Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

GEOG 1280 > Midterm 1 (chapters 1-3) > Flashcards

Midterm 1 (chapters 1-3) Flashcards

(104 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Geography

A

The study of spatial variation. How and why things differ from place to place on the surface of the earth. Is concerned with the study of how observable spatial patterns of things evolve through time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Earth Space

A

The surface area occupied by, or available to be occupied by humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Regional Geography

A

The study of characteristics of specific areal settings which are termed geographic regions. Is concerned with differences between regions (areal differentiation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Systematic Geography

A

Involves the spatial analysis of specific classes of things on the earths surface

2 major subdivisions:
Physical and human

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Physical Geography

A

Concerned with the natural environmental side of the human-environment structure. Directs attention to geographical distributions of landforms, climate, soils, vegetation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Human Geography

A

The human side of human environment structure. Particular emphasis is placed upon the spatial analysis of human populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Staples Theory

A

Suggests that the essence of the Canadian economy and culture is influenced by the exploitation and export of a series of unprocessed raw materials such as fish, fur, timber, fossil fuels, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Absolute Space/Location

A

The identification of a place using a system of coordinates - global grid of latitude and longitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Relative Space/Location

A

Position of a place in relation to other places

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Site

A

Concerned with the characteristics of the relative location of a place. Tells you about internal features of “that” place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Absolute Direction

A

Based on the cardinal points of north, south, east, and west

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Relative Direction

A

Subjectively expressed. Culturally based and locationally variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Absolute Distance

A

Spatial separation between 2 points on the earth’s surface measured by some accepted standard unit (kilometers or miles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Relative Distance

A

Transformation of physical distance measurements into some other relevant unit (travel time between other places)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

General Definition: Scale

A

The size of the area studied from local to global

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cartographic Definition: Scale

A

In cartography, scale is the ration between the size of the area on the map and the size of the same area on the earth’s surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Natural landscapes

A

Physical environment unaffected by human activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cultural Landscapes

A

Natural landscape as modified by human activities and bearing the imprint of a cultural group or society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Spatial Interaction, Accessibility and Connectivity

A

Involves the movement of goods, people, and information between places,.

Depends on:

Accessibility - the relative ease with which a destination may be reached from other locations

Connectivity - The directness of routes linking pairs of places. An areal pattern of such linkages which is known as a network

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Spatial Distribution

Density
Dispersion
Pattern

A

The arrangement of things on the earth’s surface s

Density - Quantity of anything per unit

Dispersion - Amount of spread of things over and area or around a central location

Pattern - Design or arrangement of things in earth’s space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Region

A

Earth area with distinctive and unifying physical or cultural characteristics that distinguish it from other areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Regional Concept

A

View that physical and cultural earth features are rationally arranged by complex yet interrelated processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Formal (Uniform) Regions

A

Non-overlapping areas of essential uniformity in one or a limited combination of physical or cultural features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Function (Nodal) Regions

A

Spatial systems defined by interactions and connections that provide an organizational basis (functional regions based on linkages between banks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Perceptual Regions, and Vernacular Region
Perceived to exist by their inhabitants (or outsiders) Vernacular - Region perceived by a group of people. Reflecting regional consensus and group awareness
26
Maps
Tools to identify places and regions and to analyze their content
27
Mental Maps
Map-like images of places that people carry in their minds (used as basis for travel decisions of people)
28
Map Projection
Systematic method of transferring the globe grid system from the earth's curved surface to the flat surface of a map
29
Map Scale
Relationship between the size or length of a feature on the map and the same item on the earth's surface
30
Representative Fraction
Measure of cartographic scale. Expressed as the ratio of a unit of distance on the map to the actual distance measured on the ground
31
Globe Grid
Set of imaginary lines of latitude and longitude that intersect at right angles to form a coordinate reference system for locating points on the surface of the earth
32
Latitude
Angular distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds
33
Longitude
North-South line known as a meridian
34
Topographic Maps
Provide detailed information about both physical features (forests, cover, drainage - lakes and rivers, etc.) and human features (highways, built-up areas, administrative areas)
35
Thematic Maps
Presents a specific spatial distribution or a single category of data
36
Qualitative Maps
Show the spatial distribution of information of a particular class of features (distribution of Canadian national parks)
37
Quantitative Maps
Show spatial characteristics of numerical data relation to a specific variable (measures of population density)
38
Mental Maps
Images about an area or environment developed by and individual on the basis of information or impressions received, interpreted or sorted
39
Remote Sensing
Detects the nature of an object and the content of an area from a distance. Includes variety of techniques such as aerial photography or use of satellite sensors
40
Geographic information system (GIS)
An integrated software package for handling, processing and analyzing geographical data Vector Approach - reminiscent of object conceptualization, the precise location of each object in a distribution described Raster Approach - The study is divided into a set of small square cells, with the content of each cell described or quantified
41
Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
Determine exact geographical locations from satellite data that includes time information.
42
Model
Idealized representation of reality which demonstrates certain of its properties Map being an example of a model
43
Spatial System
Arrangement and integrated operation of things
44
Spatial Interaction
Movement of goods, people, and ideas within and between regions
45
Globalization
Describes the increasing level of spatial flows, interconnections, and interdependence of people and places at a world scale
46
Ullman's Model
Edward Ullman which identifies 3 main factors that influence spatial interaction involving goods Regional Complementarity Intervening Opportunity Transferability
47
Distance Decay
Declining intensity of any activity, process, or function with increasing distance from its point of origin
48
Friction of Distance
Retarding effect of distance upon spatial interaction
49
Gravity Model
Model of spatial interaction developed by Henry C. Care, in 1850s
50
Movement Bias, Distance Bias, Direction Bias, Network Bias
Any aggregate spatial control on the movement of people, commodities, or communication Distance Bias - Favors short movements over long movements Direction Bias - Where actual flows are mainly limited to only one, or a few directions Network Bias - Occurs because the presence or absence of connecting channels strongly affects the likelihood that spatial interaction will occur
51
Daily Travel - Activity Patterns
Involve mainly short-distance repetitive journeys such as trips to stores, workplaces etc
52
Intercontinental Migrations
Involve movements between continents
53
Intercontinental Migrations
Involve movements between countries but within the same continent
54
Interregional Migrations
Involve movements between regions within the same nation
55
Localized Residential Shifts
Mainly within metropolitan areas (in Western countries)
56
Forced Migrations
Relocation decision is made by people other than the migrants themselves The forcible expulsion of 2 million foreign workers from Nigeria in 1983
57
Reluctant Migrations
Are less than fully voluntary migrations E.G. The migrations of refugees from wars or political oppression
58
Voluntary Migrations
Fully volitional moves. They represent individual responses to factors influencing migration decisions
59
Push Factors
Unfavourable characteristics of a locale that contribute to the dissatisfaction of its residents and encourage their emigration
60
Place Utility
Measure of an individual's perceived satisfaction or approval of a place in its social, economic, or environmental attributes
61
Step Migration
Where an eventual long-distance migration is undertaken in stages E.G. Move from farm village to small town, to city
62
Chain Migration
The process by which migration movements from a common home area to a specific destination are sustained by links of friendship or kinship between first movers and later followers
63
Counter (Return) Migrations
The return of migrants to regions from which they earlier emigrated
64
Migration Fields (2 types)
1. The area which includes the destinations of the majority of out-migrants from a given center 2. The area from which a given center draws the majority of its in-migrants
