Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
dorsal surface
A
top of foot or hand
2
Q
palmar surface
A
palm of hand
2
Q
plantar surface
A
bottom of foot
2
Q
superior
A
above
3
Q
inferior
A
below
4
Q
proximal
A
closer to
5
Q
distal
A
further from
6
Q
lateral
A
away from midline
7
Q
medial
A
towards midline
8
Q
superficial
A
closer to body surface
9
Q
deep
A
further from body surface
10
Q
coronal/frontal plane
A
divides anterior and posterior
11
Q
sagittal
A
divides right and left
12
Q
transverse/hortizontal
A
divides superior and inferior
13
Q
mid-sagittal
A
cutting down the midline and divide left and right
14
Q
axial skeleton (trunk)
A
- bones of skull
- accessory bones
- vertebral column
- thoracic cage
15
Q
appendicular skeleton (appendages)
A
- upper limbs and pectoral girdle
- lower limbs and pelvic girdle
16
Q
how many bones are in the vertebral column?
A
26
17
Q
vertebral column
A
24 vertebrae
- 7 cervical (C1-C7)
- 12 thoracic (T1-T12)
- 5 lumbar (L1-L5)
*sacrum
*coccyx
26 bones total in vertebral column
18
Q
functions of vertebral column
A
- column of support
- protection of spinal cord = passage for nerves
- attachment site for muscles
19
Q
spinous process
A
middle process from superior view, but actually sits posterior on the vertebrae
20
Q
transverse process
A
lateral process on vertebra
21
Q
lamina
A
joins spinous process and transverse process
22
Q
vertebral foramen
A
opening within individual vertebrae
23
vertebral body
forms anterior part of each vertebra (thick)
24
pedicle
connects vertebral body to rest of the vertebrae
25
intervertebral foramen
hole between vertebrae - allow for passage of nerves
26
superior articular process + facet
above transverse process of a vertebra
27
inferior articular process + facet
below transverse process of vertebra
28
intervertebral discs
discs between vertebra
29
nucleus pulposus
medial portion of intervertebral discs (at centre)
30
annulus fibrosis
ring around the nucleus pulposus - lateral portion of intervertebral discs
31
herniated discs
nucleus pulposus protrudes into vertebral canal due to tear or rupture in annulus fibrosis
***CAUSES PAINS
32
cervical vertebrae
- small
- bifid spinous process - split into two notches
- vertebral body is oval shaped
- contains transverse foramina (for passage of arteries)
33
thoracic vertebrae
- medium
- downward sloping spinous process
- heart shaped vertebral body
- contains costal facets for ribs to articulate with (either 1 or 2 facets)
***LOOKS LIKE GIRRAFE
34
lumbar vertebrae
- large
- short and stumpy spinous process
- kidney shaped vertebral body
- does not contain any articular facets
***WEIGHT BEARING = LARGER
35
atypical vertebrae
atlas (C1) and axis (C2)
36
C1 vertebra
- first vertebra (above C2)
- hold skull
37
dens (odontoid process)
projection on C2
- held in place by a ligament on C1
38
C2 vertebra
- second vertebra (below C1)
- allows for axis to move
39
functions of thoracic cage
- encloses and protects viscera (internal organs) of thoracic cavity
- thoracic skeleton acts as an anchor for muscles (including muscles of respiration)
- attachment site for muscles that move the upper limb and scapula
40
how many pairs of ribs are there?
12 pairs
41
sternum
bone that sits at middle
contains:
- manubrium
- body
- sternal angle
- xiphoid process
- articulation sites for ribs
- clavicular notch
42
manubrium
superior to sternum body
43
sternum body
body of sternum
44
sternal angle
connects the manubrium and body
45
xiphoid process
inferior process on sternum
46
articulation sites for ribs
where ribs articulate with sternum (laterally)
47
clavicular notch
where medial end of clavicle articulates with the sternum
48
costal cartilage
provides articulation of ribs and sternum - contributes to elasticity of thoracic cage
*** ELASTCITY HELPS BREATHING
49
true ribs
articulate DIRECTLY with the sternum via costal cartilage
RIBS 1-7
50
false ribs
articulate INDIRECTLY via fused costal cartilage
RIBS 8-10
51
floating ribs
NO anterior articulation
RIBS 11 & 12
52
head of typical rib
articulates posteriorly with body of the thoracic vertebrae via costal facet
53
tubercle on typical rib
articulates with transverse process of thoracic vertebrae
54
costal groove on typical rib
runs along inferior surface of rib where veins, arteries and nerves run through
55
body of typical rib
flat and curved
56
sternal end of typical rib
anterior towards sternum and articulates with sternum
57
cervical vs. thoracic vs. lumbar vertebra
- cervical is the smallest
- thoracic is medium sized and heart shaped
- lumbar is the largest and kidney shaped
58
superficial muscles of the thoracic cage
1. pectoralis major
2. pectoralis minor
3. subclavius
4. serratus anterior
5. serratus posterior
59
rami
spinal nerves that exit through vertebrae
60
deep muscles of the thoracic cage
1. external intercostals
2. internal intercostals
3. innermost intercostals
4. transversus thoracis
5. subcostales
61
what is the less developed intercostal?
innermost intercostals
- less developed so play lesser role
62
hands in pockEts
External intercostals
63
hands in pIts
Internal/Innermost intercostals
64
what nerves keep the diaphragm alive?
C3, C4 & C5
65
what happens to pressure when volume increases?
pressure decreases (vice versa)
- pressure and volume are inversely related
66
breathing (atm vs. lung)
before inhalation: Patm = Plung
inhalation: Patm > Plung
exhalation: Patm < Plung
67
accessory muscle of inspiration
scalenes & sternocleidomastoid
68
steps of inspiration
1. ribs pulled superiorly (diaphragm lowers)
2. sternum pushed anteriorly
3. parietal and visceral pleura pulled outwards
4. lung volume increases
5. Patm > Plung
69
accessory muscles of expiration
innermost intercostals & anterior abdominal wall muscles
70
steps of expiration
1. muscles relax (diaphram returns)
2. structures return to pre-inspiratory position
3. decrease size of thoracic cavity
4. lung volume decreases
5. Patm < Plung
71
pectