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AUDE 5120 > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

according to bankatis and kemp infection control refers to ….

A

the conscious management of the environment for the purposes of minimizing or eliminating the potential spread of disease

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2
Q

what does infection control invole

A

development, implementation, and execution of professions-specific protocols designed to reduce potential cross-contamination

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3
Q

what does the effectiveness of infection control depend on

A

degree to which protocols meet and the extent to which they are followed

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4
Q

background of hiv/aids

A

1980 : several cases of rare illnesses in men
1981 : CDC recognized hiv/aids as the cause

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5
Q

occupational safety and health administration (OSHA) and hiv/aids

A

developed guidelines for protecting healthcare workers from cross-infection of HIV and other blood borne diseases

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6
Q

universal precautions

A

all human blood and certain human body fluids are treated as if known to be infectious for HIV, HBV, and other blood borne pathogens

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7
Q

guidelines for standard precautions

A

-appropriate personal barriers must be worn when performing procedures that may expose personnel to infection agents
-hands must be washed before and after every patient contact and after glove removal
-touch and splash surfaces must be pre-cleaned and disinfected
-critical instruments must be sterilized
-infectious waste must be disposed of properly

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8
Q

basis of the center for disease control (CDC) universal blood and blood borne pathogen precaution

A

stems from the underlying principle that every patient must be considered a potential carrier of an infection disease and/or a susceptible host for potentially infectious microorganisms

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9
Q

OSHA

A

department of labor established in 1971
-1991 implemented blood borne pathogens standard

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10
Q

joint commission accreditations for the healthcare organizations (JCAHO)

A

set guidelines based on OSHA standard which vary depending on the type of facility
-independent
-quicker reimbursement from 3rd party insurance

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11
Q

environmental protection agency (EPA)

A

mission : protect human health and environment
-regulate and register disinfectants and sterilants

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12
Q

food and drug administration (FDA)

A

responsible for protecting the public health by ensuring the safety of drugs, biological products, and by ensuring the safety of our nations foods supply

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13
Q

epidemic

A

sudden outbreak
-more than usual cases of a disease occurs
-ex. outbreak of cholera, yellow fever

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14
Q

pandemic

A

an epidemic on a large scale
-ex. covid

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15
Q

endemic

A

an infection that is ever present at a relatively low level
-ex. malaria

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16
Q

normal flora

A

bacteria which are found in or on bodies on a semi-permanent basis without causing disease
-viruses and bacteria are NOT normal flora

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17
Q

benefits of normal flora

A

-competes with pathogens
-certain B vitamins and vitamin K
-produces substances which inhibit or kill pathogens
-acts as antigens and stimulates low levels of antibodies to prevent infection or invasion

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18
Q

how much normal flora is in our bodies

A

10^14
-when compared to 10^13 for cells

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19
Q

helpful microbes in our bodies

A

normal flora and probiotics

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20
Q

pathogens

A

microbes that due harm
-essential to kill as many as possible to prevent the spread of disease

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21
Q

when do diseases occur

A

when normal flora is suppressed and pathogens can grow

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22
Q

harmful aspects of normal flora

A

-takes advantage of immunocompromised host
-occurs when the organisms are at a site with which they are not normally associated (ex. e.coli is normal of GI tract but causes UTI’s if in urinary tract)

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23
Q

nosocomial infections

A

hospital acquired

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24
Q

example of nosocomial infection (MRSA)

A

-since introduction of antibiotics, there has been antibiotic-resistant strains (MRSA)
-these strains are responsible for many infections
-patients are more susceptible to acquiring infections
-hospital staff may serve are vectors of infection
-special cleaning agents are needed to kill MRSA

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25
Q

methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

A

bacterium responsible for difficult to treat infections in humans
-hospital acquired

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26
Q

do antibiotics help kill viruses

A

they do not help viral infections
-antibiotics only treat bacterial infections
-there are a few antiviral medications

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27
Q

what can antibiotic overuse lead to

A

MRSA
-more harm than good

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28
Q

organisms more likely to be acquired within a hospital

A

staphylococcus-aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, enteric gram negative rods, hep B, hep C, HIV, candida infections

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29
Q

prokaryotes

A

“before nucleus”
-usually single celled
-lack an organized nucleus
-no mitochondria or chloroplasts
-bacteria

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30
Q

eukaryotes

A

-usually multicellular
-true membrane bound nucleus
-mitochondria and chloroplasts
-DNA organized in chromosomes
-protozoa, fungi, plants, and animals

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31
Q

immune system cells

A

white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets

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32
Q

where do immune system cells develop

A

in the bone marrow from hematopoietic stem

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33
Q

white blood cells (leukocytes)

A

lymphoid lineage and myeloid lineage

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34
Q

lymphoid lineage

A

-primitive T cells go to thymus to mature
-primitive b cells stay in bone marrow to mature
-natural killer cells

35
Q

myeloid lineage

A

-mononuclear phagocytes, monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, basophilis, platelets, and others

36
Q

B cells

A

matures in bone marrow
-receptor cells on their surface recognize foreign pathogens
-produce antibodies
-present antigens to T cells

37
Q

T cells

A

mature in thymus
-helper and killer t cells destroy the foreign bodies after the B cells have identified them
-signal to B cells to start humoral immunity

38
Q

methods of transmission

A

contact, common vehicle, air, and vector

39
Q

contact transmission

A

direct - person to person contact
droplets - travel short distance through the air

40
Q

common vehicle transmission

A

indirect transmission by food, water, biologic products (blood), and fomites (inanimate objects)
-contaminated needles, instruments, specula, HA, earmolds, etc.

