Midterm Flashcards

Question

Observational Study

Answer 1

used to answer a research question based purely on what the researcher observes

Answer 2

the use of experimental methods in that study

Answer 3

the characteristics or the parts are compared across two or more research situations (like convergent and divergent evolution) (example of using all three approaches

Answer 4

After about 5 meters, dropping whelks has very little difference in breaking at higher height but it takes much more effort to fly that high

Answer 5

Small bivalves don't have enough nutrients to offset the energy needed to find and break open bivalves, but they can't open ones that are too big (30-50 mm is ideal)

Answer 6

: ex. energetic, risk, opportunity, time Changes in environment (including internal state of the animal) will affect the cost-benefit pay-offs in variable environments animals prepare for risk

Answer 7

a species must adapt and evolve not just for reproductive advantage, but also for survival because competing organisms also are evolving.

Answer 8

* searching * recognizing * catching * handling

Answer 9

Predators- Selection for improvement in foraging Prey-selections for improvement in defense Predators and prey from same time should be most competitive ex. Predator from Time B vs Prey from Time B Predator or prey will have advantage when different times meet ex. Predator from Time B vs Prey from Time C

Answer 10

* Organism with dormant life stages * Seeds, eggs, cysts, spores preserved in sediments, ice * Can date specimens and compare across time * Daphnia – water flea * freshwater invertebrate * eggs revived after 500 years! Pasteuria ramose is their bacterial parasite Sediment core from pond * 39 years * Measured infectivity rate 1. Contemporary (same layer) 2. Past (previous layer) 3. Future (layer above)

Answer 11

Prey * Hiding, camouflage * background matching * disruptive patterns * countershading

Answer 12

Blue jays were trained to find one morph of underwing moths, moths on cryptic backgrounds were much much harder for the bluejays to locate than those on conspicuous backgrounds even when trained HOWEVER, when only one type of morph was shown their identification skills improved with spotting them on cryptic backgrounds, but stayed the same when trained with a selection of morphs Random mix of morphs, interferes with ability to form search image

Answer 13

the fitness of a phenotype or genotype decreases as it becomes more common. This is an example of balancing selection.

Answer 14

a method of camouflage in which an animal's coloration is darker on the upper side and lighter on the underside of the body. This pattern is found in many species of mammals, reptiles, birds, fish, and insects, both in predators and in prey. When light falls from above on a uniformly coloured three-dimensional object such as a sphere, it makes the upper side appear lighter and the underside darker, grading from one to the other. This pattern of light and shade makes the object appear solid, and therefore easier to detect

Answer 15

a form of negative frequency-dependent selection. It describes the survival of individual prey animals that are different (through mutation) from their species in a way that makes it more likely for them to be ignored by their predators

Answer 16

suddenly displaying conspicuous eyespots or patches of bright and contrasting colours, so as to scare off or momentarily distract a predator

Answer 17

Look like an inedible object, twig, poop, leaf, etc. With Naive chicks they gave them twigs, green, and brown caterpillars and they survived significantly longer on a branch than in an empty cage or on a branch with an altered color

Answer 18

Bright coloration associated with repellants * toxins, spines, stings

Answer 19

a form of mimicry in which two or more noxious animals develop similar appearances as a shared protective device, the theory being that if a predator learns to avoid one of the noxious species, it will avoid the mimic species as well. Like two different butterfly species where they mimic one another even though they each have three different morphs, each morph mimics the matching one in that range

Answer 20

resembling an organism that is toxic or otherwise dangerous

Answer 21

Group/ colonial species are more likely to develop vocal and olfactory offspring recognition, which is costly but makes sure that you don't take on extras, but there's a risk of rejecting your own (colonial cliff swallows with massive call differentiation in chicks compared to solitary barn swallows) Solitary species are more likely to accept transplanted offspring but less likely to reject their own

Answer 22

dilution effect and thermodynamic benefits but only when the cost (provisioning offspring) is not too much

Answer 23

adaptive to accept if errors (brood parasites) are rare or cost to fitness is low (as in precocial young) Cost is may error and reject own offspring,

Answer 24

exploiting fixed action patterns Sign stimulus, innate releasing mechanism, fixed action pattern (brood parasite chicks make sign stimulus (begging chick with big red mouth) exploit host parents innate fixed action pattern to feed chicks) Humans can fake mole digging and get SO MANY WORMS, because vibration makes them leave the ground

Answer 25

* Do not build nests or care for young * Only lay eggs in nests of other species Common cuckoo specialized to parasitize reed warblers, cuckoos lay different types of egg and each female will specialize to a specific species depending on the color of egg that they lay

Answer 26

when a brood parasite discovers that its egg has been rejected, it destroys the host's nest and injures or kills the nestlings.

Answer 27

 generalist at species and individual level  non-evictor

Answer 28

Please ask Jesus and Sara what this means :(

Answer 29

a strategy (set of rules of behavior) that when adopted by a population (or certain proportions of the population) cannot be replaced (bettered) by any alternative strategy

Answer 30

a quantitative approach to understanding why behavioral variation exists. payoff depends on what your competitor does *Fitness is frequency-dependent

Answer 31

Positive frequency dependent selection occurs when the more common a variant is in a population, the higher its fitness, while negative frequency dependent selection occurs when a variant has higher fitness the less common it is.

Answer 32

– one strategy is always best

Answer 33

average payoff for each strategy is equal at given proportions mixed through genetic polymorphisms or individuals using mixed strategies

Answer 34

Hawk is ESS if (V-C)/2 > 0 (i.e. V > C) * Dove is ESS if V/2 > V (so Dove is never an ESS if V > 0!) V = resource value C = cost of fighting ASK SARA Week 5 Monday

Answer 35

* dilute risk of attack * dilution effect * swamping predators * selfish herding * predator confusion * communal defense * improved vigilance for predators * food finding * food capture

Answer 36

o increased competition for resources (food, mates, etc.) o attract more predators o spread disease

Answer 37

male and female defined by gamete size o sex that invests more in offspring (gamete size, incubation/gestation, parental care) becomes limiting and is choosey, other sex competes for mates

Answer 38

ratio of number of sexually receptive males to sexually receptive females in a population, often more males

Answer 39

females have larger gametes, more investment, more certain maternity (with internal fertilization) = more likely to show parental care o males have smaller gametes, less investment, less certain paternity, the opportunity for much higher reproductive success = less likely to show parental care

Answer 40

o male-male competition  female defense polygyny  males fight for access to females  resource defense polygyny  males guard resources females need (often hold territories) o sexual dimorphism, especially for size, weapons o reproductive skew (stronger selection pressure on male traits)  size, dominance generally correlate with reproductive success

Answer 41

female mate choice o sexual dimorphism for showy traits, ornaments, displays o reproductive skew (stronger selection pressure on male traits)  what are females choosing?  Ex. widowbird  Ex. bullfrogs; inter- and intrasexual competition  Ex. lark buntings; female preferences can change  direct benefits  benefits to fitness via her own health or current effort  good territory, provisioning female or offspring 6 o Ex. hanging flies