Midterm Flashcards

Question

Explain Application and control

Answer 1

Ultimately, many scientists hope that the information they gather will be of some practical value in helping to solve everyday problems. Once people understand a phenomenon, they often can exert more control over it. Today, the profession of psychology attempts to apply research findings to practical problems in schools, businesses, factories, and mental hospitals. For example, a clinical psychologist might use what we know about typical, everyday emotions to assist individuals suffering from emotional disorders.

Answer 2

a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations.

Answer 3

-Thus, by integrating apparently unrelated facts and principles into a coherent whole, theories permit psychologists to make the leap from the description of behavior to the understanding of behavior. -Must be testable through empirical research

Answer 4

There are 5 steps that are 1. Formulate testable Hypotheses 2. Select the research method and design the study 3. collect data 4. Analyze data and draw conclusions 5. Report findings

Answer 5

step 1 To be testable - formulated precisely, and the variables under study must be clearly defined. An operational definition describes the actions or operations that will be used to measure or control a variable. Establish what is meant by each variable in the context of the study

Answer 6

step 2 Participants are the persons or animals whose behavior is systematically observed in a study.

Answer 7

Step 3 -Data collection techniques are procedures for making empirical observations and measurements. -Example - questionnaires, interviews, psychological tests, physiological recordings, and examination of archival records -The data collection techniques used in a study depend largely on what is being investigated.

Answer 8

Researchers use statistics to analyze their data and to decide whether their hypotheses have been supported.

Answer 9

A journal is a periodical that publishes technical and scholarly material, usually in a narrowly defined area of inquiry.

Answer 10

The experiment is a research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second variable as a result.

Answer 11

a condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable. The thing being manipulated by the researcher

Answer 12

the variable that is thought to be affected by manipulation of the independant variable In psychology studies, the dependent variable is usually a measurement of some aspect of the participants’ behaviour.

Answer 13

a group consists of the participants who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable

Answer 14

The control group consists of similar participants who do not receive the special treatment given to the experimental group.

Answer 15

any variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable in a specific study.

Answer 16

variables occurs when two variables are linked in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their specific effects.

Answer 17

Random assignment of participants occurs when all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition in the study.

Answer 18

isolate the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable,

Answer 19

the problem is that experiments are often artificial. When experiments are highly artificial, doubts arise about the applicability of findings to everyday behavior outside the experimental laboratory. One way to address this limitation is to conduct a field experiment. Field experiments are research studies that use settings that are very much like real life; in fact, the research may occur in the context of everyday life and events.

Answer 20

a researcher engages in careful observation of behaviour without intervening directly with the participants. Reactivity occurs when a participant’s behaviour is altered by the presence of the observer.

Answer 21

an in-depth investigation of an individual participant or group of participants. Case studies are particularly well suited for investigating certain phenomena, such as psychological disorders and neuropsychological issues.

Answer 22

researchers use questionnaires or interviews to gather information about specific aspects of participants’ behaviour.

Answer 23

Naturalistic observation, case study, survey

Answer 24

the foremost advantage of correlational methods is that they give researchers a way to explore questions they could not examine with experimental procedures.

Answer 25

Investigators cannot control events to isolate cause and effect. Consequently, descriptive/correlational research cannot demonstrate conclusively that correlated variables are causally related.

Answer 26

the use of mathematics to organize, summarize, and interpret numerical data.

Answer 27

used to organize and summarize data. Key descriptive statistics include measures of central tendency, measures of variability, and the coefficient of correlation.

Answer 28

mean, median and mode

Answer 29

the score that falls exactly in the center of a distribution of scores.

Answer 30

The most frequent answer

Answer 31

The average

Answer 32

refers to how much the scores in a data set vary from each other and from the mean.

Answer 33

an index of the amount of variability in a set of data.

Answer 34

a symmetrical, bell shaped curve that represents the pattern in which many human characteristics are dispersed in the population.

Answer 35

when two variables are related to each other.

Answer 36

a numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables. correlation coefficient indicates (1) the direction (positive or negative) of the relationship and (2) how strongly the two variables are related.

Answer 37

a positive correlation

Answer 38

a negative correlation

Answer 39

Whereas the positive or negative sign indicates the direction of an association, the size of the coefficient indicates the strength of an association between two variables. As a correlation increases in strength (gets closer to either –1.00 or +1.00), the ability to predict one variable based on knowledge of the other variable increases.

Answer 40

Although a high correlation allows us to predict one variable from another, it does not tell us whether a cause-and-effect relationship exists between the two variables. Third variable can explain the correlation between the original 2 variables

Answer 41

used to interpret data and draw conclusions

Answer 42

A sample is the collection of participants selected for observation in an empirical study. In contrast, the population is the much larger collection of animals or people (from which the sample is drawn) that researchers want to generalize about Sampling bias exists when a sample is not representative of the population from which it was drawn.

Answer 43

placebo effects occur when participants’ expectations lead them to experience some change even though they receive empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment. Placebo effects are primarily attributable to people’s expectations

Answer 44

social desirability bias, which is a tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself. A response set is a tendency to respond to questions in a particular way that is unrelated to the content of the questions.

Answer 45

Replication is the repetition of a study to see whether the earlier results are duplicated. Replication can sometimes lead to contradictory results than the first study

Answer 46

Experimenter bias occurs when a researcher’s expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained. The double-blind procedure is a research strategy in which neither participants nor experimenters know which participants are in the experimental or control groups.

Answer 47

First, they assert that deception is only a nice word for lying, which they see as inherently immoral. Second, they argue that by deceiving unsuspecting participants, psychologists may undermine many individuals’ trust in others. Third, they point out that many deceptive studies produce distress for participants who were not forewarned about that possibility.

Answer 48

Every effort must be made to minimize the discomfort felt by animals and to ensure that they will not be used unless there is a strong expectation that the results will benefit both humans and animals. Psychologists use animals as research subjects for several reasons. Sometimes they simply want to know more about the behavior of a specific type of animal

Answer 49

The CPA ethical principles deal with how people with whom the psychologist comes into contact should be treated.

Answer 50

Conditioning involves learning connections between events that occur in an organism's environment

Answer 51

Classical Conditioning

Answer 52

Pavlov was studying the role of saliva in the digestive processes of dogs when he stumbled onto what he called “psychic reflexes

Answer 53

unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning. The unconditioned response (UCR) is an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning. The conditioned stimulus (CS) is a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response. The conditioned response (CR) is a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning.

Answer 54

conditioning can be cause phobias which can affect you years later Responses to fear can be conditioning That is not to say that traumatic experiences associated with stimuli automatically lead to conditioned fears or phobias.

Answer 55

Classical conditioning affects not only overt behaviors but physiological processes, as well. classical conditioning procedures can lead to immune suppression—a decrease in the production of antibodies. Classical conditioning can also modulate reactions to specific drugs.

Answer 56

refers to changes in the liking of a stimulus that result from pairing that stimulus with other positive or negative stimuli

Answer 57

Acquisition refers to the initial stage of learning something.

Answer 58

extinction, the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency.

Answer 59

Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non exposure to the conditioned stimulus. the renewal effect—if a response is extinguished in a different environment than it was acquired, the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to the original environment where acquisition took place.

Answer 60

occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.

Answer 61

Stimulus discrimination occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus. The less similar new stimuli are to the original CS, the greater the likelihood (and ease) of discrimination.

Answer 62

When one stimulus takes president over another

Answer 63

Many people develop aversions to food that has been followed by nausea from illness, alcohol intoxication,or food poisoning that it was almost impossible to create certain associations, whereas taste–nausea associations (and odor–nausea associations) were almost.impossible to prevent.

Answer 64

Preparedness involves a species-specific predisposition to be conditioned in certain ways and not others.

Answer 65

Operant conditioning

Answer 66

Another name for operant conditioning is instrumental learning, According to the law of effect, if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened.

Answer 67

Skinner demonstrated that organisms tend to repeat those responses that are followed by favorable consequences. Reinforcement occurs when an event following a response increases an organism’s tendency to make that response.

Answer 68

a small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is recorded while the consequences of the response are systematically controlled. The cumulative recorder creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a Skinner box as a function of time. Primary reinforcers are events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs. Secondary, or conditioned, reinforcers are events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers.

Answer 69

which consists of the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response.

Answer 70

Resistance to extinction occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer has been terminated. In other words, it appears that the result of extinction is that organisms learn not to make a specific response in a specific context, as opposed to any and all contexts

Answer 71

Discriminative stimuli are cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or nonreinforcement) of a response. Reactions to a discriminative stimulus are governed by the processes of stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination,

Answer 72

Rienforcement superstitious behavior is extremely common, and accidental reinforcements may sometimes contribute to these superstitions,

Answer 73

Schedule of reinforcement

Answer 74

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 75

Partial or or intermittent reinforcement

Answer 76

the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses.

Answer 77

the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed.

Answer 78

the reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses.

Answer 79

the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed.

Answer 80

Positive reinforcement

Answer 81

negative reinforcement

Answer 82

an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation.

Answer 83

Avoidance learning

Answer 84

Punishment

Answer 85

Positive Punishment

Answer 86

Negative Punishment

Answer 87

Latent learning They suggested that learning can take place in the absence of reinforcement

Answer 88

Instinctive drift

Answer 89

Observational Learning

Answer 90

Attention Retention reproduction Motivation

Answer 91

To learn through observation, you must pay attention to another person’s behavior and its consequences.

Answer 92

You may not have occasion to use an observed response for weeks, months, or even years. Hence, you must store in your memory a mental representation of what you have witnessed.

Answer 93

Enacting a modelled response depends on your ability to reproduce the response by converting your stored mental images into overt behaviour. This may not be easy for some responses. For example, most people cannot execute a breathtaking windmill dunk after watching Steve Nash do it in a basketball game.

Answer 94

Finally, you are unlikely to reproduce an observed response unless you are motivated to do so. Your motivation depends on whether you encounter a situation in which you believe that the response is likely to pay off for you.

Answer 95

Research shows a connection between aggressive behavior and and watching violence on tv

Answer 96

Mirror neurons

Answer 97

Attention Attention is often likened to a filter that screens out most potential stimuli while allowing a select few to pass through into conscious awareness. Attention involves late selection, based on the meaning of input.

Answer 98

critical to everyday functioning. If your attention were distributed equally among all stimulus inputs, life would be utter chaos.

Answer 99

relatively shallow processing that emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus.

Answer 100

which emphasizes what a word sounds like. Phonemic encoding involves naming or saying (perhaps silently) the words.

Answer 101

emphasizes the meaning of verbal input; it involves thinking about the objects and actions the words represent.

Answer 102

proposes that deeper levels of processing result in longer lasting memory codes.

Answer 103

elaboration- Elaboration is linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding. visual imagery- Imagery—the creation of visual images to represent the words to be remembered—can also be used to enrich encoding. dual-coding theory holds that memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to recall. and self-referent coding-Self-referent encoding involves deciding how or whether information is personally relevant.

Answer 104

preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second. The memory trace in the visual sensory store decays in about 1/4 of a second. Memory traces in the auditory sensory store also appear to last less than a second

Answer 105

a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds.

Answer 106

Without rehearsal, information in short-term memory is lost in less than 20 seconds

Answer 107

Short-term memory is also limited in the number of items it can hold. A chunk is a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit.

Answer 108

working memory is a limited capacity storage system that temporarily maintains and stores information by providing an interface between perception, memory, and action. Working memory capacity (WMC) refers to one’s ability to hold and manipulate information in conscious attention.

Answer 109

Long-term memory (LTM) is an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time. flashbulb memories, which are thought to be unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events,

Answer 110

Most theorists seem to agree that our mental representations probably take a variety of forms, depending on the nature of the material that needs to be tucked away in memory.

