Midterm 1 Flashcards
(238 cards)
1
Q
Criminal profiling (aka offender profiling)
A
A series of investigative techniques used to determine the characteristics of an unknown criminal offender
2
Q
Profiling relies on the basic premise that an individuals ________ and _______ guide their everyday _______, including their criminal actions
A
Personality
Mannerisms
Behaviors
3
Q
Criminal profiling works how?
A
By evaluating the evidence found at the scene of the crime, a profiler can relate this information to known behaviors and personality attributes derived from past crimes of other criminals
They can then make assumptions about the kind of person the police should look for
4
Q
Criminal profiling dates back to _____ where Jame Brussel used this technique to catch an individual of the name Mad Bomber
A
1956
5
Q
Profiling consists of six steps
A
Inputs Decisions process Crime assessment Criminal profile formation Investigation Apprehension
6
Q
Input
A
Refers to the acquisition and organization of crime scene evidence
7
Q
Decision process
A
Catagories evidence into patterns, which are analyzed for predictive characteristics
8
Q
Crime assessment
A
Involves reconstructing the crime to uncover offender motivation in committing the crime
9
Q
Criminal profile
A
Once the required data has been established, the profiler consolidated the information and forms this
10
Q
Investigation
A
Once the criminal profile is created it is sent to investigators to aid in the INVESTIGATION
11
Q
Apprehension
A
The profiler continually checks for profile accuracy against newly uncovered evidence, especially if the offender is apprehended and admits guilt
12
Q
Modus Operandi (M.O)
A
Specific techniques utilized by a criminal across their crimes
13
Q
Staging
A
The act of manipulating a crime scene to hamper or re-direct investigation, escalation of crime severity, and the time and locations of the crimes also play key roles in profile formation
14
Q
Methods of criminal profiling by the ____ appears to have followed guidelines that lack in proper _________, and __________
A
Methodology
Research standards
15
Q
Subjective nature of profile construction often relies heavily on ________ and ________ opposed to scientifically backed methods
A
Personal experience
Common sense
16
Q
Tremendous number of false alarms
A
More often than not, profilers are incorrect in the details they generate about offenders, which leads to criminal investigators going to innocent suspects
17
Q
Evidence strongly shows that trained profilers do not perform better at predicting the characteristics of unknown perpatrators than _______________
A
The general public
18
Q
Forensic psychology
A
The study of the intersection of psychology and law
19
Q
Forensic psychology includes all the stages of the legal process from _______________, ________, ________, ________, and __________
A
The offender who commits the crime
Investigation
Prison
Risk assessment
Rehabilitation
20
Q
Precedent
A
A case that has been sentenced in the past
In the 1869 act of Sholler vs Boston….
21
Q
A crime is broken into 4 components. What are thess
A
Moral
Legal
Social
Psychological
22
Q
Moral (crimes)
A
Violation of personal and religious norms
23
Q
Legal (crimes)
A
Acts prohibited by law
24
Q
Social (crimes)
A
Violation of customs and norms
25
Psychological (crimes)
An accumulation of internal and external forces that lead to illicit behaviours
(Is it learned, of an internal struggle, or is it physical like low SES)
26
2 main components of crime (Law 12)
IN ORDER FOR A CRIME TO BE COMMITTED
Actus Reus
Mens Rea
27
Actus Reus
The guilty act
28
Men’s Rea
The guilty mind
29
In Canada, if you have a mental illness, the NCR act kicks in and they cant say you have a guilty mind because the Orgin of the crime is caused by the mental illness
Gmmm
30
Crime
Combination of actus reus and mens Rea that make an unlawful act having psychological, moral, legal, and social components
31
In Canada, you are read your _______
Rights
32
Federal level of things:
Correctional service of Canada (CSC)
Adult offenders serving custodial sentences of 2+ years
33
Parole
Release when eligible for good behavior
34
Statuatory release
Mandatory after 2/3’s of a sentence
35
Provincial / territorial: jail
Adults serving custodial sentences less than two years, held while awaiting trial or sentencing (remand) and serving community sentences (probation
Any youth serving both custody and community sentences including pre-trial detention
36
Recidivism
The revserion of about individual back to criminal behavior
You committed a crime, will you commit it again?
37
____% of offender recitivate in Canada
40%
38
Forensic psychology seeks to understand:
1) why people offend
2) to treat and prevent crime
3) predict when people will offend
39
Most likely offender
Males (83% of admissions to correctional facilities)
Adults under 35 (59% of provincial and 53% of federal admissions)
28% of admissions are aboriginal
40
Typical offender
Adult, male, 18-35, Caucasian, non-violent
41
_____ and ______ Canadians are overrepresented
Aboriginal and black
42
Has crime been increasing or decreasing?
Decreasing!
43
Main Canadian goals of prison
Repairing harm caused by crime
Offender responsibility
Rehabilitation
44
Canadian key considerations for sentencing
Harm to victim
Past offences
Promoting a sense of responsibility
Condemning illegal activity
Acknowledging harm was done
Deterring future crime
NOT TO BE CONSIDERED: cost
45
Sentencing
The judicial determination of a legal sanction upon a person convicted of an offense
46
3 reasons for sentencing
1) specific deterrence
2) general deterrence
3) Section 718
47
Specific deterrence
To ensure that the person doesn’t commit the crime again
48
General deterrence
This is what will happen if you commit the crime
Sets the standard to the public
49
Section 718
Contribute to respect for law and maintenance of a just, peaceful, and safe society
50
Other reasons for sentencing
```
Denounce unlawful conduct
Seperate offenders from society
Assist in rehabilitation
Provide reparations (making amends wrong)
Promote responsibility
```
51
A ______ must be proportionate to the gravity of the offence and the degree of responsibility of the offender
Sentence
52
Aggravating principles _____ sentence length
Mitigating factors ______ sentence length
Increase
Decrease
53
Sentencing options
1) absolute discharge: not sentenced
2) conditional discharge: guilt but not convicted, conditions can be probation or
3) probation
4) restitution / fine
5) community service
6) conditional sentence (house arrest)
7) imprisonment (summary or indictable offence) (indictable offense is severe stuff
54
Statuatory release
Offender released into the community after 2/3’s of their sentence
55
Conditions for statuatory release
Offender serving life sentence aren’t eligible
Reactions: can’t leave Canada, report to parole, etc, case review once a year
56
Systematic favtors
Contradictory sentencing guidelines
One case the person got 20 years, in another they got only 10
57
Unsystematic factors
Judge biases, background, mood
| Sentenced before lunch = more severe outcome
58
Dangerous offender. (How to be seen as one)
1) pattern of unrestrained dangerous behaviour
2) pattern of aggressive, indifferent behaviour
3) behaviour of a brutal, unrestrained nature
Orrrr
1) failure to control sexual impulses
59
Long term offender
1) prison sentence of 2+ years
2) substantial risk that offender will reoffend causing death or serious harm
3) reasonable possibility the risk can eventually be controlled in the community
(Often spend time in halfway houses)
60
The uniform crime report measures the ______ and ________ of crime
Incidence and severity
61
The purpose of the uniform crime report
Data analysis, prevention, resource planning, program development
62
What does the uniform crime report measure?
Clearance rates, crime severity index, locations of hate crimes, incidents, number of adults charged
63
Dark figure of crime
The crimes that aren’t submitted (go unknow)
64
Crime severity index (CSI)
Considers the volume of crimes and the seriousness of crime (# of crimes for 100,000 people)
65
CSI formula
(# of incidents x weight) + (# of incidents x weight / population)
Weight = incarceration rate x average sentence
Incarceration = how many people are in prison for this crime
66
While crime has been ______ in Canada since 1971, CSI and crime rate ______ from 2014-2015 by 5%
Decreasing
Increasing
67
Primary task for criminal profiling
Identify stable, but distinct patterns of behaviours in an offenders crimes
Distinguish that crime scene from other crime scenes
68
3 types of criminal profiling
Criminal investigative
Clinical practitioner
Statistical
69
Criminal investigative
First attempt to utilize all available information of crime scene (very subject to bias)
70
Clinical practitioner
Rely on practical experience and knowledge of an Individual profiler. Difficult to judge when clinician is formally and explicitly an expert
71
Statistical
Multivarative analyses of behavioural and other information at the crime scene
72
Behavioural investigate advice (BIA)
Provision of investigative reccomendations
73
BIA action phases
Search, selection, approach, and assault
74
Homology
People who commit crimes in a similar style will have similar background characteristics
75
Risk Principle
Match the level of service to the offender risk to re-offend (Match the level of care they need - min, med or max prison?)
76
Need principle
Asses criminogenic needs and target them in treatment (Consider what offender needs to get better)
77
Responsivity principle
Maximize the offender's ability to learn from a rehabilitative intervention by providing cognitive behavioural treatment and tailoring the intervention to the learning style, motivation, abilities, and strengths of the offender
```
(Strengths = build on that)
(Weakness = tailor treatment to help them)
```
78
Review of treatment
Risk principle speaks to who should be treated (Treat higher risk people first)
Needs principle speaks to what should be treated (Criminogenic needs)
Responsivity principle determines how to treat
79
Dynamic needs are things that can be ________ (aka target for treatment)
Stable needs are things that can not be ________
changed
| changed
80
Minor Needs
```
include things like:
Self esteem
vague feelings of distress
Major mental disorders
physcial health
```
81
The average length of time served in custody is
one week or less
82
Dangerousness
having a high probability of inflicting imminent substantial physical harm
83
Forensic risk assessment
Process by which the likelihood of future antisocial behavior is evaluated
84
Risk factors
Biological, psychological or sociological characteristics that increase the likelihood of antisocial behavior
85
Protective factors
biological, psychological, or sociological characteristics that decrease the likelihood of antisocial behavior
86
Static risk factor
Historical or unchanging (Violent tendacies)
87
Acutely dynamic risk factors
modifiable or likely to change (Stress)
88
Stably dynamic risk factors
modifiable but unlikely to change (Marital status)
89
Static protective factor
intellegence
90
Acute dynamic protective factor
medication adherence
91
Stable dynamic protective factor
healthy peer relationships
92
Three techniques to identify risk and protective factors
1) empirical method
2) Theoretical method
3) Clinical method
93
Empirical method
risk and protective factors are identified through research in which a sample is followed for such a duration as to allow the possibility of offending
Using biopsychosocial characteristics of those who offend vs those who do not
If the presence of a given characteristic increases the likelihood of offending to a statistically significant extent, its considered a risk factor
94
Theoretical method
a particular theory (Psychoanalytic, behavioural, cognitive) is used to guide decisions as to which characteristics place an individual at a higher or lower risk to antisocial behaviour
(For specifics see Week 2 Required Reading, pg 3)
95
Clinical Method
identifying individual characteristics which, regardless of whether they are empirically or theoretically associated with offedening, are changeable and can be addressed through clinical intervention
(Things like employment status or level of education)
(This method emphasises dynamic factors)
96
3 leading approches to risk assesment currently used
1) Unstructured clinical judgement
2) actuarial assessment
3) Structured professional judgement
97
Unstructured clinical judgement
Subjective process of evaluating the likelihood of an adverse outcome without the use of structural method (risk assessment tool)
Clinical skills and experience with the given individual whose risk is being assessed are relied upon
Benefits = flexibility, specificities to individuals, inexpensivness
Downfalls: highly subjective due to one person making the appraisel
98
Actuarial assessment
Actuarial risk assessment tools are structured insurments composed of risk and or protective, static / dynamic factors, that are found to be associated with the adverse event of interest using a statistical methodology
The score is added up and cross referenced with a manual. Estimates are derived from looking at recidivism rates from people in that score range
Benefits: objectivity and transparency, speed of administration, incorporating mostly static risk factors
Drawbacks: inability to apply group-based recidivism rates to individual patients
For specifics go to “Week 2 required reading Pg 5-6)
99
Structural professional judgement
Were developed to address inflexibility of actuarial schemes
This is used to get scores on clients, but the scores are individually made and allow for a catagorization (low, moderate, high).
Benefits: more focussed on individual, more accurate and reliable than actuarial instruments
Combination of clinical opinion with statistics
100
Forensic risk assessment is used for
Sentencing, parole hearings, probation, or on release from prison to determine aftercare
101
External validation
How does it apply to other people
Generalizations to other groups
102
Internal validation
Development and theoretical utility
If an individual has a substance use issue and a greater tendency to commit crimes, he will most likely commit a crime
103
External validity questions to ask
Has the tool been external validated?
Has it been done to the population of interest
Is is based on sound methodology
Is it useful, feasible, and acceptable
104
Internal validity questions
Does the tool follow a protocol?
How were the variables selected ?
How are the variable weighed
How were other parameters selected?
Has internal validity been done?
105
Risk
The probability of gain or loss weighted by the value of what stood to be gained or lost
(Eg, risk to society - stood to be lost could be lives, property - stood to be lost could be that persons freedom)
106
Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG)
12 items including static risk factors
7 domains: living situation, school performance, substance use, marital status, criminal history, index offence characteristics, and antisocial personality
Items weights using base rate weighting strategies to place an individual on one of nine risk bins
107
Choosing the right assessment
Population: assessment must be valid for the demographics of the person you’re assessing
Setting: the assessment must be valid for the type of place your offender is in
Outcome: the assessment must be valid for the type of recidivism you want to predict (general vs specific recidivism) (tool matches outcome)
108
Static-99
Used for sexual recidivism for males aged 18-25
109
Has the amount of mass shootings increased or decreased?
| Aka in the USA where 4 or more victims were killed due to gun fire
It has remained the same over time
2000-2004: 19.6%
20005-20009: 22.4%
2010-2014: 20.8%
It’s highly debatable and it’s due to social media being so prevalent now that people care
110
Common features of a mass killer
Depression
Resentment
Social isolation
Externalization of blame
Fascination with weapons And violent entertainment
Verbal or written expressions of hate or malice
111
Offenders suffering from servere mental illnesses are less likely to:
Less likely to target strangers
Less likely to use a firearm
And no more likely to have killed multiple victims than unimpaired assailants
112
Between 2000-2014 the most popular kind of shooting was ___________. Which are often due to marital discord, jealously, or financial hardship, rather than delusional thinking
Family annihilations
113
Phohibited possessors
Individuals who are not permitted by law to purchase guns by virtue of age, a felony conviction, history of domestic violence, adjustication as metal defective, or involuntary commitment to a mental hospital
114
Did the Federal Assult weapons ban (AWB) change anything?
The frequency of incidents was virtually unchanged during the decade the ban was in place
115
Mass shooter
Someone who kills 4 or more people in a single incident (not including himself) typically in a single location
116
Lott and Landes argue that the definition of a mass shooter should be _______________
Two or more INJURED victims
117
Issues with the Mass Shooter definition
The intent of the crime may be the same but less than 4 people may be killed
Does not account for injured victims
Context isn’t considered (is this gang related? A domestic crime?
Does not consider weapon use
118
Active shooter
An individual actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a populated area
In most cases, active shooters use firearms and there is no pattern or method to their selection of victims
119
Depending on the definition of Mass Shooter, there has either been 7, 65, 332, or 371 mass shootings in the USA
Domestic or gang activity makes up about 80% of mass shootings statistics
Crazy facts bro
120
Level of Service
Domains: Criminal History, Education / employment, Family / Marital, Leisure Recreation, Companions, Alcohol /drug Problem, Procriminal Attitude / orientation, Antisocial Pattern
121
Mass killer motives
Many shooters have very clear motives
They choose victims because of what they have done or what they represent
Only expecting to the rule is the slaughter of strangers by a “crazed killer”
Frustration results in extra punitive aggression or extraternalization of blame
“Society is to blame, I am to punish them”
122
Typologies / themes of mass shooters
1) revenge
2) power
3) loyalty
4) terror
5) profit
123
Typologies / themes of mass shooters
Revenge
Deeply disgruntled individual seeks payback for failures in career, school, personal, etc
124
Typologies / themes of mass shooters
Power
Waging a war against society
125
Typologies / themes of mass shooters
Loyalty
Devoted person kills family and themselves to spare them from misery
126
Typologies / themes of mass shooters
Terror
Political dissident destroys government property with victims as “collateral damage” to send a message to those in power
127
Typologies / themes of mass shooters
Profit
Gun man executed those while obtaining goods
128
Biggest typologies in the media
Power, terror, revenge
129
63% of people believe that inadequacies in the mental health system are responsible for mass shootings
Popular view that mass murdered are psychos and maniacs
130
Four assumptions in aftermath of shootings
1) mental illness cause gun violence
2) psychiatric diagnosis can predict gun crime
3) shootings represent the deranged acts of mentally ill loners
4) gun control “won’t prevent” another new town shooting
131
About ___ out of every ___ serial killer is a women
1/6
132
When _____ commit violence the only explanation offered has been that its involuntary, defensive, or the result of mental illness or hormonal imbalance inherent with female physiology: postpartum depression, premenstrual syndrome, and menopause
Women
133
Battered women syndrome (Type of expressive violence) (Expressive = female)
an uncontrollable release of bottled up rage or fear, often as a result of long term abuse at the hands of a male
134
Instrumental violence (This is usually male)
Murder for a purpose (political power, rape, sadistic pleasure, robbery, or some other base of gratification - remains the domain of males. (Predmediatated)
135
Second wave feminism or sparticism
a tendency to associate female criminality with an aspiration for freedom from slavery and oprresion at the hands of patriarchy
136
Liberation hypothesis
After the first wave of feminism where females had the right to vote, right to equal pay, family law equity, fair hiring, etc, women were ready to compete woth men on male terms and by their rules and that meant being as aggressive and violent as the male criminal.
137
The first execution since the resumption of executions in the US was in
1984
138
Political words for Serial homicide and imply that the offender was exclusively male and the victim female
gynocide, phallic terrorism, femicide
139
Serial homicide
The murder of two or more people on separate occasions for any reason
140
FBI categories of serial killers
Organized, disorganized, or mixed
141
Organized serial killer
carefully pick and stalk their victims, plan the murder, bring a weapon and constraints, take the victim to another location, and carefully dispose of the victims body and evidence
142
Disorganized serial killer
act spontaneously, blitz attacking the victim and leaving behind a disorderly crime scene. Use weapons they find at the location, often leave the victim unconcealed and leave copious amounts of evidence
143
Personality traits for an organized serial killer
| DONT NEED TO KNOW
Have a clean house, be more intelligent, and be personable
Use personal charm to trap victims, drive clean cars, own property, and be employed
144
Personality traits for disorganized serial killer
| DONT NEED TO KNOW
less intelligent, less sociable, and sloppy.
