Midterm #1 Review Flashcards
(173 cards)
1
Q
In your own words, describe the size, location, and orientation of the heart
A
- The heart rests on the diaphragm, near the midline of the thoracic cavity.
- It lies in the mediastinum- an anatomical region that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column, from the first rib to the diaphragm, and between the lungs
2
Q
The orientation of the heart
A
- The heart looks like a cone lying on its side. The pointed apex is formed by the tip of the left ventricle and rests on the diaphragm. It is directed anteriorly, inferiorly and to the left.
- The base of the heart is its posterior surface. Formed by the upper chambers of the heart, mostly the left atrium.
3
Q
List the 4 valves of the heart – include all alternate names for each valve.
A
1) Tricuspid Valve: blood passing from the right atrium into the right ventricle.
Also called the Right atrioventricular valve
2) Bicuspid Valve: blood passes from left atrium into the left ventricle
Called Mitral valve and Left atrioventricular valve
3) Pulmonary Valve: blood passes from the right ventricle into a large artery called pulmonary trunk. It divides into right/left pulmonary arteries, carries to lungs
Semilunar Valve
4) Aortic Valve: blood passes from left ventricle through this valve, into the ascending aorta
Semilunar Valve
4
Q
Cardiac Output
A
The amount of blood pumped by the ventricle (either right or left) in one minute
Cardiac Output (CO) = Stroke Volume (SV) X Heart rate (HR)
Cardiac Output (CO) = 70 mL X 75 bpm
Cardiac Output (CO) = 5250 mL/minute OR 5.25L/minute
5
Q
Stroke Volume:
A
The volume of blood ejected by the ventricle during one contraction
EDV - ESV
6
Q
The volume of blood in the ventricle after relaxation
A
End Diastolic Volume (EDV)
7
Q
The volume of blood remaining in the ventricle after it contracts
A
End Systolic Volume (ESV)
8
Q
Cardiac Reserve
A
he difference in cardiac output from the maximum output ( activity) to the minimum output ( activity).
The difference is usually 5-4 times the resting, or minimum, output
9
Q
Cardiac Cycle:
A
Includes all the events associated with one heartbeat.
- Consists of systole and diastole of the atria plus systole and diastole of the ventricles.
- When a heart rate is 75 bpm, a cardiac cycle lasts 0.8 seconds
10
Q
The cardiac muscle fibers are contracting isometrically, but they aren’t yet shortening. All 4 valves are closed, and there is no change in blood volume of any heart chambers at this point.
A
Isovolumetric Contraction
11
Q
A brief period in the cardiac cycle when all 4 valves are closed and the heart wall is relaxed
A
Isovolumetric Relaxation
12
Q
Depolarization
A
Contractile fibers have stable resting membrane potential close to -90 mV. When the fibers are brought to threshold by an action potential, its voltage-gated fast Na channels open. This allows Na inflow. This produces rapid depolarization. Within seconds Na channels inactivate and Na inflow decrease
13
Q
Repolarization:
A
This is the recovery of the resting membrane potential
- After a delay, additional voltage-gated K channels open. Outflow of K restores the negative resting membrane potential (-90mV). At the same time, the Ca channels in the sarcolemma and the sarcoplasmic reticulum are closing which also contributes to repolarization.
14
Q
Self-excitable specialized cardiac muscle fibers that is the source of electrical activity
- They repeatedly generate action potentials that trigger heart contractions
- Act as a pacemaker, and form cardiac conduction system
A
Autorhythmic fibres
15
Q
Intercalated Discs
A
Irregular transverse thickenings of the sarcolemma connecting ends of cardiac muscle fibers
16
Q
Gap Junctions:
A
Allow muscle action potentials to conduct from one muscle fiber to its neighbour
17
Q
Purkinje Fibers
A
Rapidly conduct action potential beginning at the apex of the heart upward to the remainder of the ventricular myocardium. Then the ventricles contract, pushing blood up to semilunar valves
18
Q
Preload:
A
How much stretch is placed on the fibers of the heart wall before contraction occurs.
(Think of a balloon - if the balloon is blown up to its maximum, that would be a higher preload. If the balloon was only blown up a little, that would mean a lower pre-load.
19
Q
Afterload
A
The pressure required for the ventricles to eject the blood
20
Q
What events will follow when the pressure within the atria is higher than that of the ventricles?
