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General Zoology (Lab) > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

One of the principal laboratory instruments in any biological science subject.

A

Microscope

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2
Q

Microscope Part: Metal Parts of the Microscope

A

Mechanical Parts

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3
Q

Mechanical Part: The foot of the microscope for support.

A

Base

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4
Q

Mechanical Part: Part connecting the base to the other parts of the microscope.

A

Pillar

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5
Q

Mechanical Part: Point where a screw is placed at the side of the pillar for tilting the microscopes. This part is missing in some modern microscopes with tilted draw tubes.

A

Inclination Joint

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6
Q

Mechanical Part: Platform attached to the lower portion of the arm. Area where the slide with the specimen is placed.

A

Stage

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7
Q

Mechanical Part: Curved structure connecting the lower and upper parts of the microscope. This also serves as a handle in carrying the microscope.

A

Arm

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8
Q

Mechanical Part: A big cylindrical structure which allows a considerable distance bet. the lenses of the ocular or eyepiece and objectives.

A

Body Tube

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9
Q

Mechanical Part: A smaller tube which holds the eyepiece or ocular lens.

A

Draw Tube

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10
Q

Mechanical Part: A circular structure attached to the area below the body tube that protects the objectives from dust.

A

Dustshield

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11
Q

Mechanical Part: Holds the slide in place.

A

Stage Clips

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12
Q

Mechanical Part: The bigger wheel of the 2 knobs at one side of the arm. This is used to move the body tube up and down. In new models of microscopes, the stage is the one moved up and down. In new models, the stage is the one moved up and down. The screw is also used to focus the general image of the image under the LPO.

A

Coarse Adjustment Knob

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13
Q

Mechanical Part: The smaller screw in the arm which is used when focusing the detailed portion of the object under the HPO.

A

Fine Adjustment Knob

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14
Q

Mechanical Part: Holds the objective lenses. Allows the shifting of the objective lenses.

A

Revolving Nosepiece

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15
Q

These are the magnifying parts of the microscope bearing the lenses.

A

Optical Parts

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16
Q

Optical Part: Lens found at the opening of the draw tube. This magnifies the secondary image of the object. Magnification varies from 5x to 15x.

A

Eyepiece or ocular

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17
Q

Optical Part: Magnify the primary image of the specimen or object.

A

Objectives

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18
Q

Optical Part: With 4x-10x magnification, the object is seen in its general view.

A

Low Power Objective (LPO)

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19
Q

Optical Part: Has greater magnification than LPO, 40x-60x. Gives a more detailed magnification or image than the LPO.

A

High Power Objective (HPO)

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20
Q

Optical Part: 90x-100x, gives a more detailed image than the HPO. Used when examining bacteria or microorganisms. Uses a special oil like cedar wood oil.

A

Oil Immersion Objective (OIO)

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21
Q

Parts for the supply of light.

A

Illuminating Parts

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22
Q

Illuminating Part: Attached to the pillar and is seen just below the stage.

A

Mirror

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23
Q

Illuminating Part: Regulates the amount of light needed to obtain a clearer view of the object.

A

Iris Diaphragm

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24
Q

Illuminating Part: A lens system which concentrate light rays upon the object.

A

Abbe Condenser

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25
Q

Total Magnification

A

Tm= ocular x objectives

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26
Q
  • From the Latin word, “scientia”, which means knowledge
  • It is a systematized body of knowledge that is based from
    facts and observations
A

Science

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27
Q

*Verify a FACT
*Investigate a PHENOMENON
*Discover a KNOWLEDGE

A

Scientific Method

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28
Q
  • To NOTICE something
  • Any SENSORY EXPERIENCE that causes the scientist to think
    and ask a question
  • Receiving knowledge of the outside world through our senses
A

Observation

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29
Q

WHAT: to know the FACTORS involved
* HOW: to know the PROCESS to be done
* WHY: to know the REASON about the phenomenon. This a question which is related to the observation.

A

Identification of the Problem.

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30
Q

It is considered as a tentative answer to the problem, since its validity has to be tested and verified.

