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Speciation > Midterm 1 - Tutorials > Flashcards

Midterm 1 - Tutorials Flashcards

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1
Q

How many estimated species?

A

6 million - 100 million estimated species

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2
Q

What was special about Galapagos island?

A

Species existed here that didn’t exist elsewhere

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3
Q

What were Darwin’s observations about the turtles on the Galapagos island?

A

Believed that the shape of the turtle shell could predict what island it came from:
- shell with a peak meant it came from a dry island where it had to reach high for vegetation
- smooth, round shell meant it came from a wet island

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4
Q

Where did Darwin come up with the natural selection theory?

A

Once observing the beaks of finches on the islands, he noted that they had different beaks based on their environment and resources. He concluded the natural selection theory as only the fittest from the young bunch survive and pass on their traits. Noticed that they had more offspring than necessary to survive.

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5
Q

Artificial selection

A

Humans select for phenotypic desirable traits and have specific female and male organisms (animals/plants) sexually reproduce and produce desirable offspring.

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6
Q

Was Wallace similar to Darwin?

A

Yes as they had the same ideas about evolution by natural selection; however, he did not have as much evidence through fossils and other observations as Darwin did?

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7
Q

What was Darwin’s publication not accepted initially?

A

Because people at the time only believed that God brought upon all living species and they didn’t change.

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8
Q

What was Richard Owen known for?

A

Coining the term dinosaur.

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9
Q

Did Richard Owen have similar beliefs to Darwin?

A

No, he believed that all species were separate whereas Darwin believe there were connections between all great animal groups (intermediates in the fossil record).

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10
Q

What organism did Owen find in Beruvia? It’s importance?

A

Known as the Archaeopteryx, it was a specimen with feathers on its wing and tails; claws on the wings; a jaw; and bone supporting its tail. This showed the link between reptiles and birds.

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11
Q

What is a modern animal that shows links between great animal groups?

A

The platypus. It is a mammal since it has warm-blood and produces milk to nourish its young; however, it is also a reptile because it lays eggs.

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12
Q

Are different breeds of dogs considered different species?

A

No because they can physically interbreed with one another. Humans can make them interbreed through artificial insemination.

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13
Q

What did a schoolboy find? Its significance?

A

Found a fern-like fossil, known as the Charnia Masoni, that belonged to the Precambrian period (sea pens in coral reefs). It proved that life existed longer than it was perceived before.

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14
Q

What did the discovery of fossils (jellyfish and Masoni prove)?

A

That life did not begin with these complex organisms in the Cambrian explosion rather much earlier with simple, delicate forms.

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15
Q

What did Marie Curie find out?

A

That rocks contain uranium, a radioactive element that decays over time in a process known as radiation.

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16
Q

How are similar species found in different areas of the world?

A
  • Earth once a supercontinent that split apart into the countries we known today
  • still constantly moving as new rock welds up deep below the earth’s crust and comes up/flows ago bringing a continent with it
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17
Q

How does the formation of an eye relate to evolution?

A

Different stages of fully functioning at different levels of complexity exist over time in animals today (different types of eyes). This suggests that each stage of development is an improvement of the previous one (evolved gradually with a great advantage).

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18
Q

What did Mendel do?

A

Discover the law of inheritance with many traits being passed down, and some characteristics being skipped a generation (genes).

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19
Q

What did Crick and Watson do?

A

Discovered the double helix structure of DNA

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20
Q

What did the discovery of DNA support in speciation?

A

A gene from one animal can be placed in another and fully function.

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21
Q

What can genetic fingerprinting reveal?

A

The relationships between organisms.

ex. kangaroos are closely related to koalas

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22
Q

Why are there so many species on Earth?

A

Cells split and diverged creating different chains and different traits as they kept splitting arising different specimens.

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23
Q

What animals did survive during prehistoric explosions?

A

Those with wings.

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24
Q

What evidence did Darwin use to support his theory of evolution by natural selection?

A

His observations that blue tits had great amount of offspring but not all survived to the next generation. On average, 2 survive (replace male and female). Survival of fitness. Noticed breeders would get certain traits based on picking the best trait in the generation before and guessed animals and plants did it in the wild.

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25
What scientific evidence has been discovered since Darwin's time that supports evolution by natural selection?
Genetics, it can show how closely related we are.
26
Why are there so many species on the planet?
The idea that there are so many different habitats and niches that animals and plants occupy leading to different adaptations.
27
What are the members of the family canidae?
Jackals, foxes, wolves, and african wild dogs.
28
What are phylogenies based on?
1. Morphology (similar characteristics like colour, size, structure, etc.) 2. Molecular similarities from genetics (mtDNA sequences)
29
What does more similarities mean in a phylogentic tree?
Closer relationship and more recently diverged.
30
On phylogeny trees, what does it means when all forks go to the same peak?
Exist in modern times.
31
How do wolves compare to dogs in terms of morphological comparisons?
Dogs have curled tails whereas wolves have straight tails. Dogs have more smooth, short coats.
32
How do wolves compare to dogs in terms of molecular comparisons?
Gray wolves and dogs differ by no more than 0.2% in their mtDNA sequences.
33
What is the first hypothesis of how dogs evolved from wolves?
Ancestral wolf pups were domesticated intentionally by early humans - artificial selection.
34
What is the second hypothesis of how dogs evolved from wolves?
Ancestral wolf populations experienced natural selection forces that favoured dog-like characteristics.
35
What are arguments for artificial selection for how dogs evolved from wolves?
It makes intuitive sense that ancestral wolves could be domesticated easily since they are so dog-like. AND early humans would have intentionally bred ancestral wolves.
36
What are arguments against artificial selection for how dogs evolved from wolves?
Why would any humans want to deal with an animal that avoids humans? AND modern wolves cannot be domesticated by training alone, it takes intensive and sophisticated selective breeding.
37
What are argument for natural selection for how dogs evolved from wolves?
Candid are very resourceful and would have found human waste piles good foraging (wolves were living close to humans) AND wolves are shy, skittish animals, so only adventurous one were have stayed close to waste piles while humans were around AND the adventurous ones were best fed WITH the best fitness.
38
What wolves would come in close contact with humans populations first?
Those that could tolerate humans.
39
What would candids do at the food piles?
They would protect their scrap pules from other invading animals, maybe even giving warning calls on strange humans.
40
What did humans give to dogs?
Easy access to high-quality food and a safe "home" to raise their pups.
41
What did the first dogs give humans that is most significant in evolutionary terms?
An early warning system that someone or something is approaching.
42
What did people first select behaviours in dogs for?
Hunting behaviours as they used dogs for this purpose.
43
Where do male and female mosquitoes get their nutrients from?
Plant nectars (sugar for energy).
44
What gender of mosquitoes bite people? Why?
Female as they use amino acids and proteins in the blood for egg development.
45
Why might forest and domestic colonies of mosquitoes have biting preferences?
The olfactory neurons in each colony are sensitized to their preference due to adapations over time. Domestic = human and forest = non-human animals.
46
What is a common requirement of mosquitoes?
Standing or flowing water for larval development in eggs.
47
What are differences in morphological traits between forest and domestic mosquitoes?
Forest = black coloration Domestic = brown coloration
48
What are differences in behavioural traits between forest and domestic mosquitoes?
Forest = laying eggs in natural rainwater sources Domestic = entered human dwellings and laying eggs in drinking water storage containers
49
What are differences in ecological traits between forest and domestic mosquitoes?
Forest = forest habitats (shrubs and heavy greenery) Domestic = domestic habitats (buildings and sparse greenery).
50
What is a hypothesis?
A proposed explanation for a phenomenon based on observations that you can test through an experiment
51
What is a prediction?
A statement about what will happen if a hypothesis is true.
52
Preference index
Shows proportions: one group - another group
53
What are characteristics of threespine sticklebacks?
1. Three dorsal spines = protect from predators 2. Bony lateral plates on sides and pelvic regions
54
How did sticklebacks become adapted to freshwater conditions in BC?
Once the glaciers retreated, islands emerged and trapped water in the lakes that became freshwater over time.
55
What is the double invasion hypothesis of the threespine sticklebacks?
Paxton Lake is home to two different forms of threespine stickleback. The idea is that the first marine population was trapped and became adapted to local conditions in the lake, while others made their way upstream from the ocean into the lake.
56
Limnetic stickleback
Those that feed on zooplankton in the open waters of the lake near the surface and away from the shore.
57
Benthic sticklebackks
Those that feed on larger invertebrates in the muddy lake bottom in the shallow water near the edge of the lake.
58
How does protection differ from limnetic to benthic stickleback?
Limnetic = Protective armor of dorsal and pelvic spines, pelvic girdl, and many lateral plates Benthic = Two dorsal spines, lack pelvic spines and girdle, with few lateral plates