A
Atrial Contraction (Atrial Systole)
- Depolarization of SA node causes atrial depolarization, marked by P wave
- Atria contracts, expert pressure on blood within, forces blood through the open AV valves into ventricles
- Contributes final 25ml of blood to volume in each ventricle (105ml). At the end of martial systole it relaxes, it then contains 130ml in each ventricle
21
Q
What events will follow when the pressure within the ventricles is higher than that of the atria?
A
Ventricular Depolarization (Ventricular Systole)
- Pressure rises inside ventricles and pushes blood up against the atrioventricular valves, forcing them shut. For 0.5 sec, both atrioventricular and semilunar valves are closed Isovolumetric contraction
- Continued contraction on ventricles causes pressure inside chambers to rise sharply. Left ventricle surpasses the aortic pressure of 80mmHg, Right ventricle rises above the pressure of the pulmonary trunk. Then both semilunar valves open ventricular ejection
- Ejection of blood from heart now begins, pressure of Left ventricle rises to about 120mmHg, Right ventricle climbs to 25-30mmHg
- Represents the T wave
22
Q
What needs to happen for the semilunar valves to open? What is the term used to describe this event
A
Ventricular Ejection
- This is caused when the pressure inside chambers rise sharply
- Pressure in left and right ventricle climb above pressure in pulmonary trunk causes valves to open
23
Q
What needs to happen for the Atrioventricular Valves to open?
A
- When ventricles begin to relax, and the pressure falls quickly below the atrial pressure, the AV valves then open.
- Ventricular Filling begins (blood flowing into the atria rushes rapidly into the ventricles after the AV valves open)
24
Q
Describe Epicardium
A
-External Layer
Composed of 2 layers
-Outermost is visceral of serous pericardium
Innermost composed of delicate fibroelastic tissue and adipose tissue
-Contains blood vessels and lymphatic that supply myocardium
25
Describe Myocardium
- Middle Layer
- Responsible for pumping action of heart
- Composed of cardiac muscle tissue
- Makes up 95% of heart wall
26
Describe Endocardium
- Innermost Layer
- Thin layer of endothelium overlying a thing layer of connective tissue
- Smooth lining for chambers of the heart and covers valves
- Minimizes friction as blood passes
27
List and describe the 2 components of the pericardium:
- Fibrous -
- Tough inelastic, dense irregular connective tissue
- Prevents overstretching, protection, anchors the heart
- Serous-
- Thin, delicate membrane, double layer of heart
- Fused with fibrous pericardium on outside
- Inner visceral layal (epicardium), layer adheres tightly to surface of heart
- Pericardial fluid- reduces friction between layer as heart moves
- Pericardial cavity- has few ml of pericardial fluid
28
membrane surrounds and protects the heart. Anchors the heart in position in mediastinum
Pericardium
29
Sulci:
A series of grooves found on the surface of the heart
Contains coronary blood vessels and a variable amount of fat, each sulcus marks the external boundary between 2 chambers of the heart
30
Encircles most of the heart and marks the external boundary between the superior atria and inferior ventricles
Coronary Sulcus
31
Wrinkled pouch-like structure, slightly increase capacity of atrium so it can hold greater volume of blood
Auricles
32
What is the function of the heart valves? Without valves, what would happen?
The valves in the heart are to help close off the atrium to ventricles, and ventricles to the large artery. Without these valves the blood would flow back into the valve, and areas (backflow), and create things like a “leaky valve”
33
Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from 3 major vessels?
```
The Right Atrium
Receives blood from the 3 following veins:
Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava
Coronary Sinus
```
34
The pulmonary arteries project off of ______________ (which heart chamber) and carry _______ (oxygenated/deoxygenated) blood.
1) Right Ventricle
| 2) Oxygenated
35
The pulmonary veins project off of ______ (which heart chamber) and carry ______ (oxygenated/deoxygenated) blood.
1) Left Atrium
| 2) Oxygenated
36
Which structure begins as a passage between the atria in the fetal heart? If this passage does not close soon after birth, what complications do you think this could have for the baby?
- Fossa Ovalis: Oval depression that is the remnant of foramen ovale, opening of the interatrial septum of fetal heart and normally closes soon after birth
- If this doesn’t close, it would create what is called a “hole in the heart” meaning there would be blood flow between both atria’s, of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood causing issues with heart and blood flow
37
Compare the thickness of the myocardium for each of the four heart chambers – why does the thickness vary from each chamber?
