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BU288- Organizational Behaviour > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are organizations

A

Social inventions for accomplishing common goals through group effort

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2
Q

What do members of an organization need to do to survive

A

Be motivated to join and remain
Carry out their work reliably (productivity, quality and service)
Be willing to learn and improve knowledge and skills
Be flexible and innovative

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3
Q

What is organization behaviour

A

The attitudes and behaviours of individuals in an organizational context
studies these attitudes and behaviours so they can provide advice about how organizations can manage them effectively

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4
Q

What are the goals of OB

A

Predicting OB
Explaining OB
Managing OB

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5
Q

What is management

A

The art of getting things accomplished through others in organizations
Managers acquire, allocate and utilize physical and human resources to accomplish goals

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6
Q

What is evidence based management

A

translating principles based on the best scientific evidence into organizational practices
separates OB from opinion and common sense

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7
Q

How do you conduct OB research

A 
Research question
Form hypothesis
Design a study
Collect data
Analyze data and report findings
=evidence based management
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8
Q

What are operationalizations

A

ways to measure the variables in the concept

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9
Q

What is reliability of measure

A

an index of consistency of a research subjects responses

the subject should respond roughly the same way for similar questions

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10
Q

What is validity of measure

A

an index of the extent to which a measure truly reflects what it is supposed to measure
(make sure your questions are measuring the right thing)

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11
Q

what are the 2 forms of validity of measure

A

convergent validity: when there is a strong relationship between different measures of the same variables
discriminant validity: when there is a weak relationship between measures of different variables

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12
Q

What are the 3 types of research going from least scientifically rigorous to most

A

observational research
correlational research
experimental research

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13
Q

what is observational research and its 2 types

A

research that examines the natural activities of people in an organizational setting by listening to what they say and watching what they do

1) participation observation- becomes a member
2) direct observation-observes without partaking

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14
Q

What is correlational research

A

research that examines the naturally occurring relationship among 2 variables

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15
Q

What is a negative and positive correlation and range of strength

A

negative- as x goes up, y goes down
positive- as x goes up, y goes up
strength- -1 to 1

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16
Q

What is reverse directionality in correlational research

A

when you don’t know which variable caused which

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17
Q

What is a third variable in correlational research

A

a variable that is causing a change that could be highly related to the variable that we came up with- the true cause of change

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18
Q

What is experimental research

A

to overcome the shortcomings of correlational designs because we can infer causation with experiments
2 essential features: manipulation of the independent variable and random assignment to the condition

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19
Q

What is manipulation in experimental research

A

in an experiment, a variable IV is manipulated or changed under controlled conditions, and the consequence DV of this manipulation for some other variable is measured
-also overcomes the reverse directionality problem

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20
Q

what is random assignment in experimental research

A

distributes all other variables equally among experimental groups (on avg.)
- overcomes the 3rd variable problem

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21
Q

what is internal validity

A

extent to which research yields clear casual information (confidence that changes int he DV are due to the IV)
Higher in experimental research

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22
Q

what is external validity

A

extent to which results generalize beyond current sample, setting, etc
higher in correlational research

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23
Q

what is a moderating variable

A

a variable that affects the nature of the relationship between the IV and the DV
this relationship depends on this variable