Answer 111

Clustering

Answer 112

Conceptual heirarchy

Answer 113

A schema is an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object or event. People are more likely to remember things that are consistent with their schemas than things that are not. People sometimes exhibit better recall of things that violate their schema-based expectations

Answer 114

A semantic network consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts. Semantic networks have proven useful in explaining why thinking about one word (such as butter) can make a closely related word (such as bread) easier to remember

Answer 115

The cue-dependent nature of memory is a key assumption of most of the major models of memory retrieval;

Answer 116

the temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that it’s just out of Reach memories can often be jogged with retrieval cues—stimuli

Answer 117

often facilitate the retrieval of information

Answer 118

occurs when participants’ recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post-event information. Memories can be distorted based on the way people are asked to recall them

Answer 119

Forgetting can reduce competition among memories that can cause confusion. Forgetting can contribute to regulating our emotions. forgetting is a necessary component of our memory processes because it helps us, among other things, to generalize from our experiences. forgetting can be caused by defects in encoding, storage, retrieval, or some combination of these processes.

Answer 120

The first person to conduct scientific studies of forgetting was Hermann Ebbinghaus. Forgetting curve, graph retention and forgetting over time.

Answer 121

Retention refers to the proportion of material retained (remembered). A recall measure of retention requires participants to reproduce information on their own without any cues. A recognition measure of retention requires participants to select previously learned information from an array of options. A relearning measure of retention requires a participant to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or how many practice trials are saved by having learned it before.

Answer 122

Since you can’t really forget something you never learned, this phenomenon is sometimes called pseudoforgetting. Pseudoforgetting is usually due to lack of attention.

Answer 123

Decay theory proposes that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time. decay does appear to contribute to the loss of information from the sensory and short-term memory stores. Researchers have not been successful in providing clear demonstrations that decay causes long-term memory forgetting

Answer 124

Interference theory proposes that people forget information because of competition from other material. Retroactive interference occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information. proactive interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information.

Answer 125

The encoding specificity principle states that the value of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code

Answer 126

repression refers to keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious

Answer 127

Children accusing parents and teachers of abuse when the accused are genuinely baffled by the accusations.

Answer 128

Some psychologists and psychiatrists further assert that there is ample evidence that it is common for people to bury traumatic incidents in their unconscious

Answer 129

Many memory researchers are also skeptical about retrospective self-reports of amnesia The skeptics do not say that people are lying about their previously repressed memories. Rather, they maintain that some suggestible people wrestling with emotional problems have been convinced by persuasive therapists that their emotional problems must be the result of abuse that occurred years before.

Answer 130

therapists can unknowingly create false memories in their patients and that a significant portion of recovered memories of abuse are the product of suggestion

Answer 131

The first three memory sins, transience, absent mindedness, and blocking, according to Schacter, are sins of omission in which we cannot bring the memory to mind. Transience is the simple weakening of a memory over time. This is what we tend to think of most often when we think about memory failure. Absentmindedness refers to a memory failure that is often due to a failure to pay attention because we are perhaps preoccupied with other things. Blocking is an often temporary problem that occurs when we fail to retrieve an item of information such as someone’s name when we meet them.

Answer 132

The next four sins, misattribution, suggestibility, bias, and persistence, are sins of commission. misattribution, we assign a memory to the wrong source, as in the earlier example about whether the psychology professor or the sociology professor delayed the exam suggestibility our memory is distorted because of, for example, misleading questions bias refers to inaccuracy due to the effect of our current knowledge on our reconstruction of the past persistence, involves unwanted memories or recollections that you cannot forget—memories that haunt you.

Answer 133

One line of research suggests that memory formation results in alterations in synaptic transmission at specific sites. Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a long-lasting increase in neural excitability at synapses along a specific neural pathway. Research suggests that the process of neurogenesis—the formation of new neurons—may contribute to the sculpting of neural circuits that underlie memory

Answer 134

Retrograde amnesia involves the loss of memories for events that occurred prior to the onset of amnesia. Anterograde amnesia involves the loss of memories for events that occur after the onset of amnesia. Consolidation is a hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of new, unstable memories into stable, durable memory codes stored in long-term memory. Hence, an effort to retrieve a particular memory leads to hippocampal activity that reactivates a link to a specific cortical area, which reinstates the memory.

Answer 135

is apparent when retention is exhibited on a task that does not require intentional remembering.

Answer 136

involves intentional recollection of previous experiences.

Answer 137

The declarative memory system handles factual information. The non-declarative or procedural memory system houses memory for actions, skills, operations, and conditioned responses.

Answer 138

The episodic memory system is made up of chronological, or temporally dated, recollections of personal experiences. The semantic memory system contains general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned

Answer 139

Prospective memory involves remembering to perform actions in the future. retrospective memory involves remembering events from the past or previously learned information.

Answer 140

in 1879 founder of psychology as a discipline, established research in a formal way, first experiments were rudimentary, focus was examining perception ex: examining perception in the form of measuring reaction times, different between when the pendulum actually reached its highest point vs when the subjects marked that it did, interpreted as the speed of human thought, incorrect conclusion, more a way to show reaction time/lag, message from the brain to the hand formal study of psychology, employed scientific methods

Answer 141

-in the 1890s, established a lab for physics at Cornell, founded structuralism, interested in how we think and respond, how things work and what circumstances, designed studies to answer, study of introspection, how humans perceive -introspections must be able to when the test stimulus has been introduced when the process has started ex: participants have to be able to hear the stimulus if it is auditory -participant must be in a state of strained attention, wanted to establish control, tried to remove as much outside influence as possible, remove some of the variability imposed by surroundings, participants also needs to repeat information several times preserve liability, stimuli must be manipulable, cannot influence the natural world, under the control of the researcher -sound cage experiments, created a cage around the participants, researcher moves stimulus around cage, then ask where the sound came from, establish how we can perceive sounds and direction Structuralism, to establish descriptions of how we perceive the world

Answer 142

-functionalism, different school of thought, (1890), wrote the first textbook. examined why and when of consciousness, tying it all together -studied observations in the real world, first to output surveys, mental testing, measurement of disordered behavior, output development cycle research in children, behavioral differences between groups, specifically gender differences, a lot of research into dizziness -different schools of thought because researchers were answering only their own hypotheses, functionalism lasted longer than structuralism

Answer 143

Not a psychologist, interest in therapeutics and mental disorders, how can we explain human behavior, psychoanalysis, based on case studies rather than research, described consciousness as an iceberg, unconscious mind is developed as we grow, things influence us in ways were not awareness later expanded by Carl Jung and Alfred Adler

Answer 144

founded behaviorism, not consciousness, behavior that can be observed and measured by the researcher, input stimulus and examine response, combine neutral stimulus and the negative, after repetition and remove the negative, associated the neutral with the negative even if the negative isn't present later expanded by Ivan Pavlov, and B.F Skinner

Answer 145

If physiological needs aren't met we will not be able to function (food, water) Then safety, circumstances where environment is unsafe (warzone or unsafe household) Social needs, interaction with peers in a positive way, Selfesteem needs Self actualization (the goal)

Answer 146

People coming back from the war needed treatment, field shifted to clinical psych Field was dominated by psychiatrists Clinical psych deals with diagnosis and treatment of psychological issues.

Answer 147

Children had to develop self worth and unconditional positive regard Conditional causes problems Congruence as Adults Need to connect self concept with ideal self

Answer 148

The diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders (DSM) DSM 1 (1952) as a way to standardize diagnosing mental disorders Only diagnosted if it caused a maladaption Problems: bias aganst certain people, homosexuality was mental disorder, idea that it was maladapeted Evelyn hooker tested homosexuality, research said not maladapted and that was removed DSM 2 1974 DSM 3 in 1980 Removed neurosis Removed controversial disorders DSM 4 in 1994 Finally had criteria that rates severity of symptoms Committee included psychologist DSM 5 Subtypes of schizophrenia and autism

