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7
Q

What is the normal BMI range?

A

18.5-25

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8
Q

What does % UBW is used for and what is the equation?

A

used to evaluate changes in body weight that can be related to malnutrition (current BW/usual bodyweight x 100)

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9
Q

What assumes a severe weight loss?

A

10% of body weight in 6 months or less

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10
Q

what can weight loss predict?

A
  • mortality
  • surgical outcomes/post-operative complications (infections)
  • functional impairement
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11
Q

What areas can be used to measure the skinfold thickness?

A
  • tricep (not most representative)
  • bicep
  • subscapular
  • suprailiac
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12
Q

Which measure reflects only the muscles?

A

cMAMA (corrected mid-upper arm muscle area)

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13
Q

Which measure is more sensitive to muscle change than MAMC?

A

MAMA

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14
Q

Which indicator is more accurate according to body fat than skinfold thickness?

A

MAFA

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15
Q

What are the thresholds of waist circumference for men and women?

A

102 men

88 women

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16
Q

How does BIA work?

A

send an electric current through body to calculate the resistance. Resistance = fat mass (no water)

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17
Q

How does DAX work?

A

results are representative of the attenuation of the radiation based on tissue densities. usually used to test for osteoporosis. fat mass + soft lean tissue + bones. photons

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18
Q

How does BOD POD work?

A

the volume of the body moves the air of the chamber based on fat and lean tissue density

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19
Q

What are the negative acute phase proteins?

A

albumin, transferrin, TTR (prealbumin), RBP

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20
Q

What are the cut-offs (g/L) for albumin?

A

Mild deficit: 30-35
Moderate deficit: 24-29.9
Severe deficit: <24

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21
Q

Which acute phase proteins have the longest half-life and which has the shortest?

A

longest: albumin
shortest: RBP

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22
Q

How do we calculate N balance?

A

N balance g/day = pro intake g/6.25 - (UUN g + 4)

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23
Q

How to convert mmol of UUN into g?

Study These Flashcards
A

1 mmol = 0.028 g

24
Q

What are the tests to detect iron anemias?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • [] serum ferritin
  • [] serum iron
  • TIBC
  • transferrin saturation
  • erythrocyte protoporphyrin
25
What are the tests to detect folate anemia?
- serum folate - RBC folate - folate deficiency : serum folate + RBC folate + macrocytic and megaloblastic cells + normal B12 biomarker = high homocysteine
26
What are the tests for B12 anemia?
serum B12 (biomarker = high methylmalonic acid)
27
What are the general tests for anemias?
- hemoglobin - hematocrit - RBC count - MCV (hct/RBC x 10) - MCH - MCHC (hb/hct)
28
How can iron can be supplemented?
ferrous sulfate 3 times a day in fasting state
29
Which hormone stimulates hunger?
ghrelin
30
Which hormone inhibits hunger?
leptin in proportion to adipocytes
31
What are METs?
Metabolic Equivalent Task (1 MET = 1 kcal/BW/hour sitting or lying quietly)
32
How to convert height in feet in cm?
1 pouce = 2.54 cm
33
how much kcal the does the brain need to function per day?
500 kcal of glu preferably
34
What is secreted in response to prolonged fasting and why?
GH and catecholamines bc stimulate lipolysis
35
What are the impacts on kidneys when fasting?
- increase ammonia = kidneys are making glu from GNG can be toxic in high concentrations - filters keto acids = uses ions to buffer = Na, H, NH4 and especially K = hypokalemia
36
What are the 2 Forbes prediction?
I. More obese people will lose less N when fasting | II. less contribution of LBM to weight loss on cal restricted diet for obese people
37
what is steatorrhea?
the decrease in fat absorption when weight loss | bc less food ingested = decreased villi surface area = more fat in stools
38
What are the consequences of refeeding syndrome?
- ECF = edema bc of electrolyte imbalance and increase in Na intake - rapid increase in insulin = glycogen synthesis - increased REE = LBM rebuilding
39
What are the steps of refeeding?
- Fluid and electrolytes balance K, Mg and PO4 supp + limit Na and fluids in the first few days to avoid edema - Maintenance E levels diet (hypocaloric diet) = avoid refeeding syndrome - high protein (1.2-1.5 g/kg bw/d) start with 20g for enzymatic adaptation -monitor
40
What are the causes of weight regain?
- decreased REE (T3, T4 and decreased weight) | - decreased in adipose tissue = decreased leptin and increased in ghrelin
41
How can the keto diet be effective and what are the long term effect?
can be useful to treat epilepsy in children but in long term can affect bone density and growth
42
What are the benefits of weight loss?
- increases insulin sensitivity - increases glucose tolerance - decreases risks of CVD = increases HDL, decreases LDL, normalizes TG levels - decreases systolic BP and diastolic BP - increases in exercise tolerance
43
What are the steps to establish a new diet for weight loss?
1. calculate REE 2. determine PAL 3. calculate TEE 4. subtract 500 kcal for 0.5 kg/week of loss
44
What are the benefits of a high protein diet for weight loss?
- greater weight loss - increase red in fat mass - decreased reduction of fat-free mass - less red in REE
45
What is the beneficial range for weight loss? If the person needs to lose more what can be done?
5-10% | period of weight loss followed by a period of stable weight
46
What is the effect of PA on mortality?
decreased risk by 20-35%
47
What are the Canadian guidelines for PA?
- strength training at least 2x a week - for adults of 18-64 yo, 150 min of PA/week, vigorous to moderate in bouts of 10 min or + - + PA = + health benefits
48
What are the most common pharmacological treatments for weight loss?
- lipase inhibitors | - appetite suppressants
49
What is Orlistat?
- lipase inhibitor (Xenical) - commonly used for people with comorbidities - side effects: fatty stools, loss of vit, fecal urgency
50
What chemical compounds are used for appetite suppression?
- serotonin agonist (anti-depressant) - amphetamine derivatives side effects: dizziness, headaches, sleep disruption, nausea, constipation
51
What are the characteristics of an unbalanced diet?
- 800-1200 kcal | - low fat/low carbs
52
what are the adverse effects of severe dieting?
- osteoporosis - gallstones - weight cycling (yo yo)
53
What are the high fat/low carb diets and their characteristics?
- Atkins diet 1st 60-65% fat 4 phases = ketosis first 2 -Ketogenic first epileptic children 60-70% fat
54
What are the short term symptoms of a ketogenic diet?
- insomnia - hyperuricemia - decreased exercise tolerance - irritability - common : bad breath, diarrhea, headache, constipation, weakness, muscle cramps, rash
55
What are the long terms effects of a ketogenic diet?
- increased LDL-C (if isocal) - decreased H20 soluble vit - renal stones - acidosis + ketosis w/ illness - T deficiency = optic neuropathy
56
What is the normal range for hematocrit for men and women?
``` men = 40-52% women = 35-47% ```

Clin 1 (4 decks)

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