A

Formulation of the Hypothesis

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31
Q

This is designed to know the validity of the hypothesis. This can be done in the laboratory room with the use of laboratory materials, but this is not always the case, because a simple interview with concerned individuals can be considered a form of

A

Experimentation

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32
Q

This is the result pf the experiment. It confirms the validity of the hypothesis, which determines whether it is accepted or not. It is therefore considered as the correct answer to the problem.

A

Conclusion

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33
Q

Structural and functional unit of life.

A

Cell

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34
Q

Who discovered the presence of cube-like spaces in corks and other plant structures and named them cells.

A

Robert Hooke

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35
Q

Using the microscope he made, he observed the bacteria in various body fluids, water, and pepper infusions.

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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36
Q

A botanist who concluded that all organisms consist of cells and cell parts.

A

Matthias Schleiden

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37
Q

A zoologist who concluded that all organisms consist of cells and cell parts.

A

Theodor Schwann

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38
Q

Science that deals with the structures and function of the cell.

A

Cytology

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39
Q

Type of cell: Can be single-celled or multicellular. Has a nucleus and organelles.

A

Eukaryote

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40
Q

Type of cell: Unicellular. Oldest cell type. Lacks nucleus and other organelles.

A

Prokaryote

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41
Q

Also known as plasma membrane. A selectively permeable membrane composed of one bilipid layer between two monolayers of protein and carbohydrates intercalating between the lipids and the proteins.

A

Cell Membrane

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42
Q

These are projections that increase the absorptive function of the membrane.

A

Microvilli

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43
Q

The infoldings or invaginations of the cell membrane, function of which is not only to increase the absorptive capacity of the cell surface but also to help cell take in food substances.

A

Pinocytic Vesicles

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44
Q

The living substance of the cell. Made up of organic and inorganic compounds as well as nucleic acids.

A

Cytoplasm

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45
Q

Considered as the circulatory system of the cell concerned with intracellular transport.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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46
Q

2 Kinds of ER: Agranular endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes.

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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47
Q

2 Kinds of ER: Also called the granular endoplasmic reticulum because its membrane is lined with ribosomes that are necessary in protein synthesis.

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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48
Q

Spherical granules found either attached to the ER or distributed in the cytoplasm performing protein synthesis.

A

Ribosomes

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49
Q

Cellular structures in the transport of substance to and from the cells.

A

Golgi Apparatus or Dictyosomes

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50
Q

Powerhouse of the cell. Double-walled or rod-shaped structures with inside folds known as cristae which increase the surface for energy production.

A

Mitochondria

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51
Q

Suicide Bags. Contain enzymes that can digest cell components such as foreign bodies like bacteria.

A

Lysosomes

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52
Q

They are present only in animal cells and primitive plants which are important in cell division.

A

Centrosomes and centrioles

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53
Q

Spaces capable of storing food and the contractile___ for expelling wastes.

A

Vacuoles

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54
Q

Rounded structure at the center of the cell. Controls the metabolic activities.

A

Nucleus

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55
Q

Double-layered membrane arising from the plasma membrane enclosing the nucleoplasm. Regulates the movement of materials in and out of the nucleus.

A

Nuclear Membrane

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56
Q

The protoplasm of the nucleus in which the chromosomes and other materials are suspended.

A

Nucleoplasm

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57
Q

They are the darkly staining structures containing the genes in the nucleus of the cell.

A

Chromatin Materials

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58
Q

The spherical body at the periphery of the nucleus needed for ribosomal synthesis.

A

Nucleolus

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59
Q

Tile-like cells usually for protection, found at the outer layer of the skin and used as lining of other organs.

A

Squamous Cells

60
Q

Cells w/ equal sides. Usually observed in the kidney tubules.

A

Cuboidal Cells

61
Q

Tube-like cells found lining the digestive tract for absorption.

A

Columnar Cells

62
Q

Star-like cells for nerve-impulse conduction.

A

Stellate Cells

63
Q

Irregularly shaped cells of WBC due to amoebic and phagocytic action

A

Amorphous Cells

64
Q

Nearly rounded cells of the RBC of the frog.

A

Oval Cells

65
Q

Cells of the smooth muscle of visceral organs.

A

Fusiform

66
Q

Many-sided liver cells.

A

Polygonal

67
Q

Cells found in the bones.