Right Atrium: 2-3mm
Right Ventricle: 4-5 mm
Left Atrium: 2-3 mm
Left Ventricle: 10-15 mm
-Thickest varies because of what each chamber is doing, the amount of blood flow and how hard they are working.
-Because the Left Ventricle forms the apex of the heart and passes blood to the aorta, it is pumping blood to the entire body. It needs to be thicker because it is working much harder
38
List the surfaces of the heart
- Anterior surface- deep to the sternum and ribs
| - Inferior surface- between the apex and right border
39
List the borders of the heart
- Right border- faces the lung and extends from the inferior surface to the base
- Left border- aka pulmonary border -faces the left lung and extends from the base to the apex
40
What structure of the heart acts as an electrical insulator between the atria and ventricles?
AV Nodes
41
Includes all arteries and arterioles that carry oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to systemic capillaries, plus the veins and venules that carry deoxygenated blood returning to the right atrium after flowing through body organs. Blood is bright red but becomes darker red
Systemic Circulation
42
Describe Pulmonary Circulation
- When blood is returned to the heart from the systemic route, it is pumped out of the right ventricle through the pulmonary trunk into the right and left pulmonary arteries to the lungs
- Bright red again, it returns to the left atrium of the heart and reenters the systemic circulation
43
How does the heart receive its blood supply?
Through the Coronary Arteries, via the Coronary circulation
44
At which point in the cardiac cycle do the coronary arteries fill?
When the heart relaxes after a contraction, the high pressure of blood in the aorta propels blood through the coronary arteries
45
Which arteries branch directly off the Arch of Aorta?
Brachiocephalic Trunk
Left Common Carotid Artery
Left Subclavian Artery
46
What is the name of the specific structure the aorta must pass through when it transitions from the thoracic aorta to the abdominal aorta? At which vertebral level does this transition happen?
Aortic Hiatus
| Happens at level of T12 and ends at L4
47
List and describe the coronary arteries
1) Right Coronary Artery
Arises from the ascending aorta
Divides into the posterior interventricular and marginal branches
Supplies small branches to the right atrium.
2) Left Coronary Artery
Arises from the ascending aorta
Divides into the anterior interventricular and circumflex branches
3) Anterior Interventricular Branch (aka left anterior descending)
Arises from the left coronary artery
Supplies the walls of both ventricles
4) Circumflex Branch
Arises from the left coronary artery
Supplies the walls of the left ventricle and left atrium
5) Posterior interventricular branch
Arises from the right coronary artery
Supplies the walls of both ventricles
6) Marginal branch
Arises from the right coronary artery
Supplies the myocardium of right ventricle
48
List and describe the coronary veins
1)Coronary Sinus
Arises from the posterior surface of the heart in the coronary sulcus.
Empties into the right atrium
Remove deoxygenated blood from the heart
2) Great Cardiac Vein
Arise in the anterior interventricular sulcus
Removes deoxygenated blood from the left & right ventricles and left atrium
3) Middle Cardiac Vein
Arises in the posterior interventricular sulcus
Removes deoxygenated blood from the left and right ventricles
4) Small Cardiac Vein
Arises in the coronary sulcus
Removes deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and right ventricle
5) Anterior Cardiac Vein
Removes deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle and opens directly into the right atrium
49
What is Anastomosis?
This allows for alternate routes called “collateral circulation,” for blood to reach a particular organ or tissue. (Especially if there is damage or injury)
50
List and describe the 4 divisions of the aorta (include the vertebral levels)
1) Ascending Aorta
Emerges from left ventricle to pulmonary trunk
2) Aortic Arch
Emerges as the ascending aorta bends to the left and continues to level of IVD between T4-T5
3) Thoracic Aorta
Emerges from Aortic Arch to bottom of thorax, passes through aortic hiatus to diaphragm level T12
4) Abdominal Aorta
Emerges at aortic hiatus of diaphragm and ends at the level of L4, divides into common iliac arteries
51
List and describe (including the areas they supply) the 7 arterial branches that arise from the thoracic aorta
1) Pericardial Arteries
supplies the pericardium
2) Bronchial Arteries
supplies the bronchi of the lungs
3) Esophageal Arteries
supplies the esophagus
4) Mediastinal Arteries
supplies the structures in the mediastinum
5) Posterior Intercostal Arteries
supplies the intercostals and chest muscles
6) Subcostal Arteries
supplies the intercostals and chest muscles
7) Superior Phrenic Arteries
supplies the sup. & post. surface of diaphragm
52
Which arteries branch off the brachiocephalic trunk?
