Midterm

Question 1

What were some of the early ideas for mind/body dualism?

Answer 1

spiritual causes; plato thought it was in the head, aristotle in the heart, and hippocrates theorized humors; chinese naturalistic approach to health: emphasis on balance; middle ages: moved from naturalistic back to spiritual

Question 2

What were some of the early influences towards mind/body dualism?

Answer 2

invention of the microscope; Rene Descartes; biomedical model

Question 3

Reductionistic

Answer 3

doctrine that illness is best understood at the level of physics and chemistry

Question 4

Biomedical Model

Answer 4

medical model emphasizing the separation of mind and body and the physical causation of disease

Question 5

Mind Body Dualism

Answer 5

doctrine that the mind and body are two separate entities with only limited interaction

Question 6

Some of the failures of the biomedical model

Answer 6

does not account for the whole illness; critically depends on input from the patient; ignores life situations on the persons health; fails to account for the person return to health

Question 7

General System Theory

Answer 7

nature is best understood in terms of a hierarchy of systems in which each system is simulataneously composed of smaller subsystems and part of larger more encompassing sys.; each sys. is at the same time both a whole and a par; avoids reductionism; bridges mind and body

Question 8

Biopsychosocial Model

Answer 8

sys approach to illness that emphasizes the interconnectedness of mind and body and the importance of understanding disease at all levels

Question 9

Placebo

Answer 9

treatment with no action specific for the condition being treated but that is used for its nonspecific effects

Question 10

Physicalism

Answer 10

only matter and energy exists in the universe

Question 11

Objectivism

Answer 11

investigate empirical facts in an objective manner

Question 12

Mind-Body Identity Theory

Answer 12

nothing but electrical impulses and chemical reactions

Question 13

Eliminativism

Answer 13

mental world is an illusion

Question 14

Emergent Realism

Answer 14

mental is inseperable from brain

Question 15

Double Blind

Answer 15

has to have both both the person receiving and giving the medicine to not know what is a placebo and what is not

Question 16

Materialist View

Answer 16

matter is all that exists

Question 17

Rene Decartes

Answer 17

bodies in his view are machines that function in accordance with the law of physics, but minds are expempt from those laws because they are not physical; basically said that mind and body are separate and do not affect each other

Question 18

Industrial revolution lead to…

Answer 18

the body being seen as a biological machine

Question 19

What is the “hard problem” of consciousness?

Answer 19

why and how subjective inner experiences arise from physical processes in the brain

Question 20

What is the dominant scientific view?

Answer 20

materialism

Question 21

Placebo

Answer 21

our ability to heal ourselves or allieviate pain by simply believing in the treatment whether or not its is “real”; it seems the more firmly we believe in a particular treatment the more likely it is that the treatment will work

Question 22

Nocebo Effect

Answer 22

unpleasant and even life threatning symptoms that can follow the administration of a fake treatment

Question 23

How are placebos used in medicine?

Answer 23

drugs trials use placebos and a new drug must out perform the placebo

Question 24

What may affect the effectiveness of a placebo?

Answer 24

size, color, attitude of doctor, the setting, socail context, persons belief etc

Question 25

What is the "key" in Levin's view when it comes to post modern medicine?

Answer 25

moving from separating mind and body to them affecting each other

Question 26

What do you consider to be the most important concepts/themes/ideas presented by Levin?

Answer 26

taking mind and body into account when treating; fine tuning self awarenss to help with health and healing; knowing how you feel; lived experience; bod awareness; experienced meaning; lived experience and how it affects health/illness; medicines success does not depend on only advances in medical knowledge it also depends on the ability to fine tune their body awareness

Question 27

Neurofeedback

Answer 27

a type of biofeedback; a retraining process in which individuals use real time information about their body's responses 9such as heart rhythm or muscular tension) to learn how to change aspects of their own physical functions and improve health and performance; uses EEG measurements (electroencephalography) and electrodes

Question 28

What is the goal of neurofeedback?

Answer 28

to learn to control electrical activity

Question 29

What are the types of brain waves?