A

Spider-like

68
Q

Represented by sperm cells

A

Thread-like

69
Q

Cells making up the bulk of the body

A

Somatic Cells

70
Q

Reproductive cells

A

Germinal Cells

71
Q

The replication and division of the nucleus

A

Mitosis or Karyokinesis

72
Q

Division of the cytoplasm

A

Cytokinesis

73
Q
  • Chromosomes are observed to be long, thin, coiled filaments known as the chromatids.
  • Chromosomes observed to have the identical strands held together by centromere.
  • Chromatids become shorter and thicker because of the coiling of the unit fiber.
  • Nuclear membrane breaks down and nucleolus disappears.
A

Prophase

74
Q
  • Chromosomes with centromeres attached to the spindle fibers are arranged at the center or equatorial plate of the cell.
A

Metaphase

75
Q

Centromeres equally divide and thus attached chromosomes migrate towards the opposite poles.

A

Anaphase

76
Q

Chromosomes loosen or lengthen until a thread-like appearance is assumed. Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear.

A

Telophase

77
Q

Initial stage in which the chromosomes replicate; characterized by the highest degree of metabolic activity.

A

Interphase

78
Q

Invagination as ring contracts

A

Cleavage Furrow

79
Q

Band of cytoskeletal fibers

A

Contractile Ring

80
Q

The process by which cells contracts and pinches of cell into 2

A

Contractile Cytokinesis

81
Q

Groups of cell similar or different shapes performing specific function.

A

Tissues

82
Q

Science which deals with the structure and functions of the tissues.

A

Histology

83
Q

Tissues mainly used to cover the entire body as well as internal structures and cavities. Used for sensation absorption, excretion, and secretion.

A

Epithelial Tissues

84
Q

Single layer of cells

A

Simple

85
Q

2 or more layers of cells

A

Stratified

86
Q

Only one layer of cell

A

Simple Epithelium

87
Q

Consists of a single layer of flattened scale-like cells

A

Simple Squamous

88
Q

Consists of a layer of cube-like cells. Cuboidal cells are cells having similar width and length as ice cubes.

A

Simple Cuboidal

89
Q

Layer of columnar cells described as elongated cells. May be found with cilia or flagella.

A

Simple Columnar

90
Q

Type of epithelial tissue with columnar cells which appear to be arranged in more than 1 layer because they have been altered by pressure.

A

Pseudo-stratified

91
Q

Consists of more than 1 layer of cells.

A

Stratified Epithelium

92
Q

Several layers of squamous cells

A

Stratified Squamous

93
Q

Many layers of cuboidal cells

A

Stratified Cuboidal

94
Q

2 or more layers of columnar cells

A

Stratified Columnar

95
Q

Tissue with balloon-like cells subjected to contraction and stretching. The cells are observed as transitions bet. squamous and columnar cells.

A

Transitional Epithelium

96
Q

Tissues with function of which is to bind and support other tissues and organs together.

A

Connective Tissue

97
Q

Tissue composed of cells and interconnected fibrils.

A

Reticular Connective Tissue

98
Q

Cells and Fibers observed to be occupying the intercellular spaces.

A

Fibrous Connective Tissue

99
Q

Fibrous Connective Tissue Fiber: white, wavy, unbranched bundle of fibers.

A

Collagenous

100
Q

Fibrous Connective Tissue Fiber: yellow, straight or bent, branching fibers

A

Elastic

101
Q

Large, rounded cells containing fats.

A

Adipose

102
Q

Called a soft bone.

A

Cartilage

103
Q

Cartilage Type: translucent connective tissue w/o fibers.

A

Hyaline Cartilage

104
Q

Cartilage Type: contains yellow branching fibers.

A

Elastic Cartilage

105
Q

Cartilage Type: Collagenous unbranched fibers observed to be occupying the tissue.

A

Fibrocartilage

106
Q

Contains calcified intercellular substances.

A

Bone or osseus tissue

107
Q

Contain fibers surrounded by a membrane called sarcolemma. These muscle fibers have minute fibers called myofibrils.

A

Muscular Tissue

108
Q

Fluid or liquid tissue with cells used to distribute body materials.

A

Blood

109
Q

Hemoglobin. These cells transport oxygenated blood.

A

Red Blood Cells/ Erythrocytes/ Corpuscles

110
Q

Soldier of the body. Capable of phagocytosis, pseudopodia, and diapedesis.

A

White Blood Cells/ Leucocytes

111
Q

Important in blood clotting.

A

Thrombocytes or blood platelets

112
Q

Tissue receiving and transmitting impulse. Has cells called neurons and extensions, the dendrite and the axon.

A

Nervous Tissue

113
Q

Body structures formed by several groups of tissues performing specific functions.

A

Organs

114
Q

Science which deals with the study of organs.

A

Organology

115
Q

Tubes for the passageway of blood.

A

Blood vessel

116
Q

Thick-walled blood vessel which carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the different parts of the body.

A

Artery

117
Q

Thin-walled blood vessel which carries unoxygenated blood from the different parts of the body to the heart.

A

Veins

118
Q

Small blood vessels interconnecting veins and arteries.

A

Capillaries

119
Q

Layer of Blood Vessel: the outermost layer w/ loose connective tissues.

A

Tunica adventitia (Tunica externa)

120
Q

Layer of Blood Vessel: middle layer w/ smooth muscle cells

A

Tunica media

121
Q

Layer of Blood Vessel: innermost layer with elastic fibers and smooth muscle cells.

A

Tunica intima (Tunica interna)

122
Q

Layer of Blood Vessel: layer of squamous cells, lining the central cavity of the blood vessels, known as the lumen.

A

Endothelium

123
Q

Serves mainly for protection, but also for respiration and water absorption.

A

Skin

124
Q

Layer of Skin: outer or superficial layer w/ squamous cells capable of molting or shedding off of the skin.

A

Stratum Corneum

125
Q

Layer of Skin: consists of columnar cells. Contains chromatophores for skin pigmentation.

A

Stratum germinativum (Stratum malpighii)

126
Q

Layers of Dermis: made up of loose connective tissues.

A

Stratum laxum (stratum spongiosum)

127
Q

Layers of Dermis: compactly arranged connective tissue fibers.

A

Stratum compactum

128
Q

Long coiled tube of the digestive tract where final digestion and absorption of food take place.

A

Small intestine

129
Q

Layers of Villi: visceral peritoneum covering the gastro-intestinal tract.

A

Tunica serosa

130
Q

Layers of Villi: layer of smooth muscles divided into
a. stratum longitudinale- outer layer of longitudinal muscle fibers
b. stratum circulare- thicker inner layer of muscle fibers

A

Tunica muscularis

131
Q

Layers of Villi: layer of connective tissue w/ blood vessels and nerves.

A

Tela submucosa

132
Q

Layers of Villi: composed of simple columnar epithelium lining the cavity of the organ, the lumen. Contains goblet cells that secrete intestinal juice for digestion.

A

Tunica mucosa

133
Q

J-shaped digestive organ where partial digestion of food takes place.

A

Stomach

134
Q

Layers of the stomach: layer bet. serosa and muscularis.

A

Tunica subserosa

135
Q

Layers of the stomach: found in innermost submucosa, contains longitudinal muscle fibers.

A

Muscularis mucosa

136
Q

Layers of the stomach: layer bet. mucosa and tunica mucosa.

A

Tunica propia

137
Q

Largest gland of the body secreting bile.

A

Liver

138
Q

smaller cavity lined w/ cuboidal cells

A

Bile duct

139
Q

Thick-walled, small, round structures

A

Arterioles

140
Q

Very small cavity with fewer cuboidal cells

A

Bile capillary

141
Q

The main excretory organ which functions greatly to remove nitrogenous wastes through uriniferous tubules. Bean shaped.

A

Kidney

142
Q

The gonads which produce gametes or sex cells.

A

Reproductive Organs

143
Q

female gonad which is a sac-like structure containing round bodies of various sizes.

A

Ovary

144
Q

Male gonad, mainly composed of seminiferous tubules covered by the outer visceral peritoneum.

A

Testes

145
Q

Connected to the brain and enclosed in the vertebral column.

A

Spinal cord

General Zoology (Lab) (1 decks)

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