Right Subclavian artery
| Right Common Carotid artery
53
Why is there no left brachiocephalic trunk?
Because the left common carotid and left subclavian arteries both arise directly from the aortic arch, which is on the Right side
54
The external carotid and internal carotid arteries are branches of which artery?
Left Common Carotid
55
What is the function of the vertebral arteries?
They unite to form the Basilar artery, which supplies blood to posterior part of the Circle of Willis
56
What are the paired parietal branches of the abdominal aorta?
Inferior Phrenic Arteries
| Lumbar Arteries
57
What are the 6 visceral branches of the abdominal aorta?
--3 Paired--
Suprarenal Artery
Renal Artery
Gonadal Artery
--3 Unpaired--
Celiac Trunk
Superior Mesenteric Artery
Inferior Mesenteric Artery
58
Which parietal branch of the abdominal aorta is unpaired?
Median Sacral Artery
59
Which arteries unite to form the basilar artery?
Left the Right Vertebral Arteries
60
What are the branches of the left subclavian artery?
Left Vertebral
| Left Axillary
61
What is the most appropriate positioning for a very pregnant client during massage? Why?
Side Lying on their left, or on their back with pillow propping up the left right side
Due to Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) and aorta on your right side, to ensure there is proper flow from the area and not compressing these structures
62
Which major vessel of the heart drains the head, neck, and upper limbs?
Superior Vena Cava (SVC)
63
Which major vessel of the heart drains the abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs?
Inferior Vena Cava (IVC)
64
Explain the pathway of blood as it drains from the cranial cavity to the heart
All veins drain into Dural Venous Sinuses (Include: Sup. Sagittal, Inf. Sagittal, Straight, Sigmoid, Cavernous Sinuses) -> Internal Jugular Vein -> Subclavian vein -> Brachiocephalic vein -> SVC
- External Jugular vein -> Subclavian
- Vertebral vein -> Brachiocephalic -> SVC
65
Which three veins drain into the brachiocephalic vein?
Internal Jugular Vein
Subclavian Vein
Vertebral Vein
66
Explain the Lubb Sound
The first sound (S1) Lubb
- It is a bit longer than the second sound. It is caused by blood turbulence associated with closure of the AV valves soon after ventricular systole begins
67
Explain Dupp Sound
The second sound (S2) Dupp
-It is shorter and not as loud. It is caused by blood turbulence associated with closure of the SL valves at the beginning of ventricular diastole.
68
What is the function of Sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca) and Potassium (K) in the electrical conductivity of the heart?
1) Depolarization: due to Na inflow when voltage-gated fast Na channels open
- Resting membrane at -90mV
- Fibers are brought to threshold by action potential, voltage-gated fast Na channels open.
- Na inflows, producing rapid depolarization
- Within seconds Na channels inactivate and Na inflow decreases
2) Plateau: due to Ca inflow when voltage-gated slow Ca channels open and K outflow when some K channels open
- Opening voltage-gated slows Ca channels
- Ca ions move from interstitial into cytosol, causing even more Ca to pour out of sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol through additional Ca channels
- This causes contraction
- Just before plateau begins, some K channels open, allowing Potassium to leave
- Depolarization is sustained during plateau because Ca inflow balance K outflow
- Membrane potential is at 0mV
3) Repolarization: due to closure of Ca channels and K outflow when additional voltage-gated K channels open
- Recovery of resting membrane potential
- Additional K channel open, outflow of K restores the negative resting membrane (-90mV)
- Ca channels are closing in sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum which also contributes to repolarization
69
What does an electrocardiogram record?
Records actions potentials produced by all the heart muscle fibers during each heartbeat
- -Can Determine:--
- Conducting pathway is abnormal
- Heart is enlarged
- Certain regions of heart is damaged
- Cause of chest pain
70
- A small upward deflection
| - Action potential spreading from SA node through contractile fibers in both atria
P-Wave (Atrial Depolarization):
71
- Begins as a downward deflection, continues as a large, upright, triangular wave, and ends as a downward wave
- The action potential spreads through ventricular contractile fibers
QRS complex (Rapid ventricular Depolarization)
72
- Dome shaped upward deflection
| - Occurs just as ventricles are starting to relax
T wave
73
How do cardiac muscle fibers differ from skeletal muscle fibers?
- -Cardiac Muscle Fibers Differ:--
1) Are shorter in length and less circular in a transverse section.
2) Have larger and more mitochondria.
3) Have the same action & myosin and same bands, zones and z discs.
4) Have less but wider T-tubules, smaller sarcoplasmic reticulum and a smaller calcium reserve.
74
Which arteries branch off the Common iliac artery?
- External Iliac Artery
| - Internal Iliac Artery
75
Which arteries branch off the internal iliac artery?
- Anterior Internal Iliac Artery
| - Posterior Internal Iliac Artery
76
Which artery has the Fibular artery and Medial Plantar artery as its branches?
- Posterior Tibial Artery
77
In which artery will you be able to palpate the dorsalis pedis pulse?
Dorsals Pedis
78
Which two arteries of the lower limb each have 4 arteries that branch off them?
- Anterior Tibial Artery
| - Dorsal Pedis Artery
79
The coronary sinus drains directly into which heart chamber? Describe its location in the heart.
- Drains directing into the right atrium of the heart
| - It is located in the coronary sulcus on the posterior aspect of the heart
80
List the Dural venous sinuses:
1. Superior Sagittal
2. Inferior Sagittal
3. Straight
4. Sigmoid
5. Cavernous
81
Azygos Drain?
Drains into the SVC - the right side of the thoracic wall, thoracic viscera, and posterior abdominal wall
82
Hemiazygos Drain?
Drains the left side of the thoracic wall, thoracic viscera, and the left posterior abdominal wall
83
Accessory Hemiazygos Drain?
Drain left side of upper thoracic wall and thoracic viscera
84
List the three superficial veins of the upper limb
1. Cephalic Vein
2. Basilic Vein
3. Median Antebrachial Vein
85
List the six deep veins of the upper limb:
1. Brachiocephalic
2. Subclavian
3. Axillary
4. Brachial
5. Ulnar
6. Radial
86
List the veins that drain into the Inferior Vena Cava:
1. Common Iliac Vein
2. Lumbar Vein
3. Gonadal Vein
4. Renal Vein
5. Supra Renal Vein
6. Inferior Phrenic Vein
7. Hepatic Vein
87
Blood from which organs enter the hepatic portal system?
- Venous blood from the gastrointestinal organs and spleen enter the hepatic portal circulation
88
The hepatic portal system delivers blood to which organ?
- The venous blood is then delivered to the Liver
89
Is blood from the gastrointestinal organs have a ____ (rich or poor) supply of nutrients,
Rich
90
blood from GI organs have a __________ (rich or poor) supply of oxygen.
Poor
91
Which two veins unite to form the hepatic portal?
- Superior Mesenteric Veins
| - Splenic Veins
92
True or false: The hepatic portal drains from the liver into the Inferior Vena Cava.
- False! The Hepatic VEIN drains from the Liver into the Inferior Vena Cava, NOT the hepatic portal itself
93
List the superficial veins of the lower limb
- Great Saphenous Vein
| - Small Saphenous Vein
94
List the deep veins of the lower limb:
- Common Iliac Vein
- External Iliac Vein
- Popliteal Vein
- Posterior Tibial Vein
- Anterior Tibial Vein
95
Which vein is the longest in the body?
- Great Saphenous Vein
96
Describe the anatomical location of the Great Saphenous vein:
- Ascends from the foot to the groin in the subcutaneous layer. Starts at the medial end of dorsal venous arch of foot, moves anteriorly to medial malleolus of Tibia, where it then moves superiorly along the medial aspect of the leg/thigh deep in the skin
97
At which anatomical level does the Femoral vein drain into the external iliac vein?
- Enters the External Iliac at the level of the Ischial Tuberosity
98
Which three veins drain into the popliteal vein?
- Small Saphenous Vein
- Posterior Tibial Vein
- Anterior Tibial Vein
99
Starting with the peroneal vein and ending at the inferior vena cava, explain the pathway of deoxygenated blood returning to the heart.
- The peroneal vein moves deoxygenated blood into the Posterior Tibial Vein
- From the Posterior Tibial it then moves throughout the Anterior Tibial and the Popliteal vein. The small saphenous also drains into the popliteal as well.
- From the Popliteal, the Deox.\ blood moves up through the Femoral vein which moves into the External Iliac and then the Common Iliac veins, and then up through the Inferior Vena Cava.
100
Name the parts of the chambers of heart
1. Right Atrium
2. Right Ventricle
3. Left Atrium
4. Left Ventricle
101
Name the Valves of the heart
1. Tricuspid Valve
2. Pulmonary Valve
3. Bicuspid Valve
4. Aortic Valve
102
Name the blood vessels
1. Pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries
2. Pulmonary veins (oxygenated blood)
3. Aorta and systemic arteries
4. Superior vena cava
5. Inferior vena cava
6. Coronary sinus
103
Describe in your own words the entire process of blood flow from when it goes into the right atrium until it returns back to the right atrium
- Blood enters into the right ventricle through contraction of the right atrium (the atrium and ventricle contract at different times to help the blood flow properly through the heart). This movement goes through the tricuspid valve – 3 cusps (which closes back up once blood enters to prevent blood from re-entering the right atrium, ex: leaky valve).
- Once the blood enters the right ventricle it then leaves via the Pulmonary valve (this a semilunar valve – allowing blood ejected from the heart but not re-entering). The blood then enters the lungs where the blood becomes oxygenated and re-enters the heart via the Pulmonary vein.
- The blood now enters the left atrium, where it travels through the Mitral valve (Bicuspid valve) – 2 cusps (again to prevent blood flow back into the atrium), where it now enters the left ventricle. The left ventricle then pumps the blood out into the Aortic valve (again a semilunar valve), where it then pushes the blood into the rest of the body to be used. Then the cycle starts again!
104
Irregular transverse thickenings of the sarcolemma connecting the ends of cardiac muscle fibers
Intercalated discs
105
The membrane that surrounds and protects the heart
Pericardium
106
The volume of blood ejected by the ventricle during the contraction
Stroke volume
107
A series of grooves found on the surface of the heart
Sulci
108
The heart wall layer that provides a smooth lining for the chambers of the heart
Endocardium
109
Cone shaped trabeculae carinae that contract during ventricular contraction which help in keeping atrioventricular valves closed
Papillary Muscles
110
Self-excitable specialized cardiac muscle fibers that is the source of electrical activity
Autorhythmic fibers
111
Records action potentials produced by all the heart muscle fibers during each heart beat
Electrocardiogram
112
The anatomical region that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column, between the lungs, from the first rib to the diaphragm
Mediastinum
113
A series of ridges formed by the raised bundles of cardiac muscle fibers
Trabeculae carinae
114
Small upward deflection when the atrial contraction occurs
P Wave
115
The Bicuspid and Tricuspid valves
Atrioventricular valves
116
An oval depression that is the remnant of the foramen ovale
Fossa Ovalis
117
Wrinkled pouch like structures found on the anterior surface of each atrium
Auricles
118
The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta each minute
Cardiac Output
119
The action potential spreads throughout ventricular contractile fibers, ventricular ejection takes place
QRS Complex
120
Occurs just as the ventricles are starting to relax
T Wave
121
The heart wall layer responsible for the pumping action of the heart
Myocardium
122
The aortic and pulmonary valves
Auricles Semilunar Valves
123
Muscular ridges inside the anterior wall of the right atrium
Pectinate muscles
124
A connection between arch of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk that is actually a blood vessel during fetal life
Ligamentum Arteriosum
125
The cusps of the tricuspid/bicuspid valves are connected to this tendon like cord
Chordate Tendineae
126
The external layer in the heart wall:
Epicardium
127
Found between the left atrium and left ventricle
Mitral Valve
128
The greater the stretch on the heart wall, the more forceful the contraction.
In other words: the more the heart fills with diastole (or relaxation of the respective chamber), the more forceful the contraction will be during systole (contraction of the respective chamber).
Frank-Starling Law
129
Circulation of blood directly to the heart wall (myocardium)
Coronary Circulation
130
circulation of blood through the lungs with the purpose of deoxygenated blood become re-oxygenated through gas exchange in the alveoli
Pulmonary Circulation
131
circulation of blood throughout the body (including limbs and viscera)
Systemic Circulation
132
Listening to sounds within the body with or without the use of a stethoscope
Auscultation
133
Which Arteries supply blood to the head?
Left/Right Internal Carotid
| Left/Right Vertebral
134
Which point do the external iliac arteries become the femoral arteries?
Inguinal ligament
135
When does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery?
Popliteal Fossa
136
Where does Electrical activity start in the heart?
SA Node (Sinus Atrial Node)
137
What causes action potential conducts from the atria to the ventricle?
AV Node (Bundle of His)
138
Where does electrical impulse move after it leaves Bundle of His?
The interventricular septum to the apex
139
What is a temporary blood vessel during fetal life that shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk into the aorta allowing only a small amount of blood to enter the non functioning fetal lungs?
Ductus Arteriosus
140
When the AV valves open are the papillary muscles contracted or relaxed?
When he ventricles are relaxed the muscles are also relaxed because the chordae tendineae are slack
- If the AV valves are open if they are relaxed so the muscles will also be relaxed
- Open = Relaxed
- Closed = Contracted
141
What is the definition of relaxation of the ventricles?
Diastole
142
Definition of Contraction of the ventricles?
Systole
143
How many times the heart beats per minute
Heart Rate
144
This connects the arch of the aorta and pulmonary trunk shortly after birth
Ligamentum arteriosum
145
Thin partition between the right/left atria
Interatrial Septum
146
Cusps of the tricuspid valve are connected to a tendon like cord called?
Chordae Tendineae
147
Right and left ventricle are separated internally by what?
Interventricular septum
148
The valve where blood passes from the right ventricle into the large artery, then divides into right and left pulmonary arties that carries blood to the lungs
Pulmonary valve
149
Small upward deflection - AP spreading from SA node through contractile fibers in both atrias
P wave
150
Begins are downward deflection, AP spread through ventricular contractile fibers
QRS Complex
151
Upward deflection (Dome shaped) - Occurs just as ventricles are starting to relax
T Wave
152
The more the heart fills with blood during diastole, the great the force of contraction during systole is named?
Frank Starling law of the heart
153
Emerges from the left ventricle to the pulmonary trunk
Ascending Aorta
154
Emerges as ascending aorta bend to the left and continues to level of IVD between T4-T5
Aortic arch
155
List the 7 Arterial Branches arising from the Thoracic aorta and structures
1) Pericardial Arteries
2) Bronchial Arteries
3) Esophageal Arteries
4) Mediastinal Arteries
5) Posterior Intercostal Arteries
6) Subcostal Arteries
7) Superior Phrenic Arteries
156
3 Division of the Arch of Aorta
1) Left Subclavian
2) Left Common Carotid
3) Brachiocephalic Trunk
157
2 Branches of Brachiocephalic Trunk
1) Right subclavian
| 2) Right common carotid
158
2 Branches from Left common carotid
1) Left External Carotid
| 2) Left Internal Carotid
159
2 Branches from Left Subclavian
1) Left Vertebral
| 2) Left Axillary
160
1 branch of Axillary
1) Brachial
161
Does the Vertebral artery have any branches?
No
162
2 Branches from Internal Carotid?
1) Ant Cerebral
| 2) Middle Cerebral
163
2 Branches of Common Iliac?
1) Internal Iliac
| 2) External Iliac
164
2 Branches of Internal Iliac
1) Anterior Internal Iliac
| 2) Posterior Internal Iliac
165
2 Branches of Femoral
1) Deep Femoral
| 2) Popliteal
166
2 Branches of Popliteal
1) Anterior Tibial
| 2) Posterior Tibial
167
4 Arteries of Anterior Tibial
1) Dorsalis Pedis
2) Arcuate
3) Dorsal Metatarsal
4) Dorsal Digital
168
4 Arteries of Dorsalis Pedis
1) Lateral Plantar
2) Plantar Arch
3) Plantar Metatarsal
4) Plantar Digital
169
2 Arteries of Posterior Tibial
1) Fibular
| 2) Medial Plantar
170
3 Superficial vein of upper limb
1) Cephalic
2) Basil
3) Median Antebrachial
171
6 Deep veins of Upper limb
1) Brachiocephalic
2) Subclavian
3) Axillary
4) Brachial
5) Ulnar
6) Radial
172
2 Superficial veins of Lower body
1) Great Saphenous
| 2) Small Saphenous
173
5 Deep veins of Lower Body
1) Common Iliac
2) External Iliac
3) Popliteal
4) Post. Tibial
5) Ant. Tibial
