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Modern World History > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of Absolutism

A

All power held by the King
No limitations on his power
He can proclaim laws, levy taxes, declare war, and appoint officials
All power is held by the king not nobles (opposite of earlier periods)

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2
Q

Divine Right

A

Belief that a king’s authority came directly from God

Only God could judge the King

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3
Q

King Louis XIV

A

Absolute monarch over France
Symbol was the Sun King Apollo
Established the theories of absolutism

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4
Q

Palace of Versaille

A

Consisted of the Hall of Mirrors which was used to intimidate people
King, nobles, and government ministers lived at Versailles
Louis XIV was painted all over the palace (glorification of Louis XIV)
Illustrated the power of France (remember the mirrors)

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5
Q

Natural Rights

A

Inalienable rights that people are born with like life, liberty, and property

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6
Q

Philosophes

A

Use of reasoning to improve society (not religion)
Natural laws
Happiness in the world is inalienable
Humans could achieve progress in society through reasoning not religion

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7
Q

Locke

A

Humans were the product of their education, training, experience
Believed in natural rights to life, liberty, and property
Social contract between ruler and his people
Ruler can be overthrown if they violate the social contract

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8
Q

Hobbes

A

Social contract theory
Humans were naturally bad
Supported absolutism

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9
Q

Enlightenment’s Affect on Absolutism

A 
Questioned absolute authority (Montesquieu who believed in a division of power )
Inspired revolutions (Locke’s beliefs on overthrowing the ruler)
Where does power derive from? God or the people (popular sovereignty)?
Intellectual attacks on the church (promote freedom of religion)
Freedom of speech and the press
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10
Q

Political Causes of French Revolution

A

Resentment of royal absolutism
The King Louis XVI had total control over the government (issues, enforces, and interprets laws)
Louis XVI was clueless, incompetent, did not know how to lead
Estates general had not met for 175 without anyone’s opinion on the government
Censorship of the press

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11
Q

Economic Causes of French Revolution

A

Louis XVI refused to implement economic reforms proposed by Necker
Louis did not effectively deal with the debt (Loans, extravagant spending, Wars)
The 1st estate and 2nd estate (wealthy) not taxed
Poor harvest led to the high cost of bread (eventually led to Women’s March)

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12
Q

Social/Intellectual causes of the french revolution

A

Resentment of noble privileges (class warfare)
Rise of Enlightenment
Desire by women for power (women’s march)
Class warfare (nobility vs bourgeoisie vs peasantry)
Inspiration from American Revolution

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13
Q

Estates System

A

Social classes of France
1st Estate - Clergy - pray for france
2nd Estate - Nobility - fight for france
3rd Estate - Peasants + Bourgeoisie - work for France (paid taxes)

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14
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

middle class of France, educated class

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15
Q

Guillotine

A

In beginning: Enlightened machine, great equalizer, humane way to die
In end: weapon of mass murder, form of horror, associated with France forever

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16
Q

Robespierre

A

Leader of the committee of public safety
Executed anyone who was not loyal or patriotic to the French government
Killed by those who were afraid they would be executed themselves
Promoted civic virtue, anti religion, and loved Rousseau

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17
Q

Estates General Meeting

A

Called to deal with France’s debt
People showed up with cahiers, which are a list of grievances
Voting:
1 vote by estate instead of by person/population
The First and second estate would join together to block the 3rd estate
OR by population (which would benefit 3rd estate)

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18
Q

Tennis Court Oath

A

Third estate renamed to national assembly
Louis barred them from the estates general meeting
In response they went to Tennis Courts and formed an oath
Oath: would not disband until constitution

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19
Q

Storming of Bastille

A

Belief that Louis was sending an army against the people (needed weapons)
Symbol of royal tyranny (power)

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20
Q

Declaration of Rights of Man and citizen

A

Equal rights for all men
Purpose of government was to serve the people and protect their natural rights
Freedom religion, press, and speech

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21
Q

Women’s March to Versaille

A

Desire by Parisian women for bread and the lowering of its cost
Force Louis and Marie back to Paris
Illustrative of the violent power of women

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22
Q

Flight to Varennes

A

Louis and Marie tried to escape to Austria to get soldiers
Caught and executed
Found guilty of treason

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23
Q

Reign of Terror

A

Led by Robespieree and his committee of public safety
Anti religion
Targeted anti revolutionaries
Robespierre was executed since they were afraid they would executed next

