Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
What is the difference between Anterior and Posterior?
A
Anterior = towards the front Posterior = towards the back
2
Q
What is the difference between Superior and Inferior?
A
Superior = towards the head Inferior = away from the head
3
Q
What is the difference between Medial and Lateral?
A
Medial = towards the midline Lateral = away from the midline
4
Q
What is the difference between Proximal and Distal?
A
Proximal = closer to the trunk Distal = away from the trunk
5
Q
What is the difference between Dorsal and Ventral?
A
Dorsal = spinal side Ventral = belly side
6
Q
What is another word for “diaphoresis”?
A
Sweaty Betty!
7
Q
What is analgesia?
A
inability to feel pain
8
Q
What does Cardio- mean?
A
Involving the HEART
9
Q
What does Pneumo- mean?
A
LUNG
10
Q
What does Pulmono- mean?
A
LUNGS
11
Q
What does Nephro- mean?
A
KIDNEY
12
Q
What does Hepato- mean?
A
LIVER
13
Q
What does Chole- mean?
A
BILE
14
Q
What is the route of transmission for Hepatitis A?
A
Fecal-Oral
15
Q
What is the route of transmission for Hepatitis B?
A
Blood-to-blood
Unprotected sex
Childbirth
Needlesticks
16
Q
What is the route of transmission for Hepatitis C?
A
Blood-to-blood
17
Q
What is the route of transmission for HIV?
A
Blood and sex
18
Q
What is the route of transmission for Tuberculosis?
A
Airborne
19
Q
What is the route of transmission for Influenza?
A
Airborne
20
Q
What causes Stridor?
A
Partially occluded upper airway
21
Q
What causes Wheezing?
A
Obstruction or narrowing in the lower airway
Common in Asthma and COPD patients
22
Q
What causes Rales?
A
Now called Crackles - indicates air trying to pass through fluid in the alveoli
Found in CHF and Pulmonary Embolism patients
23
Q
What causes Rhonchi?
A
Secretions or mucus in the larger airway.
Found in patients with pneumonia or bronchitis or if they have aspirate something
24
Q
Where is your Epiglottis?
A
E
25
Where is your Trachea?
G
26
Where is your ascending and descending aorta?
Ascending - Between the Aortic Root and the Aortic Arch
Descending - past the Aortic Arch and down to the Abdomen
27
What is the longest, strongest bone in the body and where is it located?
Femur (thigh bone)
28
Describe the Parietal skull
Bone in the skull that lies between the temporal bone and the occipital bone
Headband bone!
29
What is the Vallecula?
The epiglottic valleculae are paired spaces between the root of the tongue and anterior surface of the epiglottis.
30
What are the common iliac arteries?
Short arteries transporting blood from the aorta towards the pelvic region and lower extremities
31
What is the Fontanelle?
At birth, the bones of the cranium are not fully formed or fused together. Instead, these bones are held together with relatively flexible fibrous tissue called Fontanelles. They allow the newborns skull to change shape slightly as it passes through the narrow birth canal.
32
What are the bronchi?
Each Bronchus enters its respective lung from the Carina and branches into smaller and smaller airways called Bronchioles
33
What are Alveoli?
The small grape-like structures containing capillaries at the end of bronchioles where gas exchange takes place.
34
What are the classifications of shock?
* Cardiogenic
* Obstructive
* Septic
* Neurogenic
* Anaphylactic
* Psychogenic
* Hypovolemic
35
What are some potential causes of Cardiogenic Shock?
* Inadequate heart function
* Disease of the muscle tissue
* Impaired electrical system
* Disease or injury
36
What are the signs/symptoms of Cardiogenic Shock?
* Chest pain
* Irregular/weak pulse
* Hypotension
* Cyanosis
* Cool, clammy skin
* Anxiety
* Crackles
* Pulmonary edema
37
Treatment for Cardiogenic Shock?
* Position comfortably (not Fowler's- there's fluid in lungs)
* NO NITRO! (they're hypotensive)
* Hi-flow Oxygen
* Blanket!
* Assist ventilations
* TSP C3
* ALS
38
What are some potential causes for Obstructive Shock?