they will use force over victims, drive junk cars and live in messy apartments. Also have sporadic educational and employment histories
145
Classifications of serial killer
```
Power-control (Sex is primary motive)
Visionary
Hedonist
-hedonist-lust
-hedonist-comfort
-hedonist-thrill
```
146
Visionary killers
Driven by visions or voices to kill
| Usually legally insane, these are rare
147
Missionary killers
Have political, moral, ethical, or some other notional motives that drive them to kill
Target a type of victim who should be destroyed or punished, such as homeless people, abortion doctors, senior citizens, homosexuals, or members of a race
148
Hedonist-thrill killers
derive gratification from the transgression inherent in the act of kidnapping, torturing, and killing a victim
Rape is often a component of this
149
Hedonist-comfort killers
murder simply to profit materially from the victims death
"The black widow"
150
New classification system for serial killers
Power-assertive
power-reassurance
Anger-retaliatory
Anger-excitation
151
Power-assertive serial killer
motives is the assertion of a masculine power over a female or male victim
152
power-reassurance serial killer
who seeks from the victim reassurance that they are "pleasing' them or are "better" than other lovers
153
Anger-retaliatory
who have a need to avenge, get even with or retaliate against a female, or her substitute, who somehow offend the killer in his perception
154
Anger-exitation
whose primary motive is to inflict pain in terror in the victim for the sexual gratification of the perpetrator
155
Categories specifically for female serial killer
| These are the typologies
```
Black widows
Angels of death
Cult Disciples
Accommodating partners
Depraved sadistic partners
Explosive avengers
Profit-predators
Missionaries
Power-seekers
Munchausen Syndrome by proxy-killers
```
156
Black widows
traditionally murder their husbands, lovers, or other kin for either financial profit or other motives
157
Angels of death
kill patients they nurse or children they babysit for various motives, sometimes profit but mostly unexplained
158
Cult disciples
Led by a charismatic leader, Biggest example is the Manson Family
159
Accomodaitng partner
Resign themselves to participate in murders intiated by husbands or lovers
160
Depraved sadistic partners
enthusiastically participate in rapes and murders committed by their partners
161
Explosive avengers
driven to murder a particular type of victim reminding them of past abusers in their life (Aileen Wuornos)
162
Profit-predators
Kill strangers for material gain (Aileen Wuornos as well)
163
Missionaries
have political or social agenda that they attempt to achieve or conform with through serial targeting of a particular type of victim
(Nazi nurses killing handicapped people)
164
Power-seekers
Female offenders attempt to attain some control of power or politics in heer personal life
165
Munchausen syndrome by proxy killers (AKA factitious disorder imposed on another)
Elusive category in which mothers and caregivers serially murder their children or nurses kill patients in order to focus sympathy and attention on themselves
166
Classifying female serial killers by personality types
```
Masochistic female offender
Overtly hostile violent female
Covertly hostile female killers
inadequate female killer
Psychotic offenders
Amoral offenders
```
167
Masochistic female offender
generally appear to be stable, have good reputation, might be strictly religious but become intimately involved with abusive and violent partners whom they end up killing
168
Overtly hostile violent female
emotionally unstable, impulsive, and violent. Have a history of assaults, and while they don't plan to murder, their impulse
169
Covertly hostile female killers
Suppress rage and express it secretly, often by targeting their own children or other vulnerable victims in killing range
170
Inadequate female killers
Have few coping skills, limited intellegence, and low self-esteem. Primary concern is pleasing their partners, which they sometimes do by participating in murders or sexual assults lef by their partners
171
Psychotic offender
Clinically insane, driven by voices or hallucinations to kill
172
Amoral offedners
commit premeditated murders with no remorse for personal or mutual gain. Could be described as psychopaths or sociopaths. Aware of act they are committing but don't care. Hints of antisocial personality disorder too
173
victim / offender relationship to categorize female serial killers
Alpha females
beta females
omega females
174
Alpha females
Use violence to protect themselves or others from harm. These are cases of self defence against the victim who is an abuser
175
Beta females
Provoked to kill by emotions such as jeolously or hatred or who provoke to some degree
176
Omega females
