Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
The flowers of Labrador Willow and Arctic Willow use hairs to create a greenhouse effect that helps generate and retain heat
True or False
A
True
2
Q
In the tundra, most of the bird song comes from:
A) from the mudflats in Hudson Bay at low tide B) from the tops of the tallest trees C) from the tops of dwarf trees D) from the tops of raised beach ridges E) from the sky
A
E) from the sky
3
Q
When granite is exposed to great heat and pressure, it becomes:
a) marble
b) igneous rock
c) basalt
d) gneiss
e) mean
A
d) gneiss
4
Q
Physiographic regions are defined by:
a) the lay of the land and the bedrock type
b) the amount of rainfall
c) the average daily temperature
d) biodiversity
d) all of the above
A
a) the lay of the land and the bedrock type
5
Q
A forest region is defined by:
a) the diversity of trees
b) its diversity of habitats
c) the total number of species of flora and fauna
d) the type of bedrock underneath it
e) the dominant canopy-forming trees
A
e) the dominant canopy-forming trees
6
Q
Ontario is expanding northward at the rate of about 400 metres every hundred years.
True False
A
True
7
Q
What is the average daily temperature in the Tundra ecological zone?
a) - 25 deg C
b) 0 deg C
c) - 6 deg C
d) + 6 deg C
e) none of the above
A
c) - 6 deg C
8
Q
Which of these would you consider NOT an Indicator Species for the Tundra?
a) Hudsonian Godwit
b) Arctic Willow
c) Arctic Fox
d) Yellow Warbler
e) Walrus
A
d) Yellow Warbler
9
Q
If you pour HCl on a rock and it effervesces:
a) the rock is acidic
b) the rock contains water
c) the rock contains calcium chloride
d) the rock contains carbon dioxide
e) the rock is stoned
A
c) the rock contains calcium chloride
10
Q
Glaciers last scoured Ontario this many years ago:
a) 1 million
b) 1 billion
c) 400 million
d) ten thousand
e) one thousand
A
d) ten thousand
11
Q
The oldest rock in Ontario is:
a) limestone
b) sedimentary
c) granite
d) the Rolling Stones
e) all of the above
A
c) granite
12
Q
This animal group is absent from the Tundra ecological region:
a) woodpeckers
b) bears
c) mice
d) deer (any species)
e) none of the above are found in the Tundra
A
a) woodpeckers
13
Q
In the Tundra Ecological Region there are no trees except for very small willows (i.e., Arctic Willow) and Dwarf Birch.
True or False
A
False
14
Q
The boundary between the Tundra Ecological Region and the Hudson Bay Lowland Ecological Region is:
a) Hudson Bay
b) the Canadian Shield
c) the tree line
d) James Bay
e) all of the above
A
c) the tree line
15
Q
Moving water carries and sorts material by size and weight. Only the slowest moving water would carry this particle size:
a) silt
b) sand
c) clay
d) gravel
e) boulder
A
c) clay
16
Q
A dominant type of ground cover for most of the Tundra is:
a) lichen
b) American Dune Grass
c) Seaside Lungwort
d) White Spruce
e) all of the above
A
a) lichen
17
Q
Ground that is permanently frozen is called:
a) loess
b) permafrost
c) basalt
d) ice
e) isostatic rebound
A
b) permafrost
18
Q
The Hudson Bay Lowland has several railways and major highways running through it.
True or False
A
False
19
Q
Large amounts of clay were deposited in the Hudson Bay Lowland by:
a) Hudson Bay
b) the Brant River
c) the glaciers
d) wind
e) the Tyrrell Sea
A
e) the Tyrrell Sea
20
Q
Which type of lichen colonizes bare rock?
a) foliose
b) fruticose
c) arboreal
d) crustose
e) blanket
A
d) crustose
21
Q
The toal number of species of flora and fauna is the:
a) habitat
b) physiological region
c) biodiversity
d) ecological region
A
c) biodiversity
22
Q
Abiotic factors refer to non-living conditions such as temperature and precipitation
True or False
A
True
23
Q
The rock under and given area is called:
a) sedimentary rock
b) bedrock
c) ground rock
d) limestone
A
b) bedrock
24
Q
Which of the following is a sedimentary rock:
a) gneiss
b) limestone
c) granite
d) ingenus rock
A
b) limestone
25
Sedimentary rock is rich in calcium and basic in pH whereas igneous rock usually lacks calcium and is hard and acidic
True or False
True
26
Granite can be transformed into ______ and limestone can be transformed into _____
a) marble; gneiss
b) igneous; marble
c) gneiss; marble
c) gneiss; marble
27
_______ rocks usually underlie flat terrain known as lowlands whereas _______ rocks underly chilly terrain known as highlands
sedimentary; igneous & metamorphic
28
Metamophosed rocks take on new properties compared to their parent rock
True or False
False
29
A large rock that has been moved onto a different type of rock is called:
a) glacial eruptions
b) stacking
c) glacial erratic
d) glacial movement
c) glacial erratic
30
Lichens are symbiotic relationships between ______ and ________
fungi; algae
31
Glacial refugia refers to:
a) a geographic region with glaciers
b) a geographic region that allowed survival of flora and fauna in times of ice age
c) a burrow that allows animals to survive in the arctic
d) a rock on top of a different rock
b) a geographic region that allowed survival of flora and fauna in times of ice age
32
Which trees would be expected to colonize new soil?
a) coniferous trees
b) shade tolerant trees
c) poplar and white birches
d) white birches and sugar maples
c) poplar and white birches (shade intolerant)
33
Which physiographic region does the tundra lie in?
a) Hudson bay lowland
b) The boreal forest
c) The tundra lowland
d) Canadian shield
a) Hudsonbay lowland
34
North of the arctic watershed the river drains into the _______ and south of this the water drains into the _______
Hudson bay; Great lakes
35
Which of the following colonizes sand?
a) lichens
b) american dune grass
c) Crusose
d) reindeer lichen
b) american dune grass
36
Halophytic plants are light loving plants
true or false
False - they are salt-tolerant: they have fleshy leaves for storing water and for protection and have glands for removing salt
37
Mudflatsare rich in invertebrates and are important for which types of birds?
Sandpipers and plovers
Their different bill size allows for niche partitioning
38
Sphagnum mossess colonize:
a) rocks
b) sand
c) wetlands
c) wetlands
39
_______ are calcium-loving lichens
Xanthoria
40
What site conditions in the tundra cause challenges for plants?
Cold (-6), permafrost, wind, lack of nutrients, short growing system (+0): less than 140 days
41
Dwarf Labrador willow exhibits _______ dwarfism and Dwarf birches exhibit _______ dwarfism
Genotypic; phenotypic
42
Which of the following is a plant adaption for the tundra:
a) cold hardy
b) small size
c) low, creeping growth
d) clump growth
d) retain leaves year round
e) dark colours
f) hairy leaves
g) all of the above
g) all of the above
43
Meadow voles are groundhogs are commonly found in the tundra
True or False
True - they are true hibernators
44
What does an endemic refer to?
Things that are only found in a specific area and no where else
45
The annual temperature of the HBL is:
a) -6
b) -3 to -6
c) +3 to -3
d) 0
b) -3 to -6
46
The Tundra and HBL both experience continuous permafrost
True or False
False- HBL experiences discontinuous permafrost
47
2 categories of peatlands: ____ minerals received only come from rainfall and ______ nutrients are received from moving water and thus have more nutrients
Bogs; Fens
48
What colonizes water?
Sedges
sometimes spagnum moss
49
What is peat moss made of?
Plants that are not fully decomposed
It occurs when growth is faster than decomposition - if it was the other way around true soil would form
50
When peat >45 cm it is called a _______
muskeg
51
One exception to the flatness of the HBL is the ______, made up of Precambrian rocks surrounded by younger sedimentary rock. This place's a nesting place for the ______
Sutton Hills/Ridges/Inlier; Golden eagle
52
What is a disjunct population?
Population found in one location but then are not found for hundreds+ miles in surrounding area
ex. On sutton hills are rock polyps, greenland sandwort, and alpine brook saxifrage
53
The boreal forest is located on what physiographic region?
a) hudson bay lowlands
b) Canadian shield
c) St.Lawrence - great lakes
b) Canadian shield
54
What is the dominant rock in the boreal forest?
Precambrian (1-3 billion years old)
55
Which of the following is not a common tree in the boreal forest?
a) black spruce
b) white spruce
c) balsam fir
d) arctic willow
d) arctic willow
56
Near the coastline of Hudson and James bays you will find this habitat:
a) saltwater marsh
b) raised beach ridge
c) mud flats
d) coastal sand dune
e) all of the above
e) all of the above
57
Red Knots are noteworthy because:
a) none of the above
b) they live in James Bay salt marshes
c) the endangered rufa subspecies feeds in James Bay prior to migrating south
d) they nest in the Tundra
e) they nest in the Hudson Bay Lowland
c) the endangered rufa subspecies feeds in James Bay prior to migrating south
58
One feature of the Hudson Bay Lowland Ecological Region is continuous permafrost.
True or False
False
59
Which of these small mammals is NOT found in the Tundra ecoregion:
a) Meadow Jumping Mouse
b) Meadow Vole
c) Star-nosed Mole
d) Groundhog
e) Northern Bog Lemming
c) Star-nosed Mole
60
Which of these is NOT found in the Hudson Bay Lowland ecological region:
a) Gray Jay
b) Hudsonian Godwit
c) Northern Shrike
d) Lesser Yellowlegs
e) All of the above are found near James Bay
e) All of the above are found near James Bay
61
This plant is a Hudson Bay Endemic:
a) Dwarf Labrador Tea
b) American Dune Grass
c) Lepage Wild Flax
d) Hudsonian Godwit
e) Seabeach Lungwort
c) Lepage Wild Flax
62
What statement concerning the Hudson Bay Physiographic Region is NOT true:
a) Both the Hudson Bay Ecological Region and the Tundra Ecological Region are situated on this physiographic region
b) The Hudson Bay Lowland bedrock is comprised of igneous and metamorphic rock
c) thick clay and silt deposits were left by the Tyrrell Sea on top of the bedrock
d) Stranded Beach Ridges are evidence of the former shorelines of the Tyrrell Sea
e) The Sutton Hills are the only major source of relief in this physiographic region
b) The Hudson Bay Lowland bedrock is comprised of igneous and metamorphic rock
63
If you visited the Sutton Ridges, you would expect to see:
a) Arctic Foxes
b) Arctic Terns
c) disjunct populations of plants
d) Sparrow's-egg Lady's-slippers
e) all of the above
c) disjunct populations of plants
64
If you canoed down the Attawaspikat River, from your canoe you might expect to see:
a) Walruses and Ringed Seals
b) Arctic Foxes and Tundra Swans
c) calciphilic orchids and Butterwort
d) Great Sundew and Lesser Yellowlegs
e) all of the above
c) calciphilic orchids and Butterwort
65
There are continuous tracts of spruce and fir forest in the Hudson Bay Lowland Ecological Region.
True or False
True - mainly as fringes along rivers and along raised beach ridges
66
Layering is:
a) how sedimentary rock is formed
b) how igneous rock is formed
c) how metamorphic rock is formed
d) how some species of trees reproduce
e) none of the above
d) how some species of trees reproduce
67
Both bull and cow Woodland Caribou grow (and shed) antlers every year
True or False
True - only members of the deer family in which the females grow antlers
68
Shorebirds from farther north fatten up on James Bay mudflats before migrating south.