Answer 149

Same psychological disorders will present differently depending on where they are from. Very harmful How we can improve- insist that the medical provider has training or experience in the culture that the patient is from. Individual is less likely to open up in clinical setting if therapist isn't same background as them

Answer 150

Study by observation, looking into human development, when are children capable of what Understand things about human development that improves childcare, education and parenting

Answer 151

Nobel Prize 1981 Split brain experiments Split brain patients have undergone surgery to cut the corpus callosum, for people with epilepsy, seizures wouldn't spread to whole brain Left brain Responsible for logics, language reading and math right brain Responsible for creativity Showed the different capabilties of different sides of the brain Experient: focus on the right eye in order to learn about left side, if you show a word to left brain they will read Cannot read if it is shown to right brain, only can describe it, draw

Answer 152

-Respect for person Individual should be treated with autonomous People with diminished autonomy make sure proper protections are in place, No deception, Participants receive informed consent Informed consent, information , need to have all relevant info Comprehension, easily understood, nothing complicated , Voluntary, choose if you want to participate and also the ability to withdraw -Beneficence , Do no harm, Maximize benefits and minimize risks for participants -Justice, To each their equal share , To each person according to their individual needs , According to effort and social contribution

Answer 153

Preconceived ideas: when we don't use the scientific method our opinions, experiments, and biases drive our perceptions Anecdote Bias Heuristics Overstating results of research: when we don't understand limitations of research, we overstate its application or generalizability for the real world

Answer 154

Qualitative data Cannot measure with number Participant may have red hair, Words Naturalistic observation study collects qualitative data Case study

Answer 155

Quantitative data Is inherently numeric Encompasses all data that is already numeric Can code qualitative data as quantitative data Easier to interpret data when its number Surveys, multiple choice question

Answer 156

2 stimuli that have to be different from each other 1 has to be conditioned before introducing the second.

Answer 157

Good Signal—> good job at evoking response every time Pavlov had to try many types of stimuli to make it work, bell didn't work Allows accurate prediction of conditioned response Salient Memorable or unique Participants needs to recognize Contiguous Have to present both stimulus at the same time 30 secs maxim

Answer 158

Stimuli that will incite response and stimuli that will incite absence of response Absence of stimuli has its own effect Easier to do with opposing signals EX; dog getting fed, light means food, light turns down when dog is fed, low light signals food is over

Answer 159

An acception of hard rules of classical conditioning Strength of stimulus can be so strong it is difficult to retrain and intervene Environmental cues can trigger desire for drug, addictions can get in the way of other conditioned responses

Answer 160

Bobo doll experiment (1961-1963) 3 groups of children 1 is control 2nd presented with model, watched as an adult showed non agressive behavior 3rd presented with model, watched adult beat the doll Children who watched aggressive behavior were more aggressive Female children were more aggressive if the model was male, more verbally aggressive if the model was female. Was replicated

Answer 161

Serial position - more likely to remember to recall information that came first or last in a series

Answer 162

We know that we know information, is it inaccessible or unavailable Cues, replication of setting can help remember Try to think of something similar Mnemonics are good to remember and sort information Some people remember things better in terms of context Benefits of multiple choice test - recognition instead of recall, Disadvantages- answers that are similar, use elaboration to solve this issue while studying Repression/motivated forgetting controversy

Answer 163

Declaritve Explicit memory, hippocampus, conscious Types : episodic memory - things that are relevant to you personally, remember something that happened to you Semantic - not from personal experience but we have obtained Is vulnerable to forgetting and amnesia as well as declines with age and substance use, can also be manipulated.

Answer 164

Procedural Implicit, cerebellum and unconscious

Answer 165

Amnesia Retrograde - is memory loss of past memories Antograde - is memory loss after onset of amnesia, remember past events but are not able to make new memories People can learn procedurally

Answer 166

No distractions No leading questions Get into a neutral space, have witness imagine themselves at time and place of event, reinstate context clues and remember more details Elicate elaboration and monitoring, as the story multiple times, ask for a different order and look for inconsistencies, report from a range of different perspectives.

Midterm Flashcards

(195 cards)