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24
Q

what is a mediating variable

A

a variable that EXPLAINS the relationship between the IV and the DV

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25
What is personality
the relatively stable set of psychological characteristics that influences the way an individual interacts with their environment and how they think, feel and behave
26
What is the the big 5 dimensions
``` O- Openness to experience C- conscientiousness E- Extraversion A- Agreeableness N- Neuroticism/ emotional stability ```
27
what are the characteristics of openness to experience
they think creatively, receptive to new ideas, open minded high- albert einstien low- donald trump
28
what are the characteristics | of conscientiousness
responsible, achievement oriented, orderly | low- mariah
29
what are the characteristics of extraversion
the extent to which a person is outgoing or shy low- elon musk high- oprah
30
what are the characteristics of agreeableness
the extent to which a person is friendly, compassionate, warm, outgoing high- ellen low- donald
31
what are the characteristics of emotional stability/ neuroticism
degree of emotional control stable, confident, low- depressed, anxious
32
what is the strongest predictor of overall job performance
conscientiousness
33
what is the dispositional approach to personality
people are predisposed to behave in certain ways, individuals possess stable traits or characteristics that influence their attitudes and behaviours
34
what is the situational approach
characteristics of the organization cause people to behave in certain ways focuses on the situation, not the person
35
what the interactionist approach to personality
OB is a function of both dispositions and the situation - to predict and understand organizational behaviour, we need to know something about an individuals personality and the work setting
36
what is the locus of control
a set of beliefs about whether ones behaviour is controlled mainly by internal or external factors "i control my destiny" vs. others control my destiny
37
what is self- esteem
the degree to which a person has a positive self- evaluation
38
what is the behavioural plasticity theory in self- esteem
people with low self- esteem tend to be more susceptible to external and social influences more impacted by events and people
39
what is general self- efficacy
refers to an individuals belief in his or her ability to perform successfully in a variety of challenging situations -motivational rather than affective
40
what is learning
learning occurs when practice or experience leads to relatively permanent change in behaviour potential
41
what are the 2 learning theories
operant learning theory | social cognitive theory
42
what is operant learning theory
learning to operate on the environment to achieve certain consequences
43
what are the 2 reinforcements that increase behaviour in operant learning theory
positive reinforcement: adding something pleasant (ex. praise) negative reinforcement: removing something unpleasant (ex. nagging)
44
what is extinction and punishment in operant learning theory
extinction: removing the reinforcer (something pleaseant, ex. no praise) punishment: adding something unpleasant (ex. fines)
45
what are some points about using punishment effectively
- it elicits strong negative emotional reactions - should only be warranted if unwanted behaviour is something they can not control - tell them what they should do - can reduce innovation, etc if was honest mistake
46
what is social cognitive theory
learning can take place without reinforcement from the environment, as a result of individual cognitive processes
47
what are the 3 groups in social cognitive theory
observational learning: observing and imitating the behaviour of others self- efficacy: belief about ones ability to perform a specific task self- regulation: people regulate their own behaviour by setting goals and working towards them
48
steps in self regulation
- set a goal: discrepancy production - monitor behaviour - compare current state to desired end state (goal) - modify behaviour to meet goal: discrepancy reduction
49
3 ways to effectively train using social cognitive theory
provide a role model displaying the effective behaviours provide opportunities for trainees to practice using those behaviours provide feedback to trainees
50
what is perception
the process of interpreting the messages of our senses to provide order and meaning to the environment - our actions are based on our interpretation of reality from our perceptual system, rather than on reality itself
51
what is the better than average effect in perception
the idea that most people think that they are better than avergage
52
where do first impressions come from
what people say about themselves | what people dont say
53
what can you judge at above change levels accurately
narcissism extraversion sexual orientation the success of a CEOs company
54
what is Bruner's model about perception about and the steps
how first impressions turn into more permanent beliefs unfamiliar target- openness to target cues- familiar cues encountered- target categorized- cue selectivity- categorization strengthened
55
what are the 6 biases in person perception that can lead to inaccurate perceptions of another person
``` primacy recency reliance on central traits implicit personality theories projection stereotyping ```
56
what is the primacy effect
tendency to rely on early cues/ first impressions
57
what is the recency effect
tendency to rely on recent cues/ last impressions
58
what is reliance on central traits
to rely on personal characteristics of a target person that are of particular interest to a perceiver ex. physical appearance
59
what is implicit personality theories
personal theories people have about which personality characteristics go together
60
what is projection
tendency to attribute ones own thought and feelings to others
61
what is stereotyping
to generalize about people in a social category and ignore variations among them
62
what is the fundamental attribution error
the tendency to overemphasize dispositional explanations for behaviour at the expense of situational explanations
63
what are the 3 cues to determine whether we should attribute the behaviour to dispositional or situational causes
consistency: does this person consistently act this way consensus: is this behaviour similar to other people in this situation distinctiveness: does this person act this way across situations
64
if the behaviour is because of a situational attribution then what is the inference about the person
inconclusive
65
what are the 4 employee behaviours
task performance organizational citizenship behaviour counterproductive work behaviour withdrawal
66
what is task performance
are people doing the job they were hired to do
67
what is organizational citizenship behaviour
voluntary behaviour that contributes to organizational effectiveness
68
what is counterproductive work behaviour and its 4 points
``` behaviour that intentionally hinders organizational goal accomplishment production deviance: purposeful failure sabotage: destroying abuse against others theft ```
69
what is withdrawal and its 3 points
escaping from the workplace - lateness - absenteeism - turnover
70
what are values
a broad tendency to prefer certain states of affairs over others what we consider good and bad value differences are generational and cultural
71
what are the 2 types of cultures
independent cultures | collectivist cultures
72
what was hofstedes study about
``` questioned about work related values discovered 4 basic dimensions along which work related values differed across cultures: -power distance -uncertainty avoidance -masculinity/ femininity -individualism/ collectivism ```
73
what is power distance
the extent to which an unequal distribution of power is accepted by society members -in large power distance cultures, this is natural and superiors are inaccessible
74
what are attitudes
fairly stable evaluative tendency to respond consistently to some specific object, situation, person, or category of people (job satisfaction, organizational commitment)
75
what is job satisfaction
a collection of attitudes people have about their job
76
what are the 4 determinants of job satsifaction
- discrepancy- outcomes wanted vs. perceived current outcomes - fairness- 3 types - disposition - mood and emotion
77
what are the 3 types of fairness
distributive fairness procedural fairness interaction fairness
78
what is distributive fairness
when people receive the outcomes they think they deserve
79
what is equity theory in distributive fairness
job satisfaction stems from a comparison of the inputs one invests in a job and the outcomes one receives, compared to another person/ group perceived when my outcomes/ inputs=others outcomes/ inputs
80
what is procedural fairness
when people perceive the process used to determine outcomes as fair arent biased, used same procedure, etc
81
what is interaction fairness
when people feel they have received respectful and informative communication about an outcome the procedures were explained thoroughly, truthfully, etc
82
what is organizational commitment in attitude
an attitude that reflects the strength of the linkage between an employee and an organization
83
what are the 3 types of commitment
affective commitment: emotional attachment and identification continuance commitment: the costs incurred if left and lack of other employment normative commitment: a feeling of obligation
84
what causes behaviour
personality, values, and fairness perceptions influence attitudes which then affects behaviour at work

BU288- Organizational Behaviour (2 decks)

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