True or False
True
69
Which of these statements concerning the Hudson Bay Lowland Ecological Region is NOT true:
a) Much of the Hudson Bay Lowland is dry because of isostatic rebound
b) Lesser Yellowlegs and Northern Shrikes are Indicator Species for the muskeg habitat in summer
c) Calciphilic plants such as Sparrow's-egg Lady's-slipper can be found along the shores of the rivers flowing through the Hudson Bay Lowland ecological region
d) rivers create important habitats by depositing material along their shores
e) Sphagnum Moss is one of the most dominant and powerful plants in the Hudson Bay Lowland ecological region
a) Much of the Hudson Bay Lowland is dry because of isostatic rebound
70
The Weasel family is very well represented in the Boreal Forest Ecological Region
true or false
True
71
Which of these statements is NOT TRUE concerning peatlands:
a) sphagnum moss makes a habitat more acidic and nutrient poor
b) Sphagnum moss is the dominant plant in peatlands
c) the greatest diversity of a peatland is found at its youngest edge (the sphagnum lawn)
d) decomposition must be slower than the growth of moss for peatlands to form
e) peat that is less than 45 cm thick and contains less than 45% water is called muskeg
e) peat that is less than 45 cWHAT m thick and contains less than 45% water is called muskeg
72
Which tree needles can you not roll in between your fingers?
a) black spruce
b) white spruce
c) balsam fir
c) balsam fir
73
What is the term for low light hunting
a) diurnal
b) crepuscular
c) nocturnal
b) crepuscular
74
This bird is nomadic and only nest when they find a huge cross of spruces:
a) sandpipers
b) plovers
c) white-winged crossbills
d) greenland sandwort
c) white-winged crossbills
75
The cape may warbler, Tennessee warbler, and bay-breasted warbler depend on which famous caterpillar for their survival?
The spruce budworm
They engage in resource partiioning
76
Which bird benefits from beadwork outbreaks, has 2 colour morphs, and typically engages in mixed mating?
White-throated sparrow
The white stripe is more aggressive and the tan strip is more nurturing
77
Which type of beetle chews very wavy patterns under the bark?
a) bark beetles
b) flat-headed borer beetles
c) longhorn beetles
a) bark beetles
78
Near the coastline of Hudson and James bays you will find this habitat:
```
A) saltwater marsh
B) raised beach ridge
C) mud flats
D) coastal sand dune
E) all of the above`
```
E) all of the above
79
Which of the following birds are NOT non-migratory?
A) Boreal Chikadees
B) Canada Jay
C) Lesser Yellowlegs
C) Lesser Yellowlegs
80
Canada Jays are year round residents. What adaptations allow them to live here throughout the winter?
They have enlarged salivary glands they use to coat their food before storing it under loose bark and lichens on spruce trees
They also have remarkable spatial memory (enlarged hippocampus) for remembering where their food is stored
81
Which insect lives inside leaves making snakelike patterns throughout
Lead and Serpentine miners
82
Many butterflies in one area picking up nutrients is referred to as ________
puddling
83
What would you expect to see if there was an outbreak of forest tent caterpillars?
Defoliated forests
84
Which of the following is a cavity adopter?
```
A) Common goldeneye
B) Hooded Merganser
C) Northern Flying squirrels
D) Grey and Boreal Owls
E) All of the above
```
E) All of the above
85
What adaptations do beetles have that draw them to burnt areas?
Some have smoke detectors near base of legs
Long-horned beetles have detectors for sex pheromones of bark beetles which tells them where the trees are
86
What adaptations do beavers have for water?
Ears, eyes, and nose on the top of their head
Large hind feet
Scaly tails
oily skin
membrane over eyes
Ear valves
87
What is the beavers main sense?
A) Touch
B) Sight
C) Smell
D) Hearing
C) Smell
88
What are beavers teeth reinforced with?
Iron
they have enamel in the front and dentine in the back which is softer and it eventually wears to give them sharp teeth
89
What are scent mounds?
They are made by beavers by rubbing their anal glands on the mounds
This signals their territory
90
Why are plants in beaver ponds so important for moose?
Very high in sodium - they get their years worth and store it in their tune
Symbiotic relationship - moose get their food digested by bacteria, the bacteria stays in rumen
91
Define teneral
Stage of dragonflies when wings aren't hardened yet
92
Define eclosion
Dragonflies coming out of their shell
93
The common grackle is a major predator for which insect?
Dragonflies - they are experts at finding dragonflies undergoing eclosion
94
Which is NOT true regarding American toads
A) they are freeze-tolerant
B) They do external fertilization
C) They burrow in the ground for winter
D) They only go to water to lay their eggs
A) they are freeze-tolerant
95
Painted turtles are freeze tolerant
True or False
False - only their hatchlings are
96
How do muskrats differ from beavers?
Have a side-to-side flattened tail rather than top-to-bottom
Lodges are composed of plant vegetation
Pink toenails
97
What is the biggest predator for beavers?
Wolves
98
Beaver meadows are important sources of ______ and _______ which are in low quality in the boreal forest
Nitrogen and phosphorus
99
The Boreal forest has less peatland than the Hudson Bay Lowland
True or False
True - this is due to the Canadian shield and the significant relief
100
Where do loons nest?
Typically on islands right on the waters edge - forming a mound surrounded by water
101
_______ are filter feeders as larvae but as adults they suck blood and can detect humans with their carbon dioxide detectors
Black flies
102
Define serotinous cones
Jack pine cones that have a delayed opening after being burnt (requires 50 degrees C)
103
How often do forest fires occur?
Fires occur every 50-100 years but this is increasing
104
What environmental factors in the West Boreal Forest increase likelihood of fires?
```
Low precipitation
High lightning storms
Flat land and wind from prairies
Conifers are highly combustible
Warm temperatures
```
105
How do black spruce survive forest fires?
They have semi serotinous cones
106
Muskeg is very common in the Western Boreal
True or False
False - there is no muskeg due to increased decomposition
107
Where are the oldest rocks in Ontario found?
Western boreal near Red Lake
They are >3 billion years old
108
Where are the borders of the Superior Boreal?
Along the northern shore of Lake superior between Thunder Bay and Wawa
109
Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake in the world
True or False
True
82,000km2 and up to 400m deep
110
What factors increase the biodiversity in Superior Boreal compared to other parts?
Body of water impacts the temperature in both summer and winter
High elevation
Great variety of igneous and metamorphic rock types (more acidic)
Basalt islands - volcanic rick that is basic in pH
111
Which of the following plants is a disjunct population found in the superior boreal?
```
A) Butterwort
B) Alpine Brook Saxifrages
C) American Dune Grass
D) Sparrow's Egg Ladyslipper
E) Rock polypody
F) All of the above
```
F) All of the above
112
what is special about Pitcher's Thistle
It is a Great Lakes Endemic 1
113
Beavers create important habitats in the Boreal Forest. Their ponds are important because they provide water for animals to drink and to cool themselves with on hot days.
True or False
False
114
Which of these statements concerning the Boreal Forest are NOT true:
A) Sawfly larvae eat the needles of conifers
B) Wolverine live in some of the remote regions of the Boreal Forest
C) Snowshoe Hares and Lynx have a cycle that peaks about every twenty years
D) Conifers are the dominant group of trees in the Boreal Forest
It lies entirely on the Canadian Shield
C) Snowshoe Hares and Lynx have a cycle that peaks about every twenty years
115
Spruce Grouse eat Black Spruce needles and the needles/leaves of:
```
A) all of the above
B) Trembling Aspen
C) Balsam Fir
D) White Birch
E) Jack Pine
```
E) Jack Pine
116
Because of all of the shallow streams and rapids in rivers, Black Flies are very common in the Boreal Forest
True or False
True
117
The presence of lots of White Pines tells you that you have left the Boreal Forest and are now in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Forest Region.
True or False
TRue
118
This is NOT true concerning Balsam Fir:
A) it has flat needles
B) it is a coniferous tree and retains its leaves year-round
C) it is common in the Western Boreal because it likes moist habitats
D) it has a very pointed shape
E) It is an important food for Moose in winter
C) it is common in the Western Boreal because it likes moist habitats
It is actually too dry
119
This plant might be considered to be an Indicator Species for the Western Boreal Forest:
```
A) Black Spruce
B) Bunchberry
C) Prairie Crocus
D) Sphagnum Moss
E) All of the above
```
C) Prairie Crocus
120
Jack Pine seeds are an important food for White-winged Crossbills and Red Squirrels
True or False
False - they cant open them
121
This is NOT true about Woodland Caribou and Wabakimi parks:
A) western winds play a big role in their ecology
B) they are wilderness parks
C) both are on the Canadian Shield
D) they both have many lakes with islands
E) they are National Parks
E) they are National Parks
122
Pink Lady's-slippers grow best in warm, basic pH soils
True or False
False
123
Islands are important sites for these animals:
```
A) Common Terns
B) Moose
C) Herring Gulls
D) Woodland Caribou
E) All of the above
```
E) All of the above
124
Flying Squirrels live in tree cavities and are active only at night
True or False
True
125
Kirtland's Warblers:
A) eat a lot of Spruce Budworm caterpillars
B) live only in stands of young Jack Pine that are between 5 and 15 years old
C) are common in the Western Boreal Forest
D) are one of the "Budworm Warblers"
E) all of the above
B) live only in stands of young Jack Pine that are between 5 and 15 years old
126
Which statement is NOT true concerning the Western Boreal Forest:
A) the soil is very thin and there is a lot of exposed rock
B) Jack Pines and Balsam Fir are the dominant tree species
C) red-sided Garter Snakes are found here
D) it is the warmest and driest part of the Boreal Forest Ecological Region
E) a western variety of Painted Turtle is found here
B) Jack Pines and Balsam Fir are the dominant tree species
127
Fire:
A) burns off the duff layer exposing mineral soil beneath
B) provides dead trees that are important for beetles and woodpeckers
C) is essential for Jack Pine regeneration
D) indirectly helps Black Bears by providing habitat for some of their favourite foods
E) all of these statements are true
E) all of these statements are true
128
This is NOT true concerning Wabakimi and Woodland Caribou Provincial Parks:
A) they both are situated on the Canadian Shield physiographic Region
B) they are classified as Wilderness Parks
C) logging is done in these parks by clearcutting the forest
D) one reason they were established was to protect Woodland Caribou
they receive less precipitation than many other parts of the Boreal Forest
C) logging is done in these parks by clearcutting the forest
129
This is NOT true concerning the Boreal Forest:
A) Bald Eagles and Ospreys eat fish in Boreal Forest lakes
B) Muskeg is rare in the Western Boreal Forest
C) Many types of Skimmer dragonflies lay their eggs in beaver ponds
D) Hooded Mergansers nest among rocks on the shores of islands because they are safer sites
E) Bunchberry, Canada Mayflower, and Clintonia are common wildflowers that live in acidic, coniferous woods
D) Hooded Mergansers nest among rocks on the shores of islands because they are safer sites
130
This is NOT true concerning Moose:
A) Moose migrate each spring north to the Tundra
B) in winter, Balsam Fir is an important food
C) females often go to islands to give birth
D) in summer Moose go to Beaver ponds to eat sodium-rich aquatic plants
E) They are the largest herbivore in the Boreal Forest
A) Moose migrate each spring north to the Tundra
131
Which of these birds would you NOT expect to see in the Boreal Forest in summer:
```
A) Tennessee Warbler
B) White-throated Sparrow
C) Yellow-bellied Flycatcher
D) Spruce Grouse
E) all of the above are Boreal Forest birds
```
E) all of the above are Boreal Forest birds
