Midterm

Question 1

What are the 3 features of vertebrates

Answer 1

Neural crest, ectodermal placodes & skull

Question 2

6 features of the chordates

Answer 2

1. Notochord
2. Pharyngeal slits
3. Endostyle or thyroid glands
4. Dorsal Hollow Nerve Tube
5. Post-anal Tail
6. Segmental body musculature

Question 3

What is the formula of hydroxyapatite?

Answer 3

Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2

Question 4

What part of the bones provides the hardness?

Answer 4

Hydroxyapatite

Question 5

How many bone cell types is there & names?

Answer 5

Osteocytes: are mature bone cells
Osteoblasts: lay down hydroxyapatite & collagen to build bone
Osteoclasts: erode & break down bone so it can be remodeled

Question 6

To what systems do mammary glands/breasts belong to?

Answer 6

Integumentary system
(Mammary glands - a skin gland, not part of the reproductive system)

Question 7

What are the 4 basic types of tissue?

Answer 7

Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue

Question 8

What are the 3 layers of skin in the epidermis?

Answer 8

Epidermis: ectodermal, stratified squamous epithelium (top layer & trans-segmental)
Dermis: mesodermal, collagen, elastic fibers, papillary layer, & reticular layer (middle layer & segmental)
Hypodermis: mesodermal fat storage (deeper/bottom layer)

Question 9

What is inside the somites?

Answer 9

Dermatome:
Myotome: develops into muscle
Sclerotome: membrane

Question 10

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?

Answer 10

Stratum corneum (dead)
Stratum lucidum (dead)
Stratum granulosm
Stratum spinosum
Stratum germinativum

Question 11

Is the notochord trans. or segmental?

Answer 11

Trans-segmental

Question 12

Somites trans. or segmental?

Answer 12

Segmental (derived from mesoderm)

Question 13

Celoem trans. or segmental?

Answer 13

Trans-segmental

Question 14

Epidermis trans. or segmental?

Answer 14

Trans-segmental

Question 15

Gut tube trans. or segmental?

Answer 15

Trans-segmental

Question 16

Dorsal Hollow Nerve Tube (DHNT) trans. or segmental?

Answer 16

Trans-segmental

Question 17

Dermis trans. or segmental?

Answer 17

Segmental

Question 18

Endochondral ossification steps

Answer 18

1. Cartilage model
   2.Bone begins to form on surface of cartilage model, supplied by superficial blood cells
   3A. blood supply invades diaphysis (mid-shaft)
   3B. inner cartilage of diaphysis begins to erode away
   4.Beginning of formation of endosteum in diaphysis
   5A. development of each diaphysis continues
   5B. Epiphysis at each end follows similar pattern of development of diaphysis ]
   6.Note cartilage plate between diaphysis and epiphysis. Epiphysis plate

Question 19

What is the second deepest layer of the epidermis?

Answer 19

Stratum spinosum, they are alive and they are going through mitosis

Question 20

What is the outer layer of the epidermis?

Answer 20

Stratum corneum is the most superficial/outer, they are dead & not bringing them back alive

Question 21

What is special about the germinativum layer of the epidermis?

Answer 21

It continues to build new cells

Question 22

What layers make the bilaminar embryo & trilaminar embryo?

Answer 22

Bilaminar has 2 layers
Epiblast: dorsal, exposed to amniotic cavity
Hypoblast: ventral, facing the yoke sac
Trilaminar has 3 layers
Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Question 23

Germ layer tissues/structures

Answer 23

Ectoderm: outer layer
Mesoderm: middle layer
Endoderm: inner layer

Question 24

What are the skin glands? (they are the sweat glands?

Answer 24

Eccrine:
- predominant sweat glands of the body & produce clearly, watery odorless liquid + salt

Aprocine:
- develop with hair follicles, heavier, more oily secretion, and react to stress & sexual activity, it is odorless

mammary glands:
- Secrete milk

Question 25

What are the three patterns of hair growth and shape?

Answer 25

Round-cross section = straight hair Oval-cross section = wavy hair Flat-cross section = kinky hair

Question 26

Epiphyseal plate function/locations

Answer 26

Epiphyseal plate is where we grow long bones and they are located between the middle and the end of the long bones, such as arms and legs

Question 27

Collagen functions/locations

Answer 27

- Provide support in connective tissue, muscle, skin, and strength throughout your body - helps fibroblasts to form the dermis, which helps new cells grow

Question 28

Bone structure

Answer 28

Lacunae: mature bones - lacunae connected via tiny canals called canaliculi Periosteum: outside covering - fibrous outside, cellular inside - functions in growth and repair Endosteum: inside covering - functions in growth and repair

Question 29

What are the 3 types of cartilages?

Answer 29

Hyaline: - location: found in ribs and bones of sternum, supporting larynx, trachea, and bronchi; forming part of nasal - functions: provides somewhat support Elastic: - location: found in the external ear, epiglottis, auditory tube, and larynx - functions: provides support, but tolerates distortion without damage, returns back to original shape Fibrous: - location: found in knee joints, between pubic bones of pelvis, Intervertebral discs - functions: resistes compression; prevents bone to bone contract

Question 30

Types of bones

Answer 30

Long bones: located in all bones in arms & legs. Support the weight of the body and movement Flat bones: cranial bones, ribs sternum, scapula, and the skull. Protects internal organs (brain, heart, & pelvic) Short bones: carpal bones, tarsal bones, (hands and feet). Stability to the wrists & ankle joints, also helps facilitate some movement. Sesamoid bones: patella and in the ball of the foot beneath the big toe joint. Relieve tension within muscle and tendons Sutural bones: between cranial structures. That have complex indentations on the exterior of the human skull in the interior Irregular bones: vertebrae, pelvic bones, some cranial bones. Protection to the nervous tissue, & maintaining support to pharynx and trachea, & tongue attachment

Question 31

What is transverse plane?

Answer 31

Cross section, divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Question 32

What is frontal section?

Answer 32

Vertical plane that divides the body into ventral and dorsal sections

Question 33

What is sagittal plane?

Answer 33

Divides the body into right and left parts

Question 34

Median sagittal section

Answer 34

Down the midline

Question 35

Parasagittal section

Answer 35

Off the midline, away from the midline

Question 36

Hydroxyapatite

Answer 36

Hungry for water

Question 37

Characteristics of skeletal materials

Answer 37

- cartilage - calcified cartilage - bone - dentin (teeth) - enamel (teeth)

Question 38

Embroyonic cell association pattern

Answer 38

Epithelial “type - tightly packed; define surfaces - organized cellular structure Mesenchymal “type” - disorderly, loosely packed arranged cellular structure

Question 39

Consequences of rapid growth of embryonic head & tail

Answer 39

The brain grow so big/fast that the head bends down and under the front embryo & the tail bends down and under the back of the embryo, causing the front and back part of the back to close off ventrally before the midline generating a front, middle and back part of the gut.

Question 40

Placenta structure function

Answer 40

The function of the placenta is that is provided oxygen & nutrients to a growing baby in the uterus during pregnancy