midterm 2

Question 1

Crowding

Answer 1

the presence of many others

Question 2

Evaluation apprehension

Answer 2

Dominant response enhanced when we believe we are being evaluated which leads to us being driven by distraction

Question 3

Social loafing

Answer 3

Tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable

Question 4

Free-riders

Answer 4

people who benefit from the group but give little in return

Question 5

Ringelmann (1880’s):

Answer 5

individual output declines when people worked with others

Question 6

Ingham (1974)

Answer 6

people pull harder when they think they are not alone

Question 7

Collective effort model

Answer 7

important to me

Question 8

Social compensation

Answer 8

increased effort

Question 9

sucker effect

Answer 9

If one doesn’t feel their contribution matters

Question 10

Deindividuation

Answer 10

Loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension

-Occurs in group situations that foster anonymity and draw attention away from the individual

Question 11

Facilitating factors- deindividuation:

Answer 11

Group size
Physical anonymity
Eg disguises
Low chance of punishment

Question 12

Group polarization

Answer 12

• Group-produced enhancement of members’ pre-existing tendencies
• A strengthening of the members’ average tendency, not a split within the group
• “risky shift”

Question 13

The case of the nonsense paper

Answer 13

7

Question 14

Illusion of unanimity

Answer 14

self-censorship and pressure not to puncture the consensus create an illusion of unanimity

Question 15

Self-confident charisma

Answer 15

have a compelling vision of some desired state of affairs an ability to communicate with others in clear and simple language and enough optimism and faith in their group to inspire others to follow

Question 16

Social exchange

Answer 16

The theory that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one’s rewards and minimize one’s costs

Question 17

Egoism

Answer 17

all behaviour is motivated by self-interest

Question 18

Reciprocity

Answer 18

Helping another because of the expectation that the favour will be returned

Question 19

Empathy

Answer 19

the various experience of another’s feeling: putting oneself in another’s shoes

Question 20

Bystander effect

Answer 20

The finding that a person is less likely to provide help when there are other people present

Question 21

Pluralistic ignorance

Answer 21

they don’t realize how strongly others support the socially preferred tendency

Question 22

overjustification effect

Answer 22

the result of bribing people to do what they already like doing; they may then see their action as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing

Question 23

Hostile aggression

Answer 23

E.g., most murders

Question 24

Instrumental aggression

Answer 24

Aggression is a means to some end

Question 25

Biochemical influences of aggression

Answer 25

Alcohol Testosterone Testosterone Low serotonin Biology and behaviour interact

Question 26

frustration - aggression theory

Answer 26

The theory that frustration (the blocking of a goal-directed behaviour)triggers a readiness to aggress

Question 27

Displacement

Answer 27

The redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration

Question 28

Frustration-aggression theory revised

Answer 28

frustration produces anger | The role of aggressive cues

Question 29

Relative deprivation

Answer 29

The perception that one is less well off than others to whom one compares oneself

Question 30

Social learning theory:

Answer 30

the theory that we learn social behaviour by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished

Question 31

The catharsis hypothesis

Answer 31

The idea that watching violent drama enables people to release their pent-up hostilities

Question 32

Group influences

Answer 32

- Diffusion of responsibility - Social contagion - “Moral imperatives” - Amplification of aggressive tendencies - Group polarization

Question 33

co-actors

Answer 33

a group of people working simultaneously and individually on a noncompetitive task

Question 34

free riding

Answer 34

benefitting from the group but giving little in return

Question 35

accentuation phenomenon

Answer 35

overtime initial differences among groups will become more accentuated

Question 36

informational influence

Answer 36

accepting evidence about reality

Question 37

normative influence

Answer 37

based on a person's desire to be accepted and admired by others

Question 38

assertion is to disproved as action is to

Answer 38

- hindered - opposed - illegal - precipitate - thwarted

Question 39

minority slowness effect

Answer 39

a tendency of people with minority views to express them less quickly than people in the majority

Question 40

kin selection

Answer 40

if you carry my genes i'll favour you

Question 41

direct reciprocity

Answer 41

you scratch my back, i'll scratch yours

Question 42

indirect reciprocity

Answer 42

ill scratch your back, you scratch someone's and someone will scratch mine

Question 43

group selection

Answer 43

back-scratching groups survive

Question 44

moral exclusion

Answer 44

omitting certain people from one's circle of moral concern

Question 45

moral inclusion

Answer 45

including people who differ from themselves within the human circle to which their moral values and rules of justice apply

Question 46

reciprocity norm

Answer 46

to those who help us, we should return help, not harm

Question 47

frustration stems from...

Answer 47

the gap between expectations and achievements

Question 48

aversive experiences

Answer 48

include not only frustrations but also discomfort, heat, pain, and personal attacks, both physical and verbal

Question 49

catharsis

Answer 49

emotional release

Question 50

hostile aggression

Answer 50

aggression is driven by anger and performed as an end in itself

Question 51

physical attractiveness stereotype

Answer 51

an assumption that what is beautiful is good

Question 52

reward theory of attraction

Answer 52

we like people whose behaviour we find rewarding or whom we have associated with rewarding events

Question 53

the two-factor theory of emotion

Answer 53

that in romantic relationships, the initial romantic high settles to a steadier, more affectionate relationship called companion love

Question 54

secure attachments

Answer 54

rooted in trust and marked by intimacy

Question 55

companionate love

Answer 55

both parents feel the relationship is equitable

Question 56

intimate self-disclosure

Answer 56

a state achieved gradually as each partner reciprocates the other's increasing openness.

Question 57

anxious attachment

Answer 57

attachment marked by anxiety or ambivalence. and insecure attachment style

Question 58

avoidant attachment

Answer 58

marked by discomfort over, or resistance to, being close to others. and insecure attachment

Question 59

self-disclosure

Answer 59

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

Question 60

disclosure reciprocity

Answer 60

the tendency for one person's intimacy of self-disclosure to match that of a conversational partner

Question 61

matching phenomenon

Answer 61

the tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who are a "good match" in attractiveness and other traits