59
Predators of limnetic and benthic stickleback.
Limnetic = Trout Benthic = Backswimmers and dragonfly larvae
60
How do male threespine sticklebacks court females?
- they build nests of vegetation - defend nests from attackers - develops a bright colour - zigzag dance or nips the females fins when she nears their nest
61
Do male threespine sticklebacks protect young?
Yes, they guard the fertilized eggs until they hatch, oxygenating them by fanning the nest with their pectoral fins.
62
Intraspecific communication
Communication within the members of the same species.
63
Interspecific communication
Communication between species.
64
What is interspecific communication important for?
Migratory animals, as they can communicate where predators or food sources are. ex. black capped chickadee and nuthatches.
65
What did niche partitioning show?
That wood warblers were different species as even though they lived in the same area, they foraged in different parts of the tree (sympatric speciation).
66
What may wood warblers show?
Interspecific communication when they move north and south each year.
67
What did Zach notice about the wood warblers?
That the warbler species that travelled long distances produced calls in migration similar to each other.
68
Why do warblers migrate at night?
1. Avoid predation (raptors that usually forage during the day) 2. Avoid overheating (higher altitude to cool themselves down) 3. Use stellar clues to migrate (North Star for direction)
69
How to describe the calls of warblers?
Short, quiet, and high pitched.
70
How to collect warbler calls?
1. Microphone in a bucket that points at the night sky 2. Catch birds, put in cloth bag in a soundproof room (darken) and play a call and record the flight call back from the species (KNOW the exact species calling)
71
What did the light study show for bird species?
Those sites with artificial lights had far more calls than those at dark sites. More species were above lights than dark sites.
72
Why do birds fly near lights more than dark sites?
Lights could be disorientating them, causing them to circle around the site OR they believe the lights are stars for direction.
73
Migration similarity hypothesis
Birds use nocturnal flights calls in flock assembly and navigation, where species with similar calls share similarly migratory journeys.
74
How did Mennill compare flight calls and species?
Compared phlyogenic tree to an acoustic measurement phylogeny. Used GIS to plot the range of each species (migration, breeding, etc.)
75
How did the phylogenetic data compare to the acoustic one?
The greater the phylogenetic distance (more distantly related) the greater the acoustic distance (more different sounds are) OR the more closely related the birds are, the more similar their calls are.
76
What did the GIS data for wood warblers and acoustic calls show?
The greater the distance between breeding grounds (latitudes) the more different their calls are.
77
What did the migration and breeding patterns of wood warblers help.
The migration patterns and breeding patterns will support the acoustic similarity. Acoustic similarity of warbler flight calls corresponds with relatedness and acoustic similarity corresponds to similar migratory journeys .
78
Example of wood warbler that is genetically different but not acoustically.
Birds under some selective pressure to produce similar calls in flocks at the night sky. EXAMPLE --> Worm-eating warbler molecular phylogeny shows that it is very distantly related from other species, but it is acoustically similar to show species (all headed to lowlands of Brazilian forests).
79
What was Mennill's last recording measurement?
Can predict where bird exactly was based on differences in arrival of sound call to each microphone; and how close to flock. By recorder with eight microphones attached to long painter’s poles (mount in buckets) and record to sterorecorders; arranged in a cube (25mx25mx7.3m); record birds sounds as they fly overhead.
80
What was the distance between flocks of high acoustic similarity? Low? What does this mean?
High = small distance Low = larger distance Birds with similar calls fly in closer proximity to flockmates.
81
Where did they collect mosquitoes from in the first study?
Rabai, Kenya
82
How do the forest mosquitoes compare in terms of colour to the domestic ones?
Darker
83
How many mosquitoes species are there?
3,500 to the order Diptera and family Culicidae
84
How is blood-sucking in mosquitoes an ancestral trait?
Researchers found a 46 million-year-old fossil with traces of hemoglobin in its abdomen (before human lifeform).
85
What vector mosquito was the first lab studying?
Zika virus
86
What was the hypothesis for the first mosquitoe study?
That the domestic form prefers to bite humans over other animals because they have undergone a genetic change in their olfactory sensory receptors making them highly sensitive to a distinctly human ordant.
87
What is the hypothesis of the morphs in Paxton Lake (three-spined stickleback)?
The marine population was trapped and became adapted to local conditions in the lake, where additional marine sticklebacks made their way up-stream from the ocean into the lake.
88
Where do three-spine sticklebacks court and care for eggs?
In the benthic area
89
How do three-spined stickleback males mate?
- males build vegetation nests - male performs a zigzag dance or nips at her fins when she enters her territory - male nudges female once she enters the nest = spawn time - males guard the eggs until they hatch
