Midterm 1

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

the study of adaptive and non-adaptive change overtime in populations and origins and extinctions, and the relationships among living things

Question 2

Nested Hierarchy

Answer 2

refers to the way taxonomic groups fit neatly inside other taxonomic groups

Question 3

What are the biological levels of organization? What term does not fit into this nested hierarchy?

Answer 3

Ecosystem - community - population - organism - organ system - organ - tissue - cell - molecule - atom
Biosphere

Question 4

Describe the unioid life cycle.

Answer 4

Glochidia attach to host fish and leave when juvenile

Question 5

Why do glochidia attach to host fish?

Answer 5

Because they cannot swim or crawl

Question 6

What are conglutinates?

Answer 6

Membranous capsules that enclose glochidia and mimic host prey so fish eats it, spits it out but glochidia stays

Question 7

What do mussels do in terms of host capture in the unioid life cycle?

Answer 7

Mussels physically grips host and pumps glochidia over gills

Question 8

What does a simple lure do?

Answer 8

Has modified mantle tissue to catch host attention to attract a fish

Question 9

What does a complex lure do?

Answer 9

Has modified mantle tissue to mimic host fish or invertebrate prey to attract a host

Question 10

Genetic Variation

Answer 10

Differences at the DNA level among individuals within a population or species

Question 11

Natural Selection

Answer 11

non-random differences in survival and/or reproduction among individuals’ entities on the basis of differences in heritable characteristics

Question 12

Mutation

Answer 12

errors in DNA replication, are not for benefit

Question 13

Point Mutation

Answer 13

Error in DNA sequencing

Question 14

Chromosome mutation

Answer 14

rearrangement or fusing of chromosome segments

Question 15

Gene duplication

Answer 15

Accidental duplication of DNA

Question 16

Genome duplication

Answer 16

Addition of a complete set of chromosomes

Question 17

Gene flow

Answer 17

Exchanging of alleles (through reproduction) across different populations

Question 18

Genetic Drift

Answer 18

Random difference in survival and/or reproduction among individual entities NOT on the basis of differences in heritable characteristics

Question 19

Bottleneck effect

Answer 19

Type of genetic variation, when the size of a population is randomly reduced due to a natural/human disaster

Question 20

Founder effect

Answer 20

Type of genetic variation, when a small subset of a population establishes a new colony due to random circumstances

Question 21

Sexual selection

Answer 21

a type of natural selection in which members of one biological sex choose or compete for mates of the other sex

Question 22

Artificial selection

Answer 22

the intentional breeding of plants or animals

Question 23

Speciation

Answer 23

occurs when gene flow is stopped, the formation of a new species

Question 24

Evolutionary tree

Answer 24

a visual representation of the branching patterns of evolution

Question 25

Clade

Answer 25

a groups of organisms that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants

Question 26

Monophyletic

Answer 26

a clade

Question 27

Paraphyletic

Answer 27

NOT a clade, missing either a common ancestor . or a descendent

Question 28

Homologous trait

Answer 28

inherited from a common ancestor

Question 29

Homoplasyous trait

Answer 29

evolved independently

Question 30

Convergent

Answer 30

the process whereby organisms not closely related independently develop similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments

Question 31

Divergent

Answer 31

the process of tracing two or more species back to a common ancestor

Question 32

What is the order of determining species

Answer 32

Domain - kingdom - phylum - class - order - family - genus- species

Question 33

Diversity

Answer 33

Number of species in a taxonomic group or geographical area

Question 34

Ontogeny

Answer 34

involves significant changes in morphology from youth to old age

Question 35

Sexual dimorphism

Answer 35

distinct differences between the sexes of organism

Question 36

Disparity

Answer 36

how different species are from each other

Question 37

Phenotypic Plasticity

Answer 37

cases in which the same set of genes can result in different feature according to the environmental conditions

Question 38

Infraspecific variation

Answer 38

differences that occur within a species

Question 39

Abundance

Answer 39

number of individuals

Question 40

Adaptation

Answer 40

a characteristic that enhances the survival and/or reproduction of organisms that bear it relative to alternative character states

Question 41

Extirpation

Answer 41

individuals of the species still exist, but they are not found in an area where they were once common

Question 42

Faunal turnover

Answer 42

fossils records that reveal the movement of species from a community