Answer 29

delta waves, theta waves, alpha waves, beta waves and gamma waves

Question 30

Delta Waves

Answer 30

.5-4 Hz; slowest; produced while sleeping; take place during our deepest, usually dreamless stages of sleep, allowing the brain to restore itself

Question 31

Theta Waves

Answer 31

daydreamy; typically occurs during deep metitation (but not the only wave that can occur or increase during or as a result of consistent meditation); 4-8 Hz; occurs when daydreaming or drifting off to sleep; more realzed and thinking move more freely boosting creativity and intution

Question 32

Alpha Waves

Answer 32

procudes during states of relaxation; such as colroing can shift from beta (stressted) to alpha waves (relaxed); 8-12 Hz; default state when our mind is idle; we are physcially and mentally relaxed such as when practicing yoga or reading

Question 33

Beta Waves

Answer 33

produced when we are problem solving; an excess of beta waves can be seen in individuals who are feeling stressed, anxious, or other states of heightened energy; 12-32 Hz; operating at high frequencies; involved with logical thinking, accomplishing tasks and when we are socializing with others

Question 34

Gamma Waves

Answer 34

fastest; associated with higher mental activity and heightened states of consciousness such as hyper awareness, focus, and transcendental experiences; rarest; 32-100 Hz; peek perception and expanded levels of consciousness

Question 35

What waves are associated with meditation?

Answer 35

gamma waves (high levels of meditation/olympic level know the examples); theta waves (normal meditation/ beginner)

Question 36

Neuroplasticity

Answer 36

dynamic potential of the brain to reorganize itself throughout life in response to everday life; waht you do or do not do can physcially restructure your brain; this includes thoughts and feelings; neither good nor bad

Question 37

Mindfulness Meditation

Answer 37

involves allwoing any sensations, thought, or feelings to arise from moment, while maintaining awareness as an attentive and nonattached oberver without judgement or analysis; Jon Kabat-Zinn (biomedical neuroscientists and mindfulness master) and Thich Nhat Hanh (vietnamese Buddhist Monk and "Father of Mindfulness"

Question 38

look back in book for stuff

Question 39

Who are the notable figures of psychoimmunology?

Answer 39

Carl Simonton (radiation oncologist involded with mental imagery/visualization of sharks attacking cancer); Norman Cousins (the men who laughed himself to health); Candace Pert (neuroscientist, neuropeptides, immune system + brain)

Question 40

How did visualization/imagery work with the cancer patients?

Answer 40

Carl Simonton got cancer patients to imagine sharks (being the immune sys) eating the cancer cells in their bodies; had positive effects; shows how belief, mind, emotions etc can help with healing

Question 41

Norman Cousins

Answer 41

the man who laughed himself to health; he figured that if bad emotions caused bad health then good emotions would cause health; his health drastically improved; he would laugh at things and videos

Question 42

Homeostasis

Answer 42

an optimal state of balance that promotes health and combats disease; our systems are constantly trying to maintain homeostasis

Question 43

Psychosomatic Medicine

Answer 43

founded on the belief that the mind can cause bodily symptoms; mind, nervous sys, immune sys, and endocrine sys = psychosomatic network

Question 44

Psychoimmunology

Answer 44

how the immune system can be influenced by mental and emotional states such as chronic stress

Question 45

The concept of psychosomatic network...

Answer 45

requires mind and body to constitute an indivisible whole

Question 46

What are some of the things that can make people a strong candidate for hypnosis?

Answer 46

those who are willing to do it/open- if they are not willing it is harder to hypnotize; attentive focused; anyone can technically be hypnotized but you have to be more open to it; absorption

Question 47

Hypnosis

Answer 47

a trance state (an altered state of consciousness) that is accompanied by changes in perception, memory, emotions, and action; you do not erase a memory you treat the symptoms moreso; is a continuum

Question 48

What are the types of hypnosis?

Answer 48

induced hypnotic states (hypnotism); autohypnosis (self-hypnosis)

Question 49

Induced Hypnotic States (Hypnotism)

Answer 49

can be used for a variety of procedures and treatment; hypnotically induced anesthesia

Question 50

Autohypnosis (Self-Hypnosis)

Answer 50

all hypnosis, even when instructed by a hypnosis, is self hypnosis; you can not force someone to be hypnotized; you can only be encouraged or invited to hypnosis

Question 51

What are some everyday hypnotic states?

