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Social psychology > midterm 1 (ch 1-4) > Flashcards

midterm 1 (ch 1-4) Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Hindsight bias

A

The tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one’s ability to have foreseen it

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2
Q

Theory

A

An integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events

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3
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable proposition that describes the relationship that may exist between events

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4
Q

Karl Popper and Falsifiability

A
  • Any genuine scientific theory brings with it criteria for disproving itself
  • Any scientific theory or hypothesis must be testable
  • Any ideas that are not -falsifiable are NOT scientific
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5
Q

correlation

A
  • does not imply causation

- naturally occurring relationships among variables

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6
Q

Ethical concerns:

A
  1. Mundane & experimental realism
  2. The use of deception
  3. Demand characteristics
  4. Informed consent
  5. Protection of participants
  6. Confidentiality
  7. Debriefing
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7
Q

Spotlight effect

A

People see themselves as centre stage

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8
Q

Illusion of transparency

A

When we feel self-conscious we can worry about being evaluated negatively

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9
Q

Self-schema

A

Beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information

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10
Q

Social Comparisons

A

We compare ourselves to others and are conscious of those differences

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11
Q

Collectivistic cultures:

A

Self-esteem is relational and malleable
Persist longer on tasks when failing
Upward social comparisons
Balances self-evaluation

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12
Q

Individualistic cultures:

A

Self-esteem is less relational and more personal
Persist longer on tasks when succeeding
Downward social comparisons
Self-evaluations biased positively

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13
Q

Planning fallacy

A

the tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task

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14
Q

Affective forecasting:

A

prediction about future feelings

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15
Q

Impact bias

A

overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events

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16
Q

Immune neglect:

A

the tendency to underestimate the speed and strength of the “psychological immune system”

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17
Q

Low self-esteem associated with more …

A

anxiety, loneliness and eating disorders

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18
Q

often higher self-esteem in those who are…

A

in gang leaders, terrorists, and imprisoned men who have committed violent crime

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19
Q

Self- Efficacy

A

A belief in your own competence

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20
Q

Self serving bias

A

Tendency to attribute personal failure to external forces and personal success to internal forces

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21
Q

Self-serving attributions

A

The tendency to attribute positive outcomes to yourself and negative outcomes to other factors

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22
Q

Defensive pessimism

A

helps people prepare for problems

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23
Q

False consensus effect

A

Overestimating the commonality of one’s opinions and one’s undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors

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24
Q

False uniqueness effect

A

Underestimating the commonality of one’s abilities and one’s desirable or successful behaviours

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25
Self-Handicapping
Protecting one’s self-image with behaviours that create a handy excuse for later failure
26
Self-monitoring:
being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting one’s performance to create the desired impression
27
Learned helplessness
occurs when a person feels like they have no control over negative events; become passive
28
Foot in the door phenomenon
Tendency for people who have first agreed to small request to comply later with a larger request
29
Bem’s (1972) self-perception theory
People infer attitude from behaviour
30
Door-in-the-face technique
Tendency for people who have declined a large request to agree to a smaller request
31
Impression management:
Being concerned with making a good impression in order to gain social and material rewards, to feel better about ourselves, or to become more secure in our social identities
32
Cognitive dissonance:
We feel tension (dissonance) when we are aware that we have two thoughts that are inconsistent or incompatible
33
Selective exposure:
People prefer to expose themselves with information that agrees with their point of view
34
Having a ______ can lead to dissonance following a choice made for one’s group
collectivistic self-concept
35
Having an_____can lead to dissonance following a personal choice
individualistic self-concept
36
Self-perception
When we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them by looking at our behaviour and the circumstances under which it occurs
37
Priming
Activating particular associations in memory
38
Belief perseverance
Persistence of one’s initial conceptions, even in the face of disconfriming evidence
39
misinformation
potential for the creation of false memories
40
schemas
templates
41
Overconfidence phenomenon
The tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs
42
Confirmation bias-
we go into the world with our schemas, templates, and beliefs and search for info that confirms it
43
Representativeness heuristic
The tendency to presume that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling a typical member
44
Availability heuristic
A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory
45
Illusory correlation
The perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists
46
Illusion of control
The perception of uncontrollable events as subjects to one’s control or as more controllable than they are
47
Central route
Occurs when people focus on the arguments | - long-lasting attitude change
48
Peripheral route
- Often emotional route | - Occurs when people focus on incidental cues
49
elements of persuasion
1. The communicator 2. The message content 3. The channel of 4. communication 5. The audience
50
Sleeper effect:
a delayed message
51
Credibility
Perceived expertise and trustworthiness
52
6 persuasion principles
1. liking 2. social proof 3. reciprocity 4. consistency 5. scarcity
53
liking
people respond more affirmatively to those they like
54
social proof
people allow the example of others to validate how to think, feel, and act
55
reciprocity
people feel obligated to repay in kind what they've received
56
consistency
people tend to honour their public commitments
57
scarcity
people prize what's scarce
58
Perceived scarcity -
when a store has too much of a product you can’t get more than 6 jars for this price
59
Fear Appeals
Greater fear produces greater persuasion
60
Fear can lead to one of two alternatives
1. Danger control | 2. Fear control
61
Danger control example
use condom or refrain from sex
62
Fear control ex
remain calm, don’t panic, it won’t happen to me
63
Discrepancy
Effect depends on the credibility of the communicator
64
primacy effect
messages are back to back
65
recency effect
If presentation is separated by a period of time

Social psychology (2 decks)

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