41
Q

airborne transmission

A

infectious agents carried by dust, skin shed or droplet suspended in air
-can be over great distances

42
Q

vector transmission

A

arthropods
-external : organism is carried mechanically on the vector
-internal : organism is carried within the vector

43
Q

herpesviridae

A

DNA viruses
herpes simplex 1 and 2, varicella zoster

44
Q

HSV 1

A

saliva
-acute gingibostomatitis, cold sores/fever blisters

45
Q

HSV 2

A

sexual contact
-genital herpes, neonatal herpes, viral meningitis

46
Q

varicella zoster

A

varicella (chicken pox) and zoster (shingles)

47
Q

herpes zoster oticus

A

ramsay-hunt syndrome
-viral infection of the facial nerve near the ear
-can cause ear pain, hearing loss, dizziness, and facial pain

48
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the protective layers of the brain and spinal cord

49
Q

causes of meningitis

A

viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic

50
Q

symptoms of meningitis

A

initial : headaches, fever, stiff neck, light sensitivity, and lethargy
severe : confusion, seizures, coma or death

51
Q

viral meningitis

A

most common but less severe than bacterial
-non polio enteroviruses
-spread by close contact
-recovery occurs within 7 to 10 days

52
Q

bacterial meningitis

A

more severe than viral
-can be fatal
-can cause brain damage, hearing loss, and learning disabilities
-streptococcus pneumoniae, group B streptococcus
-spread by close contact, from mother to child, or through food
-hospitalization, antibiotics, and supportive measures

53
Q

fungal meningitis

A

rare, typically only affects immunocompromised
-spreads through the bloodstream to the brain and spinal cord
-acquired within hospitals
-anti-fungal medication

54
Q

critical instruments

A

instruments that come into contact with blood and/or other infectious substances

55
Q

non-critical instruments

A

earmolds, headphones, specula, toys, keyboards, microphones, shared pends/pencils, in the ear hearing aid styles

56
Q

general procedure for critical items sterilizatin

A

-cold sterilization for audiologic implements
-soak in 2% glutaraaldehyde for 10 hours
-soak in 7.3% hydrogen peroxide for 6 hours

57
Q

cleaning

A

gross contamination is removed but germs might not be

58
Q

sanitizing

A

gross contamination removed, some germs killed
-hard to say which microbes are being removed
-avoid in healthcare setting

59
Q

disinfecting

A

killing the germs
-low is household
-mid is that of dishwasher pods, alcohol, and bleach
-high is hospital grade

60
Q

sterilization

A

kill 100% of vegetative microorganisms and their endospores 100% of the time

61
Q

hand hygiene is the ….

A

single most important procedure for limiting the spread of infectious disease

62
Q

when must hands be washed

A

before and after every single patient contact and after glove removal

63
Q

what type of water is best for washing hands

A

warm water

64
Q

type of soap that is best

A

antimicrobial soap for operating rooms
-avoid bar soap

65
Q

what does universal precaution recommend for hand washing

A

soap and water, but more recently hand sanitizer is allowed as long as there is no visible contaminants
-bankaitis for 10 sec
-CDC for 20 sec
-OSHA for 20 to 30 sec

66
Q

hand sanitizer is ….

A

only acceptable if there are no visible contaminants or debris
-alcohol based

67
Q

innervation

A

auricle and ear canal have branches of 5, 10 and cervical plexus
-branches from 7 and 9
-precise distribution of nerves is not constant

68
Q

external canal sensitivity

A

-superior and anterior are less sensitive
-inferior and posterior are more sensitive

69
Q

with canal sensitivity, what is the recommendation for instrument removal

A

remove at the superior aspect of impaction

70
Q

what may stimulation of nerves cause

A

discomfort, coughing, watery eyes, syncope, cardiac depression, dizziness, and sneezing

71
Q

neuro-reflexes of the external auditory meatus

A

vagus, trigeminal, lymphatic

72
Q

trigeminal reflex

A

“red reflex”
-causes excessive vascularization and thickening of the TM
-can be evoked by otoscopy, otoblock insertion, and hearing aid use

73
Q

vagus reflex

A

“arnold’s reflex”
-coughing, gagging, and/or watering of the eyes
-can be evoked by insertion of otoblock, cerumen removal, or insertion of hearing aid

74
Q

lymphatic reflex

A

slow reflex which could result from over-wearing of hearing aids during adaptation period
-causes swelling of tissues and soreness
-may appear to be due to an allergic reaction

75
Q

hearing evaluation protocol with no concerns

A

-wash hands
-case history
-gloves or no gloves (up to you)
-attach specula
-visually inspect both ears with one specula
-remove specula with gauze
-dispose of specula or sterilize
-perform hand hygiene

76
Q

hearing evaluation protocol with concerns

A

-wash hands
-case history/drainage
-gloves
-attach specula
-visually insert health ear then the ear of concern OR replace specula prior to inspection
-remove specula with gauze
-dispose of specula

77
Q

when should you switch the specula

A

if looking in a ear with concern first or you feel as if it got contaminated

78
Q

parts of the tympanic membrane

A

pars flaccida, light reflex, manubrium, umbo, and pars tensa

79
Q

otomycosis

A

fungal infection of the ear
-accounts for 10-20% of outer ear infections
-higher incidence in warmer climates
-use of topical steroids and antibiotics are a predisposing factor

80
Q

what is the leading cause of germs transmitting in health care?

A

contaminated hands

81
Q

glove fit

A

snug
-allow for movement
-not too loose or too tight

82
Q

otitis media

A

inflammation of the ear

83
Q

abrasion of canal

A

cuts within canal

AUDE 5120 (1 decks)

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