90
What did the artifically fertilized eggs of benthics, limentics, and hybrids reveal?
All had over a 95% survival rates with relatively high numbers (decreasing more in the F2 gen).
91
How many three-spined sticklebacks hybrids were observed in the lake?
Only around 20, less than 1%.
92
What is the new population of squirrel monkeys?
La Cusinga
93
What is the amount of squirrel monkeys that can face extinction?
Groups with less than 15 members.
94
What was the historical separation of squirrel monkeys?
Inhabited a contiguous tropical west forest along the Pacific lowlands of Costa Rica and Panama.
95
Why was Osa population decided to help La Cusinga monkeys?
The forests are less fragmented and therefore support a larger moneky population (better to take from it).
96
How does the La Cusinga population compare to Osa? Manuel?
It more closely resembles the Manuel monkeys than the Osa ones.
97
What was the origin of the Costa Rican squirrel monkey?
Anthropogenic origin from pre-Columbian indigenous people and is a hybrid of its South American relatives.
98
Who disproved the anthropogenic origin of squirrel monkeys?
Cropp and Boinski
99
What is the true origin of squirrel monkeys?
The S. oersteddi diverged from its South American relatives at least 500,000 years before humans began to impact the Americas.
100
What are threats to the conservation status of squirrel monkeys?
Fragmentation from agriculture, timber, tourism, AND pesticide use and pet trade.
101
What does the common mosquito feed on?
Adult females feed on birds
102
What do female common mosquitoes need before laying their eggs?
A blood meal.
103
When do reproduction and feeding stop for common mosquitoes?
In the wither
104
What is a relative of the common mosquito (C. pipiens)?
The underground mosquitoe, culex molestus
105
What do the adult females of underground mosquitoes feed on?
Humans and rodents
106
Do the underground mosquitoes need to feed on blood before egg release?
No
107
Where do common and underground mosquitoes lay their eggs?
Common = eggs in stagnant water in open areas Underground = confined spaces
108
When does reproduction and feeding stop for underground mosquitoes?
It does not stop.
109
Where does the C. molestus exist?
In parts of western Europe, including London.
110
How did the London population of C. molestus arise?
1. Some individuals of C. molestus from elsewhere in Europe were accidently carried/migrated to London 2. Some individuals of C. pipiens from London moved into the underground tunnel system, where selection favoured traits beneficial for the underground environment
111
What did Byrne and Nichols conclude about the C. molestus and C. pipiens populations?
1. London C. molestus populations are more closely related to nearby London C. pipiens surface populations than to other C. molestus populations 2. Because of their genetic similarity, it’s possible that the London C. molestus populations and the nearby London C. pipiens surface populations share a very recent common ancestor 3. This divergence of London C. molestus from London C. pipiens most likely would have occurred since construction of the London underground first began...only 150 years!
112
What was the gentic simialrity between C. molestus and C. pipiens (founder effect)?
The underground C. molestus population was only 25% of the surface C. pipiens population.
113
What kind of divergence is from the theory of Byrnes in Nichols?
One-time divergence
114
For their reproduction experiments, what did Byrne and Nichols do?
Paired: - C. molestus females with C. molestus males from the same underground location in London (control) – C. molestus females with C. molestus males from different underground locations in London – C. molestus females with C. pipiens males from surface populations in London
115
What were the results of the Byrne and Nichols reproduction study?
1. C. molestus females paired with C. molestus males from the same underground location in London produced viable, fertilized eggs 2. C. molestus females paired with C. molestus males from different underground locations in London produced viable, fertilized eggs 3. C. molestus females with C. pipiens males from surface populations in London did not produce offspring
116
What are C. molestus and C. pipiens most likely separated by?
Behavioural isolation
117
What were the conclusions of the Byrne and Nichole case study?
The C. molestus population adapted from a small group of C. pipiens surface population that migrated to the subway tunnel system in the last 150 years. They became more adapted to their environment that mating was no longer possible.
118
What was Becker mosquitoe study?
- they collected pipiens and molestus from different locations in Europe - several other related species of mosquitoes from other regions - examined genes and created a family tree
119
What were the conclusions of the Becker study?
1. C. molestus and C. pipiens are likely separate species 2. Regardless of geographic location, all of the populations of C. molestus group together and all of the populations of C. pipiens group together 3. Divergence of C. molestus and C. pipiens in Europe likely happened one time in one location, rather than independently in multiple locations 4. The London underground mosquito probably does not represent a local divergence from aboveground C. pipiens

Speciation (3 decks)

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