Answer 51

driving and zoning out (road hypnosis); zoning out to a professors voice

Question 52

What are some of the limitations of hypnosis?

Answer 52

being unwilling to participate in hypnosis; some people are afraid of it; skepticisms like thinking you are going to be forced to do something, controlled, not in controll of body

Question 53

Mind/Body Connection with Hypnosis

Answer 53

can open us to being in touch with our body; hypnosis can access subconscious parts of mind that may be affecting the body (like a repressed memory or something)

Question 54

Clinal vs. Stage Hypnosis

Answer 54

clinical- not staged, not forced, occurs naturally, continuum

Question 55

True Skeptics

Answer 55

conduct an openminded and objective inquiry for truth; they have a questioning attitude toward facts and views and they are willing to challenge their own beliefs

Question 56

Pseudoskeptics

Answer 56

do not examine the evidence and conduct experiments; in the case of psi research, they deny the possibility of psi despite a significant body of research indicating otherwise; ex) extreme adherence to a purely materialist model to the point of exclusion

Question 57

Psi

Answer 57

a neutral term for a wide range of psychic phenomena including extrasensory perception (ESP), and psychokinesis (PK); also includes clairvoyance, telepathy, and pre cognition; thousands of controlled scientific experiments have been conducted over the past decades

Question 58

"Anomalies"

Answer 58

unexplained deviations from the norma; should not be regarded as mistakes; occasionally lead to major breakthroughs and even scientific revolutions; ex) meteorites (originally said rocks can not fall from the sky but then an anomaly, the meteorite, was discovered); airplanes

Question 59

Ganzfeld ("Whole Field") Experiment

Answer 59

Honorton, Parker, and Braud proposed that psi operates as a weak signal that is usually concealed in stronger signals; our senses tend to be continuously bombarded in daily modern life; experiment consists of a preparation, sending, and judging phase; later experiments were double blind; results above chance and replicated

Question 60

Dean Radin and Presentiment

Answer 60

presentiment: vague sense that something is about to occur, but without any conscious awareness of a specific event; erotic/emotional arousal imagery located 53.1% of the time

Question 61

So far is Psi...

Answer 61

no grand explanation has been proposed to explain various psi phenomena...but is not a reason to reject experimental evidence; psi phenomena suggst that mind plays a fundamental role in nature and that psyche and the physical world are not radically separate

Question 62

Quantum Physics

Answer 62

proposes that the universe is fundamentally nonlocal-particles and phsyical objects that appear to be isolated are in fact deeply interconnected regardless of the distance; however, Radin acknowledges that our current quantum theory is insufficient to explain psi effects

Question 63

Out of Body Experience

Answer 63

OBE; generally speaking, an experience of "exiting" one's physical body and yet still seeing and experiencing their surround as if they are there as an observer; cases of blind individuals who experienced an OBE experiencing visual imagery

Question 64

Near Death Experience

Answer 64

NDE; vivid, realistic, and often deeply life changing experiences of men, women, and children who have physiologically or psychologically close to death; people from all walks of life and belief systems can have this experience

Question 65

Reported Features of a NDE

Answer 65

not all of them may experience these; feelings of peace and joy through a region of darkness and/or a bright light at the end of a tunnel; "being of light" (influenced by cultural views/beliefs); encountering a barrier that would cut them off from their body and life where they to cross it; conversely it can be a frightening and unpleasant experience

Question 66

Raymond Moody and NDE's

Answer 66

wrote a book called "Life after Life"; coined the term "near death experience"; had a NDE of his own; used qualitative data exclusively

Question 67

Potential Changes after a NDE

Answer 67

tend to be changed by the experience, for better or worse; renewed appreciation for life; changed self-image; increased compassion for others; declined in religious affliction, but an increase in spirituality; learning for knowledge; materialistic pursuits lose meaning; can develop psi abilities; conversely they cna be so shakent aht an NDEr can develop depression, loneliness and profound nostalgia

Question 68

Dying Brain Hypothesis

Answer 68

a lack of oxygen (or "anoxia") during the dying process might induce abnormal firings of neurons in brain areas responsible for vision, and taht such firing an abnormal firing would lead to the illusion of seeing a bright light at the end of a dark tunnel

Question 69

Dreamlets

Answer 69

brief periods of unconsiousness