* Mechanical obstruction of the cardiac muscle causing a decrease in cardiac output
* Tension pneumothorax
* Cardiac tamponade
* Pulmonary embolism
39
What are the signs/symptoms of Obstructive Shock?
* Dyspnea
* Rapid, weak pulse
* Rapid, shallow breaths
* Decreasing lung compliance
* Unilateral, decreasing or absent breaths
* Decreasing BP
* **JVD**
* Subcutaneous emphysema
* Cyanosis
* Tracheal deviation towards unaffected side
40
Treatment for Obstructive Shock?
* ALS/C3 TSP
* Hi-Flow Oxygen
* Blanket!
41
What are some potential causes of Septic Shock?
Just ONE:
Severe Infection
42
What are the signs/symptoms of Septic Shock?
* Warm skin or fever
* Tachycardic
* Decreasing BP
43
Treatment for Septic Shock?
* TSP C3
* Hi-flow Oxygen
* Assist ventilations
* Blanket!
* ALS
44
What are the potential causes of Neurogenic Shock?
* Damaged C-Spine causing widespread vessel dilation below injury allowing blood to pool
45
What are the signs/symptoms of Neurogenic Shock?
* Braycardia
* Hypotension
* Neck injury
46
Treatment of Neurogenic Shock?
* Secure airway
* Maintain C-spine
* Assist ventilations
* Hi-flow Oxygen
* Blanket!
* TSP C3
* ALS
47
What are the signs/symptoms of anaphylactic shock?
* Occurs within seconds-
* Itching or rash
* Burning skin
* Vascular dilation
* Generalized edema
* Coma/Rapid death
48
Treatment for Anaphylaxis?
* Manage airway
* Assist ventilations
* Hi-Flow Oxygen
* Determine cause!
* Epi-pen
* TSP C3
* ALS
49
Causes of Psychogenic Shock?
* Temporary generalized vascular dilation
* Anxiety, bad news, sight of injury or blood, prospective medical treatment
* Severe pain
* Illness
* Tiredness
50
Signs/Symptoms of Psychogenic Shock?
* Rapid pulse
* Normal-Low BP
51
Treatment for Psychogenic Shock?
* Determine duration of syncopal episode
* Supine position
* Vitals & AVPU
* If slow to regain consciousness or confused- SUSPECT HEAD INJURY
* TSP C3
52
Cause of Hypovolemic Shock?
* Loss of blood or fluids
53
Signs/Symptoms of Hypovolemic Shock?
* Rapid, weak pulse
* Low BP
* Change in mental status
* Cyanosis
* Pale, Cool, Diaphoretic
* Increasing respiratory rate
54
Treatment for Hypovolemic Shock?
* Secure airway
* Assist ventilations
* Hi-Flow Oxygen
* Control bleeding
* Blanket!
* TSP C3
* ALS
55
Types of Distributive Shock
* Septic Shock
* Neurogenic Shock
* Anaphylactic Shock
* Psychogenic Shock
56
Recite the flow of blood through the heart
1. From Superior and Inferior Vena Cava → R Atrium
2. From R Atrium through the Tricuspid Valve → R Ventricle
3. From R Ventricle through the Pulmonary Valve → Pulmonary Artery
4. From Pulmonary Artery → Lungs
5. From Lungs → Pulmonary Veins
6. From Pulmonary Veins → L Atrium
7. From L Atrium through the Mitral Valve → L Ventricle
8. From L Ventricle through the Aortic Valve → Aorta
9. From Aorta → Rest of the Body!
57
Recite the flow of electricity through heart
1. Begins at the SA node → AV node via internodal pathways
2. AV node → Bundle of His
3. Bundle of His splits to R Bundle Branch and L Bundle Branch
4. R Bundle branch → Purkinje Fibers
5. L Bundle Branch → L Posterior Fascicle & L Anterior Fascicle
58
What are Kussmaul Respirations?
Deep, rapid respirations commonly seen in patients with metabolic acidosis
59
What are Cheyne-Stokes respirations?
A pattern of respirations that begin with increasing rate and depth, followed by a period of APNEA followed again by increasing rate and depth
60
What are ataxic respirations?
Irregular, ineffective respirations that may or may not have an identifiable pattern
61
Explain referred pain
Parietal peritoneum - from spinal cord; easily localizes pain
Visceral - from autonomic nervous system; less able to localize pain (stretch receptors)
The two nervous systems confuse each other and cause pain to be “referred” to other locations
62
What is CQI?
Continuous Quality Improvement - a learning and improvement process
1. What are we trying to accomplish?
2. How will we know that the change is an improvement?
3. What change could we make that will result in improvement?
Plan→Do→Study→Act-Plan→Do→Study→Act
63
3 Indications to use an AED
1. No pulse
2. Abnormal, absent or agonal breaths
3. Unconscious/Unresponsive
64
Special considerations while using an AED
1. Surface patient is on (metal or wet)
2. Patient's age
3. Medical patches
4. Pacemaker
5. Hairy chest
65
8 signs of Presumptive Death
1. Unresponsive to painful stimuli
2. No carotid pulse
3. No chest rise and fall
4. No deep tendon or corneal reflexes
5. No pupillary reactivity
6. No systolic BP
7. Profound cyanosis
8. Lowered/decreased body temperature
66
Definitive Signs of Death
1. Obvious mortal damage like decapitation
2. Dependent lividity
3. Rigor mortis
4. Algor mortis
5. Putrefaction
67
Key components of an Infection Control Plan
1. Determination of Exposure Risk
2. Education and Training
3. PPE
4. Cleaning and Disinfection Practices
5. Tuberculin Skin Testing/Fit Testing
6. Hep B Vaccine Program
7. Postexposure Management
8. Compliance Monitoring
9. Communication of Hazards to Employees & Training
10. Record Keeping
68
Signs/Symptoms of a stroke
1. Facial drooping
2. Hemiparesis
3. Vision loss in one eye; double or blurred vision
4. Diff swallowing
5. Decreased level of responsiveness
6. Aphasia
7. Slurred speech
8. Sudden/severe headache
9. Confusion
10. Dizziness
11. Combativeness
12. Restlessness
13. Tongue deviation
69
Indicated HEMORRHAGIC stroke rather than Ischemic
“The worst headache of my life!”
70
Indicated ISCHEMIC Stroke rather than a Hemorrhagic
Hemiparesis
71
Unconscious patients most often have an airway obstruction caused by \_\_\_\_\_
Tongue
72
What is negligence?
Failure to provide the same care that a person with similar training would provide
73
What is abandonment?
Unilateral termination of care by the EMT without the patient's consent and without making provisions for transferring care to another medical professional with the skills and training necessary to meet the needs of the patient
74
What steps can be taken to help reduce a pediatric patient's anxiety?
75
What does a radio scanner do?
76
Age range for a Neonate
0-1 month
77
Pulse rate for Neonate
100-180
78
Respiratory Rate for Neonate
30-60
79
Systolic for Neonate
50-70
80
Age range for a Infant
1 month-1 year
81
Pulse for Infant
100-160
82
Respiratory rate for Infant
25-50
83
Systolic for Infant
70-95
84
Age range for Toddler
1-3 years
85
Pulse for Toddler
90-150
86
Respiratory Rate for Toddler
20-30
87
Systolic for Toddler
80-100
88
Age range for Preschooler
3-6 years
89
Pulse for Preschoolers
80-140
90
Respiratory Rate for Preschoolers
20-25
91
Systolic for Preschoolers
80-100
92
Age range for School children
6-12 years
93
Pulse for School children
70-120
94
Respiratory Rate for School Children
15-20
95
Systolic for School Children
80-110
96
Age range for Adolescence
12-18 years
97
Pulse for Adolescents
60-100
98
Respiratory Rate for Adolescents
12-20
99
Systolic for Adolescents
90-110
100
Age range for Early Adults
19-40 years
101
Pulse for Early Adults
60-100
102
Respiratory Rate for Early adult
12-20
103
Systolic for Early Adult
90-130
104
Age range for Middle Adult
41-60 years
105
Pulse for Middle Adult
60-100
106
Respiratory Rate for Middle Adult
12-20
107
Systolic for Middle Adult
90-130
108
Age range for Older Adult
61+ years
109
Pulse for Older Adult
60-100
110
Respiratory Rate for Older Adult
12-20
111
Systolic for Older Adult
90-130
