Midterm #2 Review Flashcards
(206 cards)
1
Q
Describe the life cycle of a RBC
A
- RBC live 120 days because of the wear and tear, their plasma membranes undergo as they squeeze through blood capillaries
- No nucleus, so they can’t synthesize new components to replace damaged ones
2
Q
What is the life span of a RBC
A
120 Days
3
Q
Worn out, old, damaged RBCs are phagocytized in which organs
A
Spleen and liver
4
Q
Describe 11 steps to RBC recycling
A
1) RBC that are old, brought into a macrophage in spleen, liver and red bone marrow with phagocytosis
2) RBC are broken down into Heme and Globin
3) Globin (protein) is broken down into amino acids and reused for protein synthesis
4) Heme is broken down and save the Iron (Fe3), Iron can be toxic in blood stream. It is transported via Transferrin
5) Transferrin moves the Iron to the Liver, where the Iron (Fe3) is stores as Ferritin
6) Once Iron is needed, it joins back with Transferrin and transported anywhere in the body.
7) Usually transported to Red Bone Marrow, combining with Globin, Vitamin B12 & Erythropoietin (hormone stimulates blood cell synthesis) which is Erythropoiesis
8) New RBC last into circulation for 120 days where it filters back to the beginning of the cycle
9) Heme is broken down into Biliverdin and Bilirubin
10) Bilirubin stored in Liver transports to small intestine
11) Broken down in digestion of the intestine into Urobilinogen, Urobilin (excreted in urine) and Stercobilin (Feces)
5
Q
Immature, non-functioning but non-nucleated RBC found in bone marrow generally unless there is a high demand for RBC replacement- for example after a bleed.
A
Reticulocyte
6
Q
Mature functioning, hemoglobin and oxygen carrying RBC
A
Erythrocyte
7
Q
The non-iron portion of heme converted to this green pigment
A
Biliverdin
8
Q
Yellow-orange pigment stored in the Liver
A
Bilirubin
9
Q
Bacteria converts bilirubin into this in the Large Intestine
A
Urobilinogen
10
Q
Urobilinogen converted into a yellow pigment, excreted in urine
A
Urobilin
11
Q
Urobilinogen eliminated in feces in brown pigment
A
Stercobilin
12
Q
Straw colored liquid. Blood plasma minus the clotting proteins
A
Serum
13
Q
Gel like substance that separates from liquid of blood
-Network of insoluble protein fibers called fibrin
A
Clot
14
Q
Process of Gel formation
-Series of chemical reactions that culminates in formation of fibrin threads
A
Coagulation
15
Q
Formed when blood clots too easily in undamaged blood vessel
-Clotting in unbroken blood vessel
A
Thrombosis
16
Q
Dissolves small inappropriate clots and dissolves clots at a site of damage once the damage is repaired
A
Fibrinolytic System
17
Q
Dissolution (breaking down) of a clot
A
Fibrinolysis
18
Q
Inactive plasma enzyme incorporated into the clot
A
Plasminogen
19
Q
Active plasma enzyme converted from plasminogen by substances in body tissue and blood
A
Plasmin
20
Q
Dissolves clot by digesting fibrin and inactivating fibrinogen, prothrombin Factors V & XII
A
Plasmin
21
Q
Clot in unbroken blood vessel
A
Thrombus
22
Q
Embolus that blocks blood flow to vital organ
A
Embolism
23
Q
Blood clot, bubble of air, fat from broken bone, piece of debris transported by blood stream
A
Embolus
24
Q
Antigens on surface of Erythrocytes, composed of Glycoproteins and Glycolipids
-Occur in characteristic combinations
A
Agglutinogens
25
Clumping of red blood cells, due to incompatible blood
Agglutination
26
Rupture of RBC, releasing hemoglobin into blood plasma causing kidney damage
Hemolysis
27
Factor X combines with Factor V and Calcium to form this
| - Converts prothrombin into the enzyme thrombin
Prothrombinase
28
In Red bone marrow, results in production of red blood cells, which enter the circulation (Globin, Vitamin B12 and Erythropoietin)
Erythropoiesis
29
Clotting Factor I
Fibrinogen: Liver -> Common
30
Clotting Factor II
Prothrombin: Liver -> Common
31
Clotting Factor III
Tissue Factor(Thromboplastin):Damaged tissue/activated platelet->Extrinsic
32
Clotting Factor IV
Calcium Ions (Ca2): Diet, bones, platelet -> All
33
Clotting Factor V
Proaccelerin, Labile factor, (ACG): Liver, platelet -> Extrinsic/Intrinsic
34
Clotting Factor VII
SPCA, Stable factor, Proconvertin: Liver -> Extrinsic
35
Clotting Factor VIII
AHF, Factor A, AHG: Liver -> Intrinsic
36
Clotting Factor IX
Xmas Factor, PTC, Factor B: Liver -> Intrinsic
37
Clotting Factor X
Stuart Factor, Prower Factor, Thrombokinase: Liver -> Extrinsic/Intrinsic
38
Clotting Factor XI
PTA, Factor C: Liver -> Intrinsic
39
Clotting Factor XII
Hageman Factor, Glass Factor, Contract, Factor D: Liver -> Intrinsic
40
Clotting Factor XIII
Fibrin-Stabilizing Factor (FSF): Liver and Platelets -> Common
41
Which clotting pathway is more complex – extrinsic or intrinsic?
Intrinsic is more complex and slower
42
Which clotting factor is activated by platelets coming in contact with collagen fibers?
Clotting Factor XII
43
Describe what happens in the Common Pathway for blood clotting?
Starts when Prothrombinase is formed
- Final 2 steps of clotting stages:
1) Prothrombinase and Calcium cause conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
2) Thrombin with Calcium converts soluble Fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin threads. Strengthened by Clotting Factor XIII
44
Describe clot retraction
- Tightening of fibrin clot
- Fibrin threads contract, edges of damaged vessel pull together
- Retraction depends on number of platelets which release Factor XIII, strengthen, and stabilize clot
45
What role does vitamin K play in clot formation?
Produced by bacteria that inhabit large intestine and necessary to make up the 4 clotting factors
46
Why does clotting happen at the site of damage and not throughout the body?
- Fibrin absorbs thrombin into the wound site
| - Clotting factors are not in high concertation throughout the body, more activated in injured area
47
What are your natural anti-coagulants?
1) Anti-thrombin
2) Heparin (produced by mast cells, basophils combined with anti-thrombin)
3) Activated Protein C (APC)
48
How are blood types determined?
- By the presence or absence of various antigens
| - Major groups are ABO & Rh
49
What is the universal recipient blood type?
- Type AB blood
| - Can receive blood from all 4 types, no Anti A or B
50
What is the universal donor blood type? .
- Type O
| - Have neither A or B antigens, can donate to everyone
51
How do vaccinations work?
- You are given a small dosage of an antigen the body then builds antibodies to fight the disease if they are faced with the antigen again
52
Immunity (Specific Resistance):
```
- The ability of the body to defend itself against specific invading agents such as:
o Viruses
o Bacteria
o Toxins
o Foreign Tissue
```
53
Branch of science that deals with the responses of the body when challenged by antigens
Immunology
54
Substances that are recognized as foreign and provoke an immune response
Antigen
55
Complete their development in Red Bone Marrow this process continues throughout life
B cells
56
Develop from pre-T cells that migrate from the Red Bone Marrow into the Thymus where they mature, this mostly occurs before puberty
T cells
57
Ability to carry out adaptive immune responses
Immunocompetence
58
Antibody synthesized by plasma cells derived from B lymphocytes in response to the introduction of an antigen
Antibodies (immunoglobulins)
59
The ability to provoke an immune response by stimulating the production of specific antibodies, the proliferation of specific T cells or both
Immunogenicity
60
Ability of the antigen to react specifically with the antibodies or cell it provokes
Reactivity (of an antigen)
61
Certain small parts of large antigen molecule that act as triggers from immune responses
Epitope
62
Smaller substance that has reactivity but lacks immunogenicity can only stimulate an immune response if attached to a larger carrier molecule (Ex: poison ivy combines with body protein)
Hapten
63
Self-antigens located in plasma membrane of body cells. They are unique unless you have an identical twin. Their normal function is to help T cells recognize that an antigen is foreign and not self-antigens
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
64
Foreign antigens that are present in fluids Outside body cells
Exogenous Antigen
65
Types of Antigen: bacteria, bacteria toxins, parasitic worms, pollen, dust, and viruses that have not yet infected a body cell
What are these an example of?
Exogenous Antigen
66
Foreign antigens that are present Inside the body cells
Endogenous Antigen
67
Types of Antigen: viral proteins produced a virus infects the cell and takes over the cells metabolic machinery, toxins produced from intracellular bacteria
What are these example of?
Endogenous Antigen
68
Small protein hormones that stimulate or inhibit many normal cell functions such as cell growth and differentiation
Cytokines
69
Process of diversity is the result of shuffling and rearranging a few hundred versions of several small gene segments
Genetic Recombination
70
Location of specialization of B Cell and T Cell
B Cell: Red Bone Marrow
| T Cell: Thymus
71
Type of immune response in B and T Cell
B Cell: Antibody Mediated Immune Response
| T Cell: Cell Mediated Immune Response
72
Name of mature cells in B and T Cells
B Cell: Plasma Cells giving off Antibodies
| T Cell: Cytotoxic T Cells
73
Effective against which antigens in B and T Cell
B Cell: Extracellular Pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi), fluids outside the cell
T Cell:
- Intracellular Pathogens
- Some Cancer Cells
- Foreign Tissue Transplant
74
At which point can the cells develop immunocompetence? in B and T Cell?
B Cell: Before leaving the Red Bone Marrow
| T Cell: Before leaving the Thymus
75
What are the two factors that distinguish immunity from non-specific immunity? Describe both and how they play a role in immunity.
1) Specificity from foreign molecules (antigens), which involves distinguishing “self” from “non-self” molecules
2) Memory for most previously encountered antigens so that a 2nd encounter prompts an even more rapid and vigorous response
76
Compare CD4 proteins to CD8 proteins
1) CD4: Helper T Cells (CD4 T Cells), meaning their plasma membranes include a protein called CD4
2) CD8: Cytotoxic T cells (CD8), meaning their plasma membranes contains a protein called CD8
77
6. Compare Cell-mediated immune response to antibody-mediated immune response
2 Responses Antigens Trigger:
1) Cell Mediated Immune Response:
- Cytotoxic T cells that directly attack invading antigens
2) Antibody Mediated Immune Response:
- B cells transform into plasma cells which synthesize and secrete specific proteins called antibodies or immunoglobulin’s
78
Compare MHC-I to MHC-II
1) MHC-1: Built into the plasma membrane of all body cells except RBC’s
2) MHC-II: Molecules appear on the surface of antigen-presenting cells
79
What substances can be considered “antigenic”
Tissue transplant for another person
80
Which substances are not usually considered antigenic?
1) Cellulose and most plastic (Heart valves and joints made of plastic)
- (This means that the body will not detect them as a foreign object, and will not reject them from the body)
81
Describe the 3 routes by which antigens can enter lymphatic tissue
1) Enter the bloodstream through an injured blood vessel and trapped as they flow through the spleen
2) Penetrate the skin, enter the lymphatic vessels and lodge in your lymph nodes
3) Penetrate mucous membranes are entrapped by Mucosa-associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT)
82
When antigenic proteins are broken down into peptide fragments that then associate with MHC molecules
Antigen processing
83
When antigen MHC complex is inserted into the plasma membrane of a body cell
Antigen presentation
84
What are Antigen-presenting cells (APC’s) and where will you find them? (Confirm chart in review)
```
Special class of cells that process and present exogenous antigens:
1) Dendritic cells (Langerhans cells), macrophages, B cells
```
2) Dermis/Epidermis of the skin, mucous membranes that line respiratory, GI, Urinary, Reproductive tracks, and lymph nodes
85
7 steps of an APC processing and presenting an exogenous antigen.
1) Ingestion of Antigen: Phagocytosis of the antigen (consumed)
2) Digestion of antigen into peptide fragments: split large antigens into short peptides
3) Synthesis of MHC-II: APC synthesizes MHC-II at endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
4) Packaging of MHC-II: Once synthesized, MHC-II are packaged into vesicles
5) Fusion of Vesicles: Antigen containing peptide frag and MHC-II merge and fuse
6) Binding Peptide Frag to MHC-II: After fusion of 2 vesicles, antigen peptide bind to MHC-II
7) Insertion of antigen MHC-II complex into Plasma Membrane: combined vesicle (antigen-MHC-II) undergo exocytosis. MHC-II inserted into plasma membrane
86
Compare the process of processing and packaging exogenous and endogenous antigens
1) Exogenous:
- Involves synthesis of MHC-II
- Fusion of peptides with MHC-II, happens After packaging
2) Endogenous:
- Involves synthesis of MHC-I
- Fusion of peptides with MHC-II, happens Before packaging
87
Which mineral is necessary for the Extrinsic pathway of clot formation to occur?
- Calcium activates Clotting Factor X
88
Which clotting factors partake in the Intrinsic pathway?
- 1) Factor IV
- 2) Factor V
- 3) Factor VIII
- 4) Factor IX
- 5) Factor X
- 6) Factor XI
- 7) Factor XII
89
Is Intrinsic Pathway Faster or slower?
Slower
90
Is Intrinsic Pathway More complex or less?
More Complex
91
How does process start In Intrinsic Pathway
Damaged endothelial cells, allowing blood in contact with collagen fibers
92
Which enzymes are in Intrinsic Pathway
- Factor V, Factor X, Factor XII
| - Platelets damaged releasing Phospholipids
93
Is Extrinsic pathways faster or slower?
Faster
94
Is Extrinsic pathways more complex or less?
Less Complex
95
How does process start in Extrinsic pathways
Thromboplastin enters into blood from outside
96
Which enzymes are involved in Extrinsic pathways
- Factor V, Factor X
| - Thromboplastin
97
Describe what happens in the Common Pathway for blood clotting
Starts when Prothrombinase is formed
- Final 2 steps of clotting stages:
o Prothrombinase and Calcium cause conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
o Thrombin with Calcium converts soluble Fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin threads. Strengthened by Clotting Factor XIII
98
What role does clotting factor XIII play in clot formation?
Helps form a sturdy clot, strengthening and stabilizes
99
Describe the process of clot retraction.
- Tightening of fibrin clot
- Fibrin threads contract, edges of damaged vessel pull together
- Retraction depends on number of platelets which release Factor XIII, strengthen, and stabilize clot
100
Which vitamin is necessary in the production of clotting factors?
- Vitamin K
101
How is vitamin K produced in the body?
Produced by bacteria that inhabit large intestine and necessary to make up the 4 clotting factors
102
Dissolves small inappropriate clots and dissolves clots at a site of damage once the damage is repaired
Fibrinolytic system
103
Which antigens do Type A RBCs carry?
A
104
Which antigens do Type AB RBCs carry?
Both A & B
105
Which antigens do Type B RBCs carry?
B
106
Which antigens do Type O RBCs carry?
Neither A or B
107
Which antibodies will be present in Type A plasma?
Anti-B
108
Which antibodies will be present in Type B plasma?
Anti-A
109
Which antibodies will be present in Type AB plasma?
Neither A or B
110
Which antibodies will be present in Type O plasma?
Both Anti-A and Anti B
111
Which blood types would be compatible donors Type A?
A, O
112
Which blood types would be compatible donors Type B?
B, O
113
Which blood types would be compatible donors Type AB?
A, B, AB, O
114
Which blood types would be compatible donors Type O?
O
115
Which blood types would be incompatible donors Type A?
B, AB
116
Which blood types would be incompatible donors Type B?
A, AB
117
Which blood types would be incompatible donors Type AB?
All compatible
118
Which blood types would be incompatible donors Type O?
A, B, AB
119
What can happen if an incompatible blood type is administered to a patient?
Agglutination (clumping of RBC)
120
What role does Rh factor play in the blood?
- RBC’s that have Rh antigens are Rh+
- RBC’s that lack Rh antigens are Rh-
- If a Rh- person receives Rh+ blood, the immune system will make anti-Rh bodies that remain in the blood. Causing agglutination and hemolysis of RBC’s
121
What can happen if the mother is Rh negative, but the baby is Rh positive?
- Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN), small amount of RH+ blood from fetus into RH- mother, starts making anti-rh antibodies. Mother sees the fetus as a foreign body and will attack it.
- Rh- mothers will need an injection RhoGam before and after delivery
122
17. What can happen if the mother is Rh positive, but the baby is Rh negative
Nothing happens, usual pregnancy
123
18. Which clotting factors arise from sources other than the liver
- Factor III
| - Factor IV
124
List the pathway of activation for each of the twelve clotting factors
- Factor I: Common
- Factor II: Common
- Factor III: Extrinsic
- Factor IV: All
- Factor V: Extrinsic/Intrinsic
- Factor VII: Extrinsic
- Factor VIII: Intrinsic
- Factor IX: Intrinsic
- Factor X: Extrinsic/Intrinsic
- Factor XI: Intrinsic
- Factor XII: Intrinsic
- Factor XIII: Common
125
What does hemoglobin split into when recycling RBCs?
Heme & Globin
126
What does Globin break into when recycling RBCs?
Globin breaks down into Amino Acids, which is reused to synthesize other proteins
127
What is removed from the heme portion of hemoglobin when recycling RBCs? What protein transports what is removed from the heme portion
- Iron is removed from Heme
| - Transferrin, transports Iron into the blood stream
128
In which locations will the iron detach from transferrin?
1) Muscles fibers
2) Liver cells
3) Macrophages of Spleen/ Liver
129
Once the iron detaches from transferrin, what storage-protein does it then attach to?
Iron attaches to iron-storage protein Ferritin
130
What is the green pigment that arises from the non-iron portion of heme?
Biliverdin
131
What is the yellow-orange pigment that arises from biliverdin
Bilirubin
132
What serious illness can result if there is too much bilirubin in the blood?
Jaundice
133
Which cells secrete antibodies
B Cells
134
Branch of science that deals with the responses of the body when challenged by antigens
Immunology
135
Discuss how vaccinations work.
You are given a small dosage of an antigen the body then builds antibodies to fight the disease if they are faced with the antigen again
136
What does “specific resistance” mean?
The ability of the body to defend itself against specific invading agents such as:
a. Viruses
b. Bacteria
c. Toxins
d. Foreign Tissue
137
How is specific resistance different from non-specific defense?
1) Specificity from foreign molecules (antigens), which involves distinguishing “self” from “non-self” molecules
2) Memory for most previously encountered antigens so that a 2nd encounter prompts an even more rapid and vigorous response
138
Where do B cells complete their development?
Before leaving Red Bone Marrow
139
When do B cells stop developing, if at all?
They don’t stop
140
When are B cells immunocompetent
Capable before leaving Red Bone Marrow
141
Where do B cells become specialized?
Red Bone Marrow
142
Which type of immune response is related to B cells?
Antibody Mediated Immunity Response
143
Where do T cells complete their development?
Thymus
144
When do T cells stop developing, if at all?
Once puberty starts
145
When are T cells immunocompetent?
Capable before leaving the Thymus
146
Where do T cells become specialized?
Thymus
147
Which type of immune response is related to T cells?
Cell Mediated immunity Response
148
Describe the 5 actions of antibodies (Immunoglobulin)
- 1) Neutralizing Antigen
- 2) Immobilizing Bacteria
- 3) Agglutinating and Precipitating Antigen
- 4) Activating Complement
- 5) Enhancing Phagocytosis
149
Why can RBCs not synthesize new cell components?
Because they don’t have a nucleus or other organelles
150
What factor increases the fragility of an RBC?
With age the plasma membrane becomes more fragile, as they squeeze through narrow channels in the spleen
151
Briefly describe what happens with damaged RBCs?
Removed from circulation and destroyed by fixed Phagocytic macrophages in the spleen and liver. Then recycled and used in metabolic processes (formation of new RBC)
152
What type of cells phagocytize worn out RBCs?
-Macrophages in the Spleen and Liver or Red bone marrow
153
Which cells will recognize an antigen that enters the body for the second time?
Memory T Cells
154
Which cells are involved in Cell-Mediated Immune Responses?
1) T Cells
2) Effector Cells
3) Helper T Cells
4) Cytotoxic T Cells
5) Memory T Cells
155
Which cells are involved in Antibody-Mediated Immune Responses?
B Cells
156
Which enzymes are released by Cytotoxic T cells that induce apoptosis of the target host cells?
Granzymes
157
What are the two types of lymphatic organs and tissues?
1) Primary Lymphatic Organs
| 2) Secondary Lymphatic Organs & Tissues
158
Function APCs Macrophages
- Process/Present of foreign antigens to T cells, secretion to Interleukin-1
- Secretion of Interferons stimulate T cell growth
159
Function APCs Dendritic Cells
- Process/Present antigen to T cells and B cells
| - Found in mucous membrane, skin, lymph nodes
160
Function APCs B cells
- Process/present antigen to helper T cells
161
Function Lymphocytes : Cytotoxic T cells
- Kills host target cells by releasing granzymes that induce apoptosis, that destroys microbes from site of infection
162
Function Lymphocytes : Helper T Cells
- Coops with B cells to amplify antibodies production by plasma cells
- Stimulate inflammation response
163
Function Lymphocytes : Memory T Cells
- Remains in lymphatic tissue
| - Recognizes invading antigens even years after first encounter
164
Function Lymphocytes : B cells
- Differentiates into antibody-producing plasma cell
165
Function Lymphocytes : Plasma Cells
- Descendant of B cell that produces/secretes antibodies
166
Function Lymphocytes : Memory B Cells
- Descendant of B cell, remains after immune response
| - Responds rapidly if same antigen enters body in future
167
How does the complement system destroy microbes?
- Defensive system where the proteins of the complement system destroy microbes by causing phagocytosis, cytolysis, and inflammation
- Prevent excessive damage to body tissues
168
What are the two signals that activate a T cell?
1) First Signal: activation of T cell is when the T cell receptor with CD4 and CD8 protein recognizes an antigen
2) Second Signal: when co-stimulators enable cells to adhere to one another for a period
169
What is the area on an antigen to which the antibody will bind?
Variable Region (in heavy and light chain)
170
What will happen to a T cell after going through recognition and co-stimulation
Activation
171
A state of inactivity in the B and T cells is called:
Anergy
172
What needs to happen within the body for an autoimmune disorder to develop?
The immune cells lose Self-recognition (ability to recognize own MHC proteins) self-tolerance ( T cells lack reactivity to peptide fragments from own proteins)
173
Naturally acquired active immunity:
o Exposure to microbe
174
Naturally acquired passive immunity:
o Mother to fetus
175
Artificially acquired active immunity:
o Vaccination
176
Artificially acquired passive immunity:
o IV injection of antibodies
177
Endogenous antigen peptides fuse with the MHC complex before or after packaging takes place?
Before
178
Whereas exogenous antigen peptides fuse with the MHC complex before or after packaging takes place?
After
179
How does a cell-mediated response begin?
- With the activation of small number of T cells by a specific antigen
- Once the T cell has been activated, clonal selection occurs
180
This results in clone cells that can recognize the same antigen as
the original lymphocyte – some become effector cells, and others become memory cells.
Clonal selection
181
Cloned T cells that carry out immune responses that ultimately result in elimination of the intruder
Effector cell
182
Activation of T cell is when the T cell receptor with CD4 and CD8 protein recognizes an antigen
First Signal
183
When co-stimulators enable cells to adhere to one another for a period of time
Second Signal (Co-stimulation)
184
Takes place when a T cell undergoes antigen recognition & co-stimulation
Activation
185
The division of the cell several times
Proliferation
186
The formation of the cell into a more highly specialized cell.
Differentiation
187
Secrete cytokines shortly after co-stimulation. Helper T cells are not active until after recognition of exogenous antigen fragments, leading to co-stimulation
Active helper T cells
188
Inactive cells that can detect an antigen that has previously entered the body. Once it detects a familiar antigen, helper T cells can proliferate and differentiate to produce more helper T cells and memory helper T cells.
Memory helper T cells
189
The cytokine that stimulates both CD4 & CD8 T cells
Interleukin-2
190
Contain 4 polypeptide chains. 2 are called heavy chains and 2 are called light chains
Antibody
191
Defensive system where the proteins of the complement system destroy microbes by causing phagocytosis, cytolysis, and inflammation
- Prevent excessive damage to body tissues
Complement system
192
Our body has memory cells from T & B cells that allow for faster immune response if encountered with an antigen for a second time
Immunological memory
193
The vaccine you receive contains weakened or killed microbes which activate T & B cells. If you encounter the living microbe your body automatically initiates a secondary response.
Immunization
194
The ability to recognize your own MHC proteins
Self-recognition
195
The T cells lack reactivity to peptide fragments from your own proteins
- When immune cells lose self-tolerance it leads to the development of autoimmune diseases
Self-tolerance
196
How do T cells and B cells differ in their approach to attacking antigens?
- B cells differ from Cytotoxic T cells because the B cells do not move to seek antigens
- B cells bind to B cell receptor. They respond to the antigen in the lymph, they break
antigen down into peptide fragments and combine with MHC-II. Helper T cells allow for
co-stimulation because they produce interleukin-2. This activates the B cell
197
List the products of an activated B cell:
1) Plasma cell
2) Memory B cells
3) Antibodies that are secreted by plasma cells
198
List the classes of immunoglobulins, where you find each, and the function of each.
-1) IgG
o In Blood, Lymph & Intestines
o Protects against bacteria, viruses (only antibody provide immunity to fetus)
-2) IgA
o In Sweat, Tears, Saliva, Breast milk, GI
o Protection of mucous membranes from bacteria and viruses
3) IgM
o In Blood and Lymph
o Activates complement and causes angulation and lysis of microbes
4) IgD
o On surface of B Cells
o Activation of B Cells
5) IgE
o In Mast cells and Basophils
o In allergic, hypersensitivity reactions. Protects against parasitic worms
199
In Blood, Lymph & Intestines
| Protects against bacteria, viruses (only antibody provide immunity to fetus)
IgG
200
In Sweat, Tears, Saliva, Breast milk, GI
| Protection of mucous membranes from bacteria and viruses
IgA
201
In Blood and Lymph
| Activates complement and causes angulation and lysis of microbes
IgM
202
On surface of B Cells
| Activation of B Cells
IgD
203
In Mast cells and Basophils
| In allergic, hypersensitivity reactions. Protects against parasitic worms
IgE
204
What is the complement system and what role does it play in immunity?
Defensive system where the proteins of the complement system destroy microbes by causing phagocytosis, cytolysis, and inflammation
- Prevent excessive damage to body tissues
205
What is the benefit of immunological memory?
If our body is affected by the same virus or antigen that it has already fought off in the past. This memory helps our body not have to fight so hard the second time around, so it will result in faster immune response the 2nd time
206
What does the term antigenic mean? Which substances can be considered antigenic?
Body will fight off the foreign substance (Ex: organ transplant is detected as a foreign substance and will have to take immunosuppressant drugs)
- Plastic is no antigenic, meaning the body will not attack it