who use sexuality to deceive their victims and are emotionally detached from them, killing their victims codly and frequently for personal material gain
177
The avergae killing spree for a female serial killer is _____ years, the longest being _____ years
8 years (twice amount of males)
over 30 years
178
Female serial killers ofetn use ______ to kill their victims whereas males use ____
poision
violence
179
Male vs female serial killers (From reading)
Females often murder in the home or hospital
Rarely leave behind community-alarming bodies of young women or teenagers by roadside
Males (often sexually driven) burn out and slow down one reaching 40's
180
Ambivalent sexism is broken into two categories, which are
Hostile sexism
| Benevolent sexism
181
Hostile sexism
involves negative thoughts and feelings towards women who violate stereotypically female gender roles (such as women are inferior to men)
(An individual who works at a golf company, and she’s female, and wants to become the CEO)
182
Benevolent sexism
Is associated with positive feelings towards females who follow traditional gender roles (the idea that women need to be protected)
(If a women stays home to take care of the baby and the husband praised her by making him food)
183
Male vs female offender (From slides)
Males: Described as crazy, unstable, more graphic depictions of vioence
Females:Described as less violent, occupation provided less, poor, crimes are rationalized less, crimes rampant and out of control
184
VIolent females are often seen as neither ___ or _____
sane or women
185
Bias when sentencing female offenders
Chivalry Hypothesis
| Pedestal Effect
186
Chivalry Hypothesis
Females receive more lenient sentences then men
Exact same crime as male, but receive a shorter sentence
187
Pedestal Effect
Females who have fallen from grace, violate gender norms can be punished more harshly
188
Females have _____ arrest rates than males for all crime categories (Except prostitution) This is consistent across the world (Statistics)
Lower
189
Females representation greatest for ______________: such as larceny-theft, fraud, forgery, and embezzlement. They are also far less likely than males to be involved in ____________
(Statistics)
Minor property crimes
delinquent gangs
190
Women's act of violence result in _______ and _________. And property crimes usually involve less _________
(Statistics)
fewer injuries and less serious injuries
less monetary loss
191
Women defendants have a lower probability of _______. And they infrequently ________
(Statistics)
```
being jailed
repreast offence (recidivate)
```
192
Serious violent crime for females has _______ Since 1986. And the growth rate of women prisoners has doubled against men
Doubled (Usually in young females)
193
Street women (Female pathway)
Women who fled abusive environments, became addicted to substances, engaged in criminal
194
Drug connected (Female pathway)
Use, manufacturer, and distribute drugs
195
Harmed and harming (Female pathway)
Subject to abusive and chaotic living conditions as children, often have juvenile record *This differs from street women as they live in a home and don't become addicted to substances
196
Battered women (Female pathway)
Subject to abuse in the realm of intimate relationship
197
Other (Female pathway)
Describes women who committed their crimes out of an economic motivation, little evidence of serious early trauma
198
Why have typologies (Female offenders lecture)
Helpful to understand offending patterns
Identify pathways to offending
Develop intervention strategies
Treatment planning
199
Negatives to typologies
May include incorrect categorizations
Loss valuable information
May misinform treatment
200
How are typologies developed?
```
Clinical descriptions (psychiatric diagnosis or sexual preference)
Demographic clusters (Age, SES, education)
Psychometric profiles (Certain questionnaires)
Theory-drive groups (degree of fixation / type of contact or offence pathway description)
```
201
Femme Fatale (Perhaps a female serial killer typology)
A seductive women who lures men into dangerous or compromising situations
202
Innocent / good victim description
Evoked empathy, increases our own fear of victimization, most common with the 'ideal' victim
203
Bad victim
Demonized women accused of alcohol and drug abuse, promiscuity, uneducated, victimization is expected
204
Infantacide dates back to __________.
Ancient times
ex.
Children seen as omens, deformed babies were seen as punishment for objectionable behavior by parents
Chinese and Japanese people believed female infants were financial burden so they frowned them
In Greece and Roman deformed babies were exposed on dung heaps and devoured by wild beasts
205
Patria Potesta (Roman Law)
Fathers right to murder his children
206
Mabiki (Japan)
Term used to describe infanticide
| Modosu: Godsend is sent back to heaven
207
Altruistic filicide can be divided into two sub groups, what are they?
