Midterm 1

Question 1

what is motor learning?

Answer 1

• learning, remembering, performing
• concepts, principles, and theories of motor learning w application to mvmt and phys act
• the study of interactions of the brain, muscle, and environment

Question 2

schema

Answer 2

abstract structure that has both invariant properties that are shared but all elements w/in it, but also a set of parameters that are free to vary. Thus generalized motor program was born (GMP)

Question 3

Generalized Motor Program (GMP)

Answer 3

specifies small set of parameters for an action. rate and force of mvmt

Question 4

Basic research

Answer 4

-conducted to understand simple questions that specifically attempt to uncover phenomena that are important but might not have direct practical implications

Question 5

Theoretical research

Answer 5

knowledge repress thinking regarding large scale issues. the thinking is accumulated by reviewing the theoretical and empirical scholarship in an area

Question 6

Applied research

Answer 6

basic research conducted to understand simple questions that specifically attempt to uncover phenomena in the real world or in practice.

Question 7

Empirical research

Answer 7

-observation. conducted in the lab or on the field investigating problems

Question 8

experimental research

Answer 8

bridging basic and applied research

Question 9

memory research

Answer 9

expertise, contextual interference, elaboration

Question 10

motor learning

Answer 10

study of how humans, animals, machines learn and perform motor skills

Question 11

what is motor behavior?

Answer 11

• motor learning: cognitive processing underlying motor skills behavior
• motor control: motor programming and organization of motor patterns
• dynamic systems: complex systems that interact to explain behavior

Question 12

goal directed movements

Answer 12

when mvmt is goal directed it is carried out to meet a particular goal. Is voluntary and under direct control of the performer.
-examples: tennis serve, ball set, typing, speaking, driving

Question 13

Info processing model

Answer 13

1. input
2. central processing (includes perception, decision, effector)
3. output

Question 14

Gentile’s Different Forms of Mvmt

Answer 14

1. TYPES OF MVMT
2. -ORIENTING MVMT (mvmt made to change or maintain the position of an object)
   - ADAPTIVE MVMT (mvmt made to change or maintain the position of the body)
   - NON ADAPTIVE MVMT (any combo of mvmt of an object and mvmt of the body)

Question 15

orienting mvmt

Answer 15

• provides info for effective adaptive mvmt

- mvmts to adjust the sensory apparatus such as the eyes or ears to better luck up relevant info

Question 16

adaptive mvmt

Answer 16

mvmts to either maintain or change the position of the body; mvmt made to maintain or change position of an object

Question 17

non-adaptive mvmts

Answer 17

reflexive mvmts

Question 18

info processing (can be quick or long)

Answer 18

study of behavioral processes that underlie mvmt.

*onset of stimulus

1. INPUT- onset of stimulus- internal and external stimuli
2. CENTRAL PROCESSING- perception, decision, effector

• 2.5. onset of response
  3. OUTPUT- mvmt, process and product

Question 19

Mvmt process

Answer 19

• info processing and form of mvmt is part
• motor plan: developed in decision process and relates to what the performer intends to do
• motor program: developed in the effector process and it guides the mvmt w/ neuromuscular commands
• motor pattern: using technology , biomechanists study the motor pattern.

Question 20

mvmt product

Answer 20

related to outcome or achievement of the goal of the mvmt

Question 21

taxonomy

Answer 21

system for classifying things. to create, evaluate, analyze, apply, understand, remember
-Gentile: mvmts of body + constraints of the environment

Question 22

spatial

Answer 22

where things are in space

Question 23

temporal

Answer 23

timing

Question 24

open skills in terms of spatial and temporal

Answer 24

has both which have to be predicted

Question 25

Knapp

Answer 25

-continuum of open and closed skills.

Question 26

Gentile- open

Answer 26

relevant factors in environment are moving. Externally paced

Question 27

gentile- closed

Answer 27

relevant factors are stationary. self paced

Question 28

intertrial variability

Answer 28

related to changed in the mvmt patterns caused by changes in the environment from trial to trial

Question 29

mvmt pattern

Answer 29

form of mvmt

Question 30

knowledge of performance feedback

Answer 30

appropriate for closed skills bc a single pattern of mvmt emerges late in practice

Question 31

knowledge of results feedback

Answer 31

appropriate for open skills bc motor patterns diversify for open skills

Question 32

environmental constraints

Answer 32

when the relevant factors are moving or stationary

Question 33

open skills

Answer 33

- spatial and temporal factors - predictability limited - relevant factors are moving - info processing is ongoing - mvmt patterns diversify

Question 34

closed skills

Answer 34

-only spatial factors govern performance -predictability is somewhat unlimited -relevat factors are stationary -info processing demands are low mvmt patterns tend to fixate

Question 35

adaptive mvmt

Answer 35

-goal directed mvmt. it can be: A. mvmt made to change or maintain the position of the body B. mvmt made to change or maintain the position of an object C. any combo of A + B

Question 36

Limb Transport Manipulation

Answer 36

manipulation of an object. | -mvmt manipulation may or may not be present (LTM or NO LTM)

Question 37

Dead space

Answer 37

- period of time when it is too late to make a change in the mvmt pattern bc we live in the recent past - when you're unable to respond to a stimulus - ONLY when body is being transported

Question 38

discrete skills

Answer 38

those with an identifiable beginning and ending. Ex: kicking, throwing striking

Question 39

continuous skills

Answer 39

no identifiable beginning and ending ex: running, skipping, cycling, swimming

Question 40

serial skils

Answer 40

series of discrete skills connected together. ex: receiving a vball w/ a bump and then going up for a spike, or fielding a ball and throwing to first

Question 41

paradigm

Answer 41

model for doing things | -able to identify effects of independent variables on dependent

Question 42

Nominal

Answer 42

- lowest - categories of measurement to place people, place, objects into - ex: gender, hair color, etc

Question 43

Ordinal

Answer 43

-number reflects order

Question 44

interval

Answer 44

- no true zero | - number represents quantity

Question 45

ratio

Answer 45

reflects the quantity an object contains. HAS true zero

Question 46

spreadsheet

Answer 46

a way to organize data

Question 47

rows

Answer 47

- identified by numbers | - horizontal

Question 48

columns

Answer 48

- identified by letters | - vertical

Question 49

cell

Answer 49

- intersection of row and column | - defined by letter and number

Question 50

task complexity

Answer 50

of subcomponents that make up a skill and the info processing demands imposed by the task

Question 51

task organization

Answer 51

degree to which the subcomponents of the skill are interdependent