Midterm 1 Content

Question 1

Define Adolescence

Answer 1

A time period that begins with puberty and ends with a transition into adult roles (approx. 10-early 20s)

Question 2

Define Biological Perspectives of Adolescence

Answer 2

Begins at the onset of puberty, ends when capable of sexual reproduction

Question 3

Define Emotional Perspectives of Adolescence

Answer 3

Begins with a detachment from the parents, ends with development of a separate sense of identity

Question 4

Define Cognitive Perspectives of Adolescence

Answer 4

Begins with development of advanced reasoning skills, ends with full access to advanced reasoning skills

Question 5

Define Interpersonal Perspectives of Adolescence

Answer 5

Begins with a shift of interest from parents to peers, ends with full capacity for peer intimacy

Question 6

Define Social Perspectives of Adolescence

Answer 6

Begins with training for ‘adult roles’ (work, family, citizen), ends with having adult privileges/status

Question 7

Define Educational Perspectives of Adolescence

Answer 7

Begins with junior high, ends with finishing formal schooling

Question 8

Define Legal Perspectives of Adolescence

Answer 8

Begins with juvenile legal status, ends with adult/majority legal status

Question 9

Define Chronological Perspectives of Adolescence

Answer 9

Begins with turning desired age (10), ends when reaching ‘adult’ age (21)

Question 10

Define Cultural Perspectives of Adolescence

Answer 10

Begins with introduction to training for cultural ceremonies/rights of passage, ends with the rite of passage from completion of ceremony

Question 11

Define Early Adolescence

Answer 11

Ages 10-13, aligning with junior high/middle school

Question 12

Define Middle Adolescence

Answer 12

Ages 14-17, aligning with high school

Question 13

Define Late Adolescence

Answer 13

Ages 18-21, aligning with
‘college’ years

Question 14

Define Emerging Adulthood

Answer 14

Ages 18-25, where people transition from adolescence to adulthood

Question 15

Define the 3 Views of Adolescence on Emerging Adulthood

Answer 15

Early Starters: graduate high school -> get a job -> move out -> start a family before 22

Employment Focused: graduate high school -> find a job -> move out, but not have kids until several years later

Education Focused: graduate high school -> finish schooling around 22 -> start a family around 24

Question 16

Define Ecological Perspective on Human Development

Answer 16

perspective that focuses on the context in which development occurs

Question 17

Define Psychosocial

Answer 17

aspects of development that are both psychological and social -> identity and sexuality

Question 18

Define Identity

Answer 18

psychosocial domain involving self conceptions, self-esteem, and sense of self

Question 19

Define Autonomy

Answer 19

psychosocial domain involving the development of individual expressions of independence

Question 20

Define Intimacy

Answer 20

psychosocial domain involving the formation, maintenance, and termination of close relationships

Question 21

Define Sexuality

Answer 21

psychosocial domain involving the development/expression of sexual feelings

Question 22

Define Achievement

Answer 22

psychosocial domain involving behaviors/feelings in evaluative settings

Question 23

Describe Biosocial Theories of Adolescence

Answer 23

a far end of ‘biological’ belief about adolescence where the changes are entirely biological and thusly unavoidable

Question 24

Describe Organismic Theories of Adolescence

Answer 24

theories of adolescence that focus on how biological changes interact with their surrounding environment

Question 25

Describe Freudian Theories of Adolescence

Answer 25

the belief that development could be understood through separate psycho-sexual conflicts that arise over time, where puberty puts adolescence in temporary times of crisis

Question 26

Describe Learning Theories of Adolescence

Answer 26

the belief that focuses on the patterns of behavior gained through external reinforcement/punishment or through observation/imitation (conditioning)

Question 27

Describe Sociological Theories of Adolescence

Answer 27

theories of adolescence that emphasize the ways adolescents, as a group, are treated by society

Question 28

Define Three Chief Physical Manifestations

Answer 28

- rapid acceleration in growth (height and weight) - development of primary sex characteristics (gonads), which create hormonal changes - development of secondary characteristics including changes in genitals, breasts, and body hair

Question 30

Define the Endocrine System

Answer 30

A system in the body that produces, circulates and regulates hormones

Question 31

Define Hormones

Answer 31

Specialized substances that are made by endocrine glands

Question 32

Define Glands

Answer 32

Organs that stimulate areas of the body and regulate how those areas respond to different hormones

Question 33

Define Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Neurons

Answer 33

Specialized neurons in the brain that are activated by specific pubertal hormones

Question 34

Define Set Point

Answer 34

A physiological setting that the body attempts to regulate to

Question 35

Define Pituitary Gland

Answer 35

A chief gland responsible for regulating bodily hormone levels

Question 36

Define Hypothalamus

Answer 36

Part of the brain that regulates the pituitary gland

Question 37

Define Gonads

Answer 37

Glands that secrete sex hormones (testes/ovaries)

Question 38

Define Androgens

Answer 38

A type of sex hormone that is higher in males than females

Question 39

Define Estrogens

Answer 39

A type of sex hormone found more in females

Question 40

Define HPG Axis

Answer 40

Neurophysiological pathway that creates a feedback loop with the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and the gonads

Question 41

Define Adrenarche

Answer 41

The. Maturation of the adrenal glands during puberty/adolescence

Question 42

Define Cortisol

Answer 42

A hormone produced in response to stress

Question 43

Define kisspeptin

Answer 43

A chemical that triggers puberty to start

Question 44

Defin Leptin

Answer 44

A protein produced by fat cells that impacts kisspeptin

Question 45

Define melatonin

Answer 45

A hormone that contributes to sleepiness and triggers puberty by impacting kisspeptin

Question 46

Define Peak Height Velocity

Answer 46

The time during puberty which the body is growing most rapidly

Question 47

Define Epiphysis

Answer 47

The closing of the ends of the bones which stops growth after the growth spurt

Question 48

Define Tanner Stages

Answer 48

A system that describes that first 5 stages of puberty

Question 49

Define Menarche

Answer 49

The first period/menstration

Question 50

Define pheremones

Answer 50

Chemicals secreted by animals that stimulate behaviours in others of the same species

Question 51

Define secular trend

Answer 51

The trend of individuals to be larger/reach puberty sooner over the past two centuries due to improvements in nutrition

Question 52

Define Deductive Reasoning

Answer 52

Taking what is seen/known and then coming to a conclusion

Question 53

Define Aolescnece Egocentrism

Answer 53

A self absorbed caused by the introduction of thinking about thinking without the proper tools to manage it

Question 54

Define Imaginary Audience

Answer 54

The belief that everyone is watching you, heightened by the awareness of beings aware for the first time

Question 55

Define Metacognition

Answer 55

The process of thinking about thinking

Question 56

Define Personal Fable

Answer 56

An adolescence’ belief that they are unique and thusly above the rules that apply to others

Question 57

Define Cognitive Developmental View

Answer 57

A perspective that has stages of develoipment related to cognition

Question 58

Describe CognitiveDevelopmental View

Answer 58

Sensorimotor Period: 0-2 Preoperational Period: 2-5 Concrete Operations: 6-adolescence Formal Operations: adolescence-adulthood

Question 59

Define Information Processing Perspective

Answer 59

Viewpoint on cognition that breaks it down into parts like one would look at AI

Question 60

Define Reminiscenece Bump

Answer 60

Tendency for adolescence to be better remembered than the rest of life