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24
Q

Coup d’etat

A

Sudden and violent overthrow of an existing government by a military leader

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25
Napoleon Domestic Policies
Plebiscites: vote by the people of an entire country to decide an issue Economic: prices and supply control, Bank of France, banned trade unions, new currency (Francs), sold Louisiana Territory Education: emphasis on patriotism, created lycees (schools), Napoleonic Code Concordant of 1801: brought back the Roman Catholic Church in France
26
Napoleon's Foreign Policies
Egypt: took antiquities Haiti: gave up on them and granted independence Continental System: all trade with Great Britain was forbidden and all good coming and going were seized Confederation of the Rhine: took over German states Peninsular War: GB & Spain vs Nap Invasion of Russia
27
Scorched Earth Policy
Russia policy to burn crops and slaughter animals as Napoleon’s forces go deeper into Russia
28
Invasion of Russia (include number of troops)
Scorched Earth Policy 600,000 French troops vs 100,000 Russian troops Napoleon was forced to retreat (Great Retreat) Winter set in and Russians attacked using guerilla warfare 40,000 French troops thousand survived
29
100 Days Campaign
Napoleon’s last bid for power
30
Battle of Waterloo
Napoleon’s final battle Lost to Duke of Wellington (British) Exiled again
31
Legacy
Domestic policies were significant and good Foreign policies were power hungry (bit off more than what he could chew) military genius Insitituded slavery in the colonies
32
Social Structure of Saint Domingue
White landowners, White merchants and shopkeepers Mulattoes (mixed race) Enslaved ‘90% of the population’
33
Economic Importance of Haiti
Sugar, indigo, coffee
34
Political Causes of Haitian Revolution
90% of the population did not have any political rights Absolutism (French king is in charge of the island) Lack of freedom of speech, press
35
Economic Causes of Haitian Revolution
90% of the island could not participate in building any personal wealth Profits from sugar and coffee were being made by 10% of the island and Frenchmen back in France Slavery is free labor
36
Social/Intellectual Causes of the Haitian Revolution
Inspiration from French revolution Slavery (Racial divide) Enlightenment ideas & inspiration
37
Toussaint L’Ouverture
Leader of Haitian Revolution
38
Agricultural Revolution
They grew more food Crop rotation Seed drill Better breeding of livestock
39
Enclosure Method
Land developers purchased community land and enclosed it Turned it from farm land to grazing land (Sheep) Wool for textile industry Unemployed became labor force for the industrial revolution
40
Why did the agricultural revolution start in Great Britain?
``` Natural resources Expanding economy Banking system Surplus of human labor Political stability Geographic advantages ```
41
Textile importance in industrial revolution
First industrial revolution industry Wool from enclosure method First inventions were textile related
42
Factory System
``` Powered at first by water then to steam Produce more good at a cheaper rate Poor working conditions Child labor Employment of mothers = rise in infant mortality and children were weak and uneducated ```
43
Important Inventions in the Industrial Revolution
Textile industry: inventions were made that sped up the number of threads that could be processed creating stronger material and mass amounts of material Transportation: trains (also railroads) and steamboats to transport people and goods in larger quantities and at a faster speed
44
Importance of Rail roads
Cheap transport = industrial growth New labor jobs Cheap transport = more food and fish = more agriculture People could take distance jobs and travel more
45
Positives of Industrialization
``` More jobs More and cheaper goods Higher standard of living + hope Healthier population Technological progress ```
46
Negatives of Industrialization
Poor living conditions (disease, dirty, crowded) Low life expectancy Poor working conditions Child labor Isolation from others + sexual promiscuity Rise of crime
47
Role of Women in industry
Worked in factories and made money
48
Entrepreneurs
A person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business
49
Communism
Considered a complete/pure form of socialism Theory is that all land, mines, factories, railroads, and business are owned by the people Private property would cease to exist because all goods and services would be shared equally Government would cease to exist
50
Socialism
an economic system in which factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all Developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the Communist Manifesto Government should control factories, mines,railroads, and plan out production. The bourgeoisie (middle class) vs the proletariat (workers)
51
capitalism
an economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit Developed by Adam Smith in the Wealth of Nations Promoted laissez-faire economics (no government interference in business) Factories are owned by private individuals
52
Unions
The joining of workers in voluntary labor associations to push for remorse (collective bargaining)
53
Political Causes of Imperialism
