midterm

Question 1

hypothesis

Answer 1

an idea on how something might work

Question 2

theory

Answer 2

explains everything seen with no contradictions

Question 3

declination

Answer 3

offset of magnetic birth from geographic north

Question 4

external heat sources

Answer 4

climate and weather

Question 5

internal heat sources

Answer 5

driven by radioactive decay and original heat from the nebular cloud, drives plates

Question 6

theory of uniformitarianism

Answer 6

present is the key to the past. can look at present geological processes and extrapolate the past

Question 7

age of earth

Answer 7

4.56 bya

Question 8

pangea

Answer 8

supercontinent that broke up about 225mya

Question 9

convection

Answer 9

movement of rock in mantle

Question 10

lithosphere

Answer 10

crust and upper mantle

Question 11

asthenosphere

Answer 11

part of the mantle that is partially molten where convection occurs

Question 12

isotherm

Answer 12

boundary between solid and partially molten rock

Question 13

divergent plate boundaries

Answer 13

two plates move apart from each other. create rift valleys, small volcanoes, and small, shallow earthquakes. Often associated with seafloor spreading

Question 14

convergent ocean-ocean

Answer 14

oceanic trench, volcanic island arcs, deep earthquakes (asymmetrical)

Question 15

convergent ocean-continent

Answer 15

volcanic mountain chain, folded mountains, deep earthquakes. oceanic plates subducts because it’s denser

Question 16

convergent continent-continent

Answer 16

crystal thickening, folded mountains, earthquakes

Question 17

transform boundaries

Answer 17

strike-slip faults, small earthquakes, no volcanoes, linear feature on terrain

Question 18

electrostatic attraction

Answer 18

two types of particles have opposite charges, creating a mutual attraction

Question 19

metallic bond

Answer 19

not very strong, atoms bonded by a “sea of electrons. allows atoms to pack closely, soft and malleable

Question 20

crystal lattice

Answer 20

regular 3D repeated arrangement of atoms. creates cleavage in minerals

Question 21

mineral

Answer 21

naturally occurring inorganic compound that doesn’t contain C-H-O. crystalline solid

Question 22

how to identify minerals

Answer 22

color, hardness, cleavage, density, reaction to HCL, magnetism, luster, diapgenity

Question 23

sulfur mineral group

Answer 23

yellow, no cleavage

Question 24

silicate mineral group

Answer 24

most common mineral class
SiO

Question 25

silicate tetrahedron

Answer 25

building blocks of all silicate minerals single chain -pyroxene double chain -amphibole sheet silicates -muscovite, biotite framework silicates -don’t break in cleavage - pure SiO2 -includes quartz

Question 26

most common elements in crustal rock

Answer 26

silicon, oxygen, aluminum

Question 27

rock

Answer 27

naturally forming, non-living, firm, coherent aggregate of matter

Question 28

igneous

Answer 28

formed form molten lava or magma

Question 29

sedimentary

Answer 29

formed by particles of other rocks that are eroded, deposited, and recemented at the surface

Question 30

metamorphic

Answer 30

sedimentary or igneous rocks that have been altered by heat and pressure

Question 31

rock cycle

Answer 31

rocks are continually changing and evolving as result of surface and tectonic processes

Question 32

weathering

Answer 32

chemical or mechanical breakdown of rock at the surface

Question 33

erosion

Answer 33

sediment moved by running water, glaciers, wind, etc

Question 34

extrusive igneous rock

Answer 34

formed above ground by lava, ash, ash flow, or an ash cloud

Question 35

intrusive igneous rock

Answer 35

formed below ground by magma cools slower than extrusive

Question 36

xenolith

Answer 36

rock incorporated into another rock

Question 37

rhyolitic lava

Answer 37

made of rhyolite, high in silica, cool, sticky, and explosive

Question 38

andesitic lava

Answer 38

made of andesite, moderate amount of silica, cool, sticky, and explosive

Question 39

basaltic lava

Answer 39

made of basalt, low in silica, hot, fluid, not effusive

Question 40

shield volcanoes

Answer 40

mainly basaltic, gentle sides, long duration of activity, non-violent

Question 41

pahoehoe lava

Answer 41

ropey, slow cooling

Question 42

aa lava

Answer 42

produces very sharp rocks

Question 43

strato volcanoes

Answer 43

highly explosive volcanoes along subduction zones that produce pyroclastic debris and large layers of ash

Question 44

volcano earthquake techniques

Answer 44

eruptive history, earthquakez, ground tilting, temp, gas

Question 45

mountain stream (sedimentary rocks)

Answer 45

high energy deposition eruption rates > deposition rates

Question 46

conglomerate

Answer 46

rock containing cobble

Question 47

breccia

Answer 47

conglomerate with angular rocks

Question 48

rocky beaches

Answer 48

large coasts indicates higher energy processes

Question 49

delta deposition

Answer 49

stream or river loses everything in the ocean and drops the sediment it carrie’s

Question 50

pluton

Answer 50

deep-seated intrusion of an igneous rock

Question 51

dikes

Answer 51

igneous intrusions that cut across the layers of rock that they inteude

Question 52

batholith

Answer 52

large igneous intrusion extending deep into the crust

Question 53

sills

Answer 53

bed of volcanic lava between older sedimentary rock

Question 54

nuee ardente volcano

Answer 54

highly explosive volcano that produces pyroclastic flow

Question 55

lahar

Answer 55

violent type of mudflow/debris

Question 56

joints

Answer 56

fracture in a rock with no offset

Question 57

fault

Answer 57

fracture in a rock with offset

Question 58

slates

Answer 58

very flat cleavage, common to build with

Question 59

phylite

Answer 59

slight shine, slightly wrinkled surface

Question 60

schist

Answer 60

obvious layering, mostly muscovite or biotite

Question 61

gneiss

Answer 61

bands of felsic and magic minerals (layers of light and dark)

Question 62

migmatite

Answer 62

part of rock (quartz and feldspar) has melted and recrystalized