1) offense is committed by parents who believe the child or family is facing an unbearable, inescapable, impending doom
2) Parents may murder their child in association with their own suicide, parents believe child cant live without them
208
Acutely psychotic filicide
INVOLVES PARENTS WHO KILL WHILE SUFFERING FROM EPILEPSY, DELIRIUM, OR HALLUCINATIONS (This lacks motive)
209
Unwanted child filicide
Committed when the parents never wanted, or no longer want the child
210
Accidental Filicide
generally the aftermath of "battered child syndrome" (parents don't intend to kill)
211
Spouse revenge filicide (Spousal revenge)
children who are murdered in order to retaliate against perceived wrongdoing of a spouse
(Get back at husband for cheating)
212
5-point classification to describe infanticide (source of the impulse to kill)
Scott system used as source of the impulse to kill
1) Parents who eliminate an unwanted child
2) Mercy killing
3) Aggression attributable to gross mental pathology
4) Stimulus arising outside the victim
5) Stimulus arising from the victim
213
6 more categories of infanticide
| (d'Orban system, 5 groups similar to Scott's and the sixth adopted from Resnick
1) Battering mother
2) Mentally ill mothers
3) Neonaticides
4) Retalitatin women
5) Unwanted children
6) Mercy Killing
214
Battering Mother
all instances of sudden impulsive killing, explosive temper, or stimulus arising from the victim
215
Mantally ill mothers
diagnosis of psychotic illness and depression
216
Neonaticides
Infants killed or attempted to be killed within the first 24 hours of life
217
Retaliating women
Aggression directed at the child was displaced from the spouse
218
Unwanted children
were killed either by omission or commission
219
Mercy killing
cases in which there was true suffering in the victim and no gain for the mother
220
Clinical situations for infanticide
| (Bourget and Brandford considered classifications of Resnick, Scott, and d'Organ and felt it lacked consistency
1) pathological filicide
2) Accidental filicide
3) Retaliating filicide
4) Neonaticide
5) Paternal FIlicide
221
Pathological filicide
altruistic motives, extended homicide-suicide
222
Accidental filicide
battered child syndrome
223
Neonaticide
Unwanted children
224
Filicide (lecture definition)
A homocide against a child
(Paternal = father)
(Maternal = mother)
225
Infanticide (Lecture definition)
A homicide against a child within the child's first year of life
226
Neonaticide (Lecture definition)
A homicide against a child within the child's first 2 hours of life
227
Fatal maltreatment
The parent unintentionally kills the child as a result of abuse
(This includes the rarely occurring Munchausen syndrome by proxy)
(More filicides occur do to this than psychiatric illness)
228
Benevolent sexism is associated with __________
Pro life beliefs
229
Filicidal Mothers (Characteristics of filicidal mothers)
Frequent depression, psychosis, prior mental health treatment, suicidal thoughts
230
Neonaticidal Mothers
Often young, unmarried women with unwanted pregnancies who receive no prenatal care
231
General population (Mother who engage in filicide)
Mother's are frequently poor, socially isolated, full-time caregivers, victims of domestic violence; many, but less frequently, perpetrators had psychosis, depression, or suicidality
232
Correctional samples (Guilty and not for insanity)
Frequently unmarried, unemployed, abuse victims, limited education and social support. Depression, psychosis, substance use, and suicidality common but less common. Multiple stressors and difficulty caring for child
233
Psychiatric Samples
Frequently experienced psychosis depression, suicidality. Late 20's. Most occured within 1 year of the infants life. Filicidal / suicidal mothers frequently had altruistic reasons
234
Infanticide occurs in all ______ typically against females. Child is believed to be _______ and altruistic murder to stop them from a curse fate
cultures
Demonic
235
Preventing Infanticide (Prevention)
Should be tailored to different motivations
Depressed mother should be identified early and asked directly about the fate of their child
Psychotic mothers who fear their children may suffer should be separated. Mother should be asked about thoughts towards their children
Parenting class, emotional support, emergency response
236
Infanticide in animal kingdom
Male wants to have the female to stop breastfeeding,
| resource competition, someone else's baby.
237
Orange is the new black: what is a shot?
Incident report put in your record
238
Resnick 's categories for filicide (based on motives for murder)
```
Altruistic filicide
Acutely psychotic
Unwanted child filicide
Accidental filicide
Spouse revenge
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