Midterm 1- Lecture Q-Cards

Question 1

Memory Stages

Answer 1

1. Encoding
2. Maintenance
3. Retrieval

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

The process of taking some event or piece of information that is originally external to you and your mind and encoding it internally so that there may be a trace of it later on in time encoding

Question 3

Maintenance

Answer 3

The way you are able to maintain and use information internally

Question 4

Retrieval

Answer 4

If using the information, you are maintaining it as a memory

Making the information accessible to you

Question 5

Role of Repetition

Question 6

Role of Elaboration

Answer 6

Spending more time thinking about the material you are trying to learn, enhances learning

Question 7

Spacing

Answer 7

It matters when you repeat the studying, don’t do it all at once, space it out overtime

Question 8

Encoding Variability

Answer 8

There is greater encoding ability when repetitions are spaced then when they are massed

Question 9

Introspection

Answer 9

The mind can be understood by carefully looking inward and reporting on inner sensations and experiences

Question 10

Central Tenet

Answer 10

Responses (behaviours) to stimuli are learning through association, reward, punishment (classical and operant condition)

Question 11

Tabula Rasa (Blank Slate)

Answer 11

All behaviours are learned and shaped through simple conditioning

Question 12

Empirical Approach

Answer 12

Measure behaviour and make careful inferences about the nature of the mental processes necessary to carry out that behaviour

Question 13

Ecological Validity

Answer 13

To what extent do laboratory settings mirror real-life situations?

Question 14

Cognition Neuroscience

Answer 14

The study of how mental functions and processes are related to brain structure and function

Question 15

Reductionism

Answer 15

The idea that the mind can be reduced

Question 16

Dual-Aspect Theory

Answer 16

If we want to understand psychology, it is valuable to look at both at the brain and study it as biological entity and the mind as something non-physical entity

Question 17

Central Nervous System

Answer 17

Brain, brainstem and spinal cord

The master controller of the body (where we do our thinking, feeling and most of our decision making)

Question 18

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 18

Contains all the nerves outside of the central nervous system

PNS connects the CNS to the organs, limbs and skin

Question 19

Parts of A Neuron

Answer 19

Cell Body
Dendrites
Axon
Glial Cells

Question 20

Cell Body

Answer 20

Contains the nucleus and cellular machinery

Question 21

Dendrites

Answer 21

Detect incoming signals (receive information from other neurons, information enters through the dendrites)

Question 22

Axon

Answer 22

Transmits signals to other neurons through charged ions (elective impulse) all or none

Question 23

Synaptic Gap

Answer 23

Tiny little gap between the end of neuron one and the dendrites of neuron two

Question 24

Presynaptic Neurons

Answer 24

Sending the information

Question 25

Postsynaptic Neurons

Answer 25

Receiving the information

Question 26

Occipital Lobe

Answer 26

Vision, speech

Question 27

Parietal Lobe

Answer 27

Space, production of motor units

Question 28

Temporal Lobe

Answer 28

Recognizing complex visual objects. memory

Question 29

Frontal Lobes

Answer 29

High level cognition: decision making, complex sequences and movements

Question 30

Thalmus

Answer 30

Sensory relay

Question 31

Hypothalamus

Answer 31

Simple motivated behaviour (eating,drinking,sex)

Question 32

Hippocampus

Answer 32

Memory

Question 33

Amygdala

Answer 33

Emotion

Question 34

Basal Ganglia

Answer 34

Habitual behaviours

Question 35

Primary Motor Projection Area

Answer 35

Area that provides the most important signal for the production of skilled movements

Question 36

Primary Somatosensory Projection Area

Answer 36

Region of the brain which is responsible for receiving and processing sensory information from across the body, such as touch, temperature, and pain

Question 37

Primary Auditory Cortex

Answer 37

Critical role in our ability to hear sound

Question 38

Primary Visual Cortex

Answer 38

The primary cortical region of the brain that receives, integrates, and processes visual information relayed from the retinas.

Question 39

Broca's Aphasia

Answer 39

Difficulty in producing speech Pauacity of language

Question 40

Wernicke's Aphasia

Answer 40

Fluent speech output but little meaning "Word Salad"

Question 41

Positron Emission Tomography (PET sans)

Answer 41

Measure blood flow within a circulatory system and the brain

Question 42

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Answer 42

Measuring how oxygenated blood is as it fluctuates over time

Question 42

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Answer 42

Measuring how oxygenated blood is as it fluctuates over time

Question 43

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer 43

Use scalp electrodes to measure electrical activity produced by neurons

Question 44

Lateral Inhibition

Answer 44

Phenomenon in which a neuron's response to a stimulus is inhibited by the excitation of a neighbouring neuron

Question 45

Gestalt Principles

Answer 45

``` Simplicity Proximity Good Continuation Closure Simplicity ```

Question 46

Pictorial Cues

Answer 46

Sources of depth information that can be extracted from static 2-D images, such as picture, even using only 1 eye

Question 47

Occlusion

Answer 47

When one object is blocking your view over another

Question 48

Relative Height

Answer 48

For objects touching the ground, higher position implies further away

Question 49

Relative Size

Answer 49

For objects thought to have same physical, size the ones that produce smaller retinal projections are perceived as farther away

Question 50

Atmospheric Perspective

Answer 50

More distant are seen though greater amounts of atmosphere, so tend to be less sharp and bluer (during daytime)

Question 51

Pop-Out Search

Answer 51

When all items expect the target share the same feature, target is easy to find regardless of the number of distracting items

Question 52

Slow Conjunction Search

Answer 52

Target does not possess any unique features and can only be identified based on a conjunction of two or more features. The more distracting items there are, the slower search is

Question 53

Recognition by Components Theory

Answer 53

We are able to recognize objects by separating them into geons (the object's main component parts).

Question 54

Geons

Answer 54

Shapes for which the non-accidental properties are the same across most viewpoints

Question 55

Inversion Effect

Answer 55

Faces are easier to recognize upright than inverted

Question 56

Composite Effect

Answer 56

We don’t recognize a face by studying individual features but by processing all of a features as a whole

Question 57

Selective Attention

Answer 57

The skill through which one focuses on one input or one task while ignoring others

Question 58

Overt Attention

Answer 58

Spatial visual selection through overt eye movements

Question 59

Covert Attention

Answer 59

Changes in attention with eye movement

Question 60

Inhibition of Return

Answer 60

Slower response at the cued location for long cue/target SOAs, suggesting location is inhibited

Question 61

Feature Based Attention

Answer 61

Ability to enhance the representation of image components throughout the visual field that are related to a particular feature