65
Channelized Migration
Tendency for migrations between areas that are socially and economically allied by past migration patterns, or trade connections or by some other affinity
66
Intervening Opportunities
Migrations may be discouraged by barriers (cost factors) or deflected by intervening opportunities
67
4 key concepts concerning daily travel-activity patterns
1. Territoriality 2. Personal Space 3. Activity Space
68
Territoriality
(Daily Travel Activity patterns) Involves individual or group attempt to identify and establish control over a clearly defined territory considered an exclusive domain (the home territory)
69
Personal Space
(Daily Travel activity pattern) Invisible and usually irregular area around a person into which they do not willingly admit others. Zone of privacy and separation from other people
70
Activity Space
(Daily travel activity pattern) The area within which a person moves freely on his/her rounds of regular activity
71
Awareness Space
Includes locations or spaces about which an individual has knowledge even without vising all of them
72
Space-Term Prism
Describes the volume of space and length of time within which our activities must be confined
73
Information Flows, and 2 types
Form of spatial interaction which ultimately influence human spatial behaviour 1. Individual (person to person) exchanges 2. Mass (source to area) communication
74
Formal Exchanges
Involve the use of interposed channels to convey messages
75
Informal Exchanges
Require no such institutionalized message carriers
76
Personal Communication Field
Based on informal exchanges. Comprised of relevant information sources withing activity space
77
Mass Communication
Formal structured transmission of information
78
Place Perception
Concept that helps us gain a fuller understanding of the nature of human spatial behaviour. The basis of decisions people make about their actions in space.
79
Geographers
Focus on interaction of people and social groups with their environment and with each-other. Seek to understand how and why physical and cultural spatial patterns evolved through time and continue to change
80
Areal Differentiation
One place is different than another
81
3 Scholarly traditions of Geographic thought
1. Literary tradition - travel logs written about foreign places 2. Cartographic tradition - places were mapped 3. Mathematical Tradition - Involved measuring and calculating spatial and non-spatial information about places
82
Areal Variation
Physical and human phenomena on the surface of the earth
83
Geographic Features
Mountains, Rivers, Forests, oceans and atmospheric fronts. Cultural feature: Building, roads, cornfields, cities, and countries Zero Dimensional - Water, well, mountain peak One Dimensional - Curved or straight lines (river or highway) Two Dimensional - Areas or polygons like forests or neighbourhoods Three Dimensional - Oil deposit and a cloud
84
Objects
Discrete entities that we think of as having sharp boundaries and being separated by space that may be conceived of as empty. Mountain peaks or roads
85
Fields
Continuously varying surfaces on the earth that we think of as completely covering the space of the landscape that they occupy without overlapping other fields
86
Situation
External relations of locale
87
Absolute Distance
Physical separation between 2 points on the Earth's surface measured by some accepted standard unit such as miles or kilometers for widely separated locales, feet or meters for more closely spaced points
88
Generalization
Averaging over details, so that a large-scale unit of study generalized more than a small-scale unit of study
89
Natural Landscape Attributes
Physical characteristics referring to natural aspects of a locale as its climate and soil, presence or absence of water supplies and mineral resources, its terrain features and the like
90
Connectivity
Concept implying all the tangible and intangible ways in which places are linked: by physical telephone lines, street and road systems, pipelines and sewers, etc.....
91
Spatial Diffusion
Processes of dispersion of an idea or item from a center of origin to more distant points with which it is directly or indirectly connected
92
Globalization
Implies the increasing interconnection of peoples and societies in all parts of the world as the full range of social, cultural, and political, economic, and environmental processes becomes international in scale and effect
93
Spatial Association
2 distributions of features often spatially correspond with each other
94
Administrative Region
Created law, treaty, or regulation
95
Thematic Regions
Based on one or more objectively measurable themes or properties
96
Graticule
Identifies 2 dimensions of Earth-Surface location with lines running horizontally, in the direction of the equator, and lines running vertically, from pole to pole
97
Cartography
Art and science of maps and map-making
98
Graduated Circle Maps
Use circles of different size to show the magnitude of variable of interest in different places
99
Dot Maps
Single or specified number occurrences of them item studied is recorded by a single dot
100
Isoline Map
Features lines that connect points registering equal values of the item mapped
101
Isotherms
Shown on daily weather maps connect points recording the same temperature as the same amount of time or the same average temperature during the day
102
Contour Line
Identical elevations above sea level may be shown by a form of isoline
103
Choropleth map
Presents average value of the data studies per pre-existing areal unit
104
Satistical Map
Records the actual numbers or occurrences of the mapped item per established unit area or location

GEOG 1280 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions