Midterm 1-Review

Question 1

What is a mineral?

Answer 1

Naturally occurring inorganic solid
Result of crystallization
Ordered internal structure
Definite chemical composition

Question 2

What is the definition of a rock?

Answer 2

An aggregate of crystals composed of one or more mineral types

Question 3

What is ionic bonding?

Answer 3

Attraction do to oppositely charged particles

Question 4

What is covalent bonding?

Answer 4

Atoms share electrons

Question 5

What is metallic bonding?

Answer 5

Outermost electrons are free to migrate

Question 6

About how many elements have been identified on earth?

Answer 6

About 4000

Question 7

What are the 8 most common elements in minerals?

Answer 7

Oxygen silicon aluminum iron magnesium calcium sodium potassium

Question 8

What is hardness?

Answer 8

Resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching

Question 9

What is luster?

Answer 9

The way a mineral shines in light

Question 10

What is cleavage?

Answer 10

The tendency to break along planes of weak bonding

Question 11

What is fracturing?

Answer 11

The absence of cleavage when a mineral is broken

Question 12

What is streak?

Answer 12

The color of a mineral I. It’s powdered form

Question 13

True or false? Silicates comprise the most rock forming minerals

Answer 13

True

Question 14

What is the temperature range for magma?

Answer 14

Between 700-1400 degrees Celsius

Question 15

What are the three components of magma?

Answer 15

Melt, crystals, and volatiles

Question 16

What are the three gasses or volatiles found in magma?

Answer 16

Water, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide

Question 17

What is another name for extrusive igneous rocks?

Answer 17

Volcanic rocks

Question 18

What is another name for intrusive igneous rocks?

Answer 18

Plutonic rocks

Question 19

How will a melt form if cooled quickly?

Answer 19

With small crystals or as a glass

Question 20

How will a melt form if cooled slowly?

Answer 20

Cool with large crystals

Question 21

What is Bowes reaction series?

Answer 21

It is the temperature that minerals cool at when compared to each other based on melting points

Question 22

What are the dark silicates?

Answer 22

Olivine
Pyroxene
Amphibole
Biotite

Question 23

What are the light silicates?

Answer 23

Quartz
Feldspars
Plagioclase
Orthoclase
Muscovite

Question 24

Are high silica rocks felsic or mafic?

Answer 24

They are felsic low silica rocks are mafic

Question 25

What are some felsic rocks?

Answer 25

Granite Rhyolite Obsidian

Question 26

What are some mafic rocks?

Answer 26

Basalt Gabbro Scoria

Question 27

Where does magma originate?

Answer 27

It melts in the upper mantle

Question 28

What is crystal fractionation?

Answer 28

Separation of a melt from earlier crystals to form a differently composed magma

Question 29

What is assimilation?

Answer 29

Changing of magma's composition by adding surrounding rock bodies

Question 30

What is magma mixing?

Answer 30

When two bodies of magma mix and become one magma that is not similar to either of its predecessors

Question 31

What is aphanitic texture?

Answer 31

Rapid cooling Microscopic crystals May contain vesicles

Question 32

What is phaneritic texture?

Answer 32

Slow cooling | Crystals can be identified

Question 33

What is porphyritic texture?

Answer 33

Minerals form at different temperatures | Large crystals in a fine matrix

Question 34

What is glassy texture?

Answer 34

Rapid cooling looks like glass e.g. obsidian

Question 35

What is the difference between effusive and explosive eruptions?

Answer 35

Effusive is flowing explosive is violent

Question 36

What is viscosity?

Answer 36

A measure of a materials resistance to flow.

Question 37

What factors affect viscosity?

Answer 37

Temperature Silica content Dissolved gasses

Question 38

What are pyroclasts?

Answer 38

Volcanic fragments e.g. ash, lapilli,and bombs

Question 39

What is tuff?

Answer 39

Rock resulting from pyroclastic deposit

Question 40

What is the difference between pumice and scoria?

Answer 40

Pumice is rhyolite with vesicles and scoria is made of basalt

Question 41

What are the two types of pyroclastic transport?

Answer 41

Pyroclastic fallout(vertical) and pyroclastic flow(horizontal)

Question 42

What is a shield volcano?

Answer 42

Very large but short dome composed of basaltic lava

Question 43

What is a composite volcano?

Answer 43

Large classic volcano composed of alternating layers of lava flows and pyroclastic debris

Question 44

What is a cinder cone volcano?

Answer 44

Small volcano with a steep slope usually occur in groups built from lapilli fragments

Question 45

What is a Maar volcano?

Answer 45

Formed through explosion"explosion crater" explosive Diego interaction of lava and water mainly basaltic but also rhyolitic

Question 46

What is a caldera volcano?

Answer 46

Collapse depression due to collapse of magma chamber very large in size example is crater lake

Question 47

What is a flood basalt?

Answer 47

Forms large lava plateaus eruptions from fissures example is Columbia river gorge

Question 48

What is a pluton?

Answer 48

It is a underground igneous body that cools and is solidified

Question 49

What are the six classification of plutons?

Answer 49

``` Shape Tabular Massive Orientation with respect to host Discordant Concordant ```

Question 50

What are the 4 types of intrusive bodies?

Answer 50

Dike Sill Laccoliths Batholiths