MIDTERM 1 - Theories Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
Juvenile age
A
12-18 yrs inclusively
2
Q
Dependent and neglected
A
Kids who are being abused
3
Q
Delinquents
A
Kids that commit crimes
4
Q
Walter Miller
A
Right - Left
5
Q
Right
A
Delinquents are responsible for their acts
6
Q
Left
A
Society creates delinquency
7
Q
Sociological theories of juvenile delinquency
A
how does society influence juvenile delinquency
8
Q
Psychological theories of juvenile delinquency
A
what are the internal factors that influence juvenile delinquency?
9
Q
Descriptive research
A
Gives us information on juveniles that break the law
10
Q
Testing delinquency theories
A
Juveniles have been exposed to certain factors that cause them to be delinquent or non-delinquent
11
Q
Evaluation of delinquency programs
A
Show that delinquents have gone through programs, which cause them to be less delinquent
+ adaptation to specific cases
12
Q
Anomie definition
A
State of normlessness
13
Q
Anomie theorists
A
Merton & Durkheim
14
Q
Merton on anomie
A
Looked at deviant and non-deviant behavior
Society has set of values, which are taught to everyone
Some parts in our society block certain individuals from being successful
Ppl who are blocked find illegitimate ways to reach their goals
15
Q
Merton’s Theory
A
Strain/Frustration/Gap
16
Q
Goals definition
A
Wants and ambitions that society teaches the individual
17
Q
Norms definition
A
Rules, which tell us the legitimate way of pursuing these goals
18
Q
Institutionalized means definition
A
Actual resources available to the individual
19
Q
Strain definition
A
Gap between the means and your goals
20
Q
Modes of adaptation
A
Conformity Innovation Ritualism Retreatism Rebellion
21
Q
Conformity
A
Accepts the goals (+) accepts the means (+)
22
Q
Innovation
A
Accepts the goals (+) rejects the means (-)
23
Q
Ritualism
A
Give up on goals (-) accepts the means (+)
24
Q
Retreatism
A
Reject goals (-) reject means (-)
25
Rebellion
Give up on goals and means (-) but substitute w/ new goals and means (+)
26
Strain Theory criticism
Doesn't explain preference for certain crimes
| Assumption is that everyone in society has the same goals
27
Juvenile subcultures theorists
Richard Cloward & L. Ohlin
28
Juvenile subcultures
Criminal subculture
Conflict subculture
Retreatist subculture
29
Criminal subculture
Money, power, social status
Training ground to learn how to commit crimes
Close connections to adults
30
Conflict subculture
Specialize in violence
Commit acts of violence > gain status > develop self-image
No strong ties w/ adults
31
Retreatist subculture
```
Drug related
Have moral inhibitions to commit criminal acts
Often rejects form 2 other subcultures
Want to be coolest ppl around
Drugs for themselves (not to sell)
Non-violent
```
32
Juvenile subcultures criticism
Sometimes one juvenile doesn't fit in one category (don't necessarily specialize in one type of crime)
33
Edwin Sutherland
Theory of Differential Association
34
Propositions
1. Criminal behavior is learned
2. Criminal behavior is learned in interaction w/ other persons in a process of communication
3. The principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs w/in intimate personal groups
4. When criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes: techniques of committing the crimes & the specific direction of motives, drives, rationalizations and attitudes
5. The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from the definitions of legal codes as favourable or unfavourable
6. The person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favourable to violation of law over definitions unfavourable to violation of law
7. Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority and intensity
8. The process of learning criminal behavior by association w/ criminal and anti-criminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning.
35
Proposition 1
1. Criminal behavior is learned
36
Proposition 2
2. Criminal behavior is learned in interaction w/ other persons in a process of communication
37
Proposition 3
3. The principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs w/in intimate personal groups
38
Proposition 4
4. When criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes: techniques of committing the crimes & the specific direction of motives, drives, rationalizations and attitudes
39
Proposition 5
5. The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from the definitions of legal codes as favourable or unfavourable
40
Proposition 6
6. The person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favourable to violation of law over definitions unfavourable to violation of law
41
Proposition 7
7. Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority and intensity
42
Proposition 8
8. The process of learning criminal behavior by association w/ criminal and anti-criminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning.
43
Differential association criticism
Vagueness of definition
| Juveniles commit irrational and spontaneous crimes
44
Drift Theory theorist
David Matza
45
Drift definition
Condition of limbo between a conventional lifestyle and a criminal lifestyle w/ no strong attachment to either
46
Techniques of neutralization theorists
Gresham Sykes and David Matza
47
Techniques of neutralization
1. Denial of responsibility
2. Denial of injury
3. Denial of a victim
4. Condemnation of condemners
5. Appeal to higher loyalties
48
1. Denial of responsibility
"Not my fault", Did criminal behavior because of circumstances out of their control
49
2. Denial of injury
Trivialization of actions. "Nobody got hurt"
| Deny they're causing injury to anyone
50
3. Denial of a victim
Victim deserved it/had it coming
51
4. Condemnation of condemners
The ppl who condemn me are worse than I am
52
5. Appeal to higher authorities
Group effects: "I was w/ my friends and they made me do it"
53
Neutralization criticism
Don't know if neutralization comes before or after the behavior
54
Labelling theory theorist
Charles Horton Cooley
55
Labelling theory
We develop a conception of ourselves by participating in activities w/ our primary group
56
Primary group criterias
Responses to the whole person
Communication is deep and intensive
Your personal satisfaction is imp: need to get satisfaction w/ members of your primary group
57
The looking-glass self
Develop your self-image through members of your primary group
See yourself through the eyes of the members of your primary group
58
Self-fulfilling prophecy
We do what other ppl expect us to do
| See what other ppl think of us and become it
59
General assumptions of labelling theory
```
Variety of causes or influences
Initial or primary deviation
Official label of delinquent/deviant
Delinquent/deviant self-image
Continued involvement in delinquency/deviance
```
60
Labelling theory criticism
Not everyone takes on what ppl believe them to be
61
Primary and Secondary deviance theorist
Edwin Lemert
62
Primary deviation
Individual's behavior
63
Secondary deviation
Society's response to behavior
64
Social reaction
Moral indignation of others towards deviance & action directed towards its control
65
Psychoanalytic theory theorist
Freud
66
Id
Represents the unconscious biological drives and instincts for sex, food, and other life sustaining necessities
Present at birth
Follows pleasure principle
67
Pleasure principle
Immediate gratification w/out concern for rights of others
68
Ego
Develops early in life
Guided by reality principle
Learning self-control
69
Reality principle
Child learns to take into account what is practical and conventional at the moment
70
Superego
Develops as a result of incorporating w/in the personality the moral standards and values of parents, community and others
Development of the conscience > feelings of guilt
71
Conflicts between id, ego and superego (if unresolved) result in
Abnormal personality development
72
Crime and delinquency seen as
Behavioral manifestation of abnormal personalities
73
Underdeveloped superego
Not strong enough to control or curb id drives
| Ppl do what they want w/out concern for consequences or feelings of others
74
Overdeveloped superego
Ego experiences so much anxiety and guilt that a person may engage in crime because unconsciously wants to be punished
Ppl have poorly developed social skills, poor reality testing, gullibility, & excessive dependence
75
Social learning theory theorist
Bandura
76
Social learning theory criticism
Fails to account for differences in cognition
77
Cognitive theory theorist
Piaget
78
4 main periods
Sensorimotor period (0-2 yrs)
Preoperational period (2-7 yrs)
Concrete operational period (7-11 yrs)
Formal operational period (11- adulthood)
79
Sensorimotor period
(0-2 yrs)
80
Preoperational period
(2-7 yrs)
81
Concrete operational period
(7-11 yrs)
82
Formal operational period
(11- adulthood)
83
Symbolic interactionism theorists
Mead & Matsueda
84
Unit of analysis (symbolic interactionists)
Transaction that takes place in interaction between 2 or more individuals
85
Delinquent behavior is explained in terms of (symbolic interactionists)
Interaction between the self & others
| Interaction that is mediated by language
86
Mead: role taking
Key to social control
87
Matsueda: role taking
Projecting oneself into the role of others & appraising the situation, oneself in the situation & possible lines of action
88
Possible line of action for delinquents
Take each other's role through verbal & nonverbal communication
Fitting their lines of action together into joint delinquent behavior
89
Theory of the self & delinquent behavior
Matsueda
90
Theory of the self & delinquent behavior features
1) The self is formed by how an individual perceives that others view him/her & thus is rooted in symbolic interaction
2) The self is an object that "arises partly endogenously w/in a situation, & partly exogenously from prior situational self being carried over from previous experience"
3) The self as an object becomes a process that has been determined by the self at a previous point in time & by prior resolutions of problematic situations
4) Delinquent behavior takes place partly because habits are formed & partly because the stable perception of oneself is shaped by the standpoint of others
91
Feature 1
1) The self is formed by how an individual perceives that others view him/her & thus is rooted in symbolic interaction
92
Feature 2
2) The self is an object that "arises partly endogenously w/in a situation, & partly exogenously from prior situational self being carried over from previous experience"
93
Feature 3
3) The self as an object becomes a process that has been determined by the self at a previous point in time & by prior resolutions of problematic situations
94
Feature 4
4) Delinquent behavior takes place partly because habits are formed & partly because the stable perception of oneself is shaped by the standpoint of others