Naval ships needed ports around the world | Taking of land to prohibit another country from growing too large (maintain a balance of power)
54
Economic Causes of Imperialism
Access to natural resources New markets to sell goods Outlet for a growing population (new areas to live and work)
55
Social causes of imperialism
Missionaries, doctors, officials believed they had a duty to spread the ‘blessings of western of civilizations’ Medicine, law, religion Social darwinism
56
Berlin Conference
Conference of European countries set down rules for establishing colonies Did not invite officials from Africa
57
Militarism
1800’s, rise of glorification of war and keeping an army prepared for war
58
Alliance System
Started with Ottoman Von Bismarck | Distrust among countries led to the creation of alliances
59
Nationalism
Deep devotion to country Germany was a proud, unified country France wanted revenge for Franco Prussian War Russia had to defend all Slavs Austria-Hungary is FEARFUL/HATES nationalism b/c of potential revolts from their minority population
60
Imperialism
Competition for colonies led to rivalry and mistrust
61
Assassination
Serbian terrorist group assassinated Hungarian heir to the throne Austria - Hungary After heir to the throne is assassinated, Serbia refused to give in Austria’s ultimatum to help in the investigation of the assassination Germany Kaiser Wilhelm II was horrified by assassination so gave Austria a ‘blank check’ Russia Germany and Austria refused to back down and Russia pledged to defend Slavic states like Serbia France Triple Entente alliance and revenge for Franco - Prussian War GB Germany invaded Belgium
62
Gavrilo Princip
Serbian Terrorist who assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand
63
Schlieffen Plan
Purpose was for Germany avoid a two front war between France and Russia Planned to defeat France quickly, then go after Russia Germany had to march through neutral Belgium, depended on Russia mobilizing slowly, and depended on France being taken down quickly Plan failed, Results in a two front war, Stalemate with trench warfare
64
Trench Warfare
Characteristics of ‘no man’s land’ -Huge craters from shelling -No vegetation -Barbed wire -Machine gun fire Movements at the front -Assaults happened just before and after dawn -Daytime nothing happened, relatively safe -Poison gas was in the morning due to cold air -Night was used for raiding and investigating
65
New Weapons in WW1
Poison gas Machine guns Tanks
66
Total War
Channeling a nation’s resources into the war effort
67
Propaganda
Designed to keep morale up for the war Each side bashed the other side in print Censored the press Kept casualty figures and depressing news from the people
68
Role of women in WW1
Took over men’s jobs Working in manufacturing and industry Worked as military nurses
69
Political Causes of Russian Rev
Russia was an autocracy, form of government with total power, Nicholas II dissolved Russia’s first parliament Rise of revolutionary movements such as the Bolsheviks WWI revealed the weakness of the Tsar’s rule (869) Provisional Government continued to fight in WWI, Provisional Government is weak
70
Economic Causes of Russian Rev
Growth of factories brought problems such as grueling working conditions, low wages, and child labor Government outlawed trade unions During WWI, there were food and fuel shortages as well as inflation
71
Social/Intellectual Causes of Russian Revolution
Russia wanted a uniform culture Other religions and languages besides the Russian Orthodox Church and Russian were not tolerated Russia kept an eye on its citizens (private letters, schools)
72
Bolsheviks
Radical Marxist group led by Lenin that overthrew the government
73
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Russia, under Bolshevik rule, surrendered a large part of its territory to Germany Public found it humiliating
74
Lusitania
A british ship destroyed by the germans that had americans on board Angered american public BUT did not push into the war IMMEDIATELY
75
Zimmerman Telegram
Germany asked mexico to attack america Britain intercepted and showed the US US got angry and entered the war
76
Utilization of colonies in the war
Europe ran out of men so they turned to their colonies They unloaded ships, carried ammunition, dug trenches, help injured men Some fought GB has segregated units while France had unified ones
77
Paris Peace Conference & feelings of the countries & outcome
Held to determine the treaty to end WW1 The big four held all the power (US, GB, France, Italy) Germany was forced to sign or risk invasion, they were humiliated and bitter US wanted 14 points GB wanted Germany to pay and wanted to rebuild Britain France wanted to cripple Germany so it could never rise up again Italy wanted the territories promised at the beginning of the war
78
Fourteen Points
Wilson’s points to prevent a future war Arms reductions No secret alliances & creation of global group Redraw Borders properly and grant sovereignty to all nationalities of Austria Equal trade and fair colonial claims
79
Treaty of Versailles
Bullied Germany by making them pay reparations, reduce their military, give up territory, admit fault, and humiliate the german people Germany wanted revenge due to this

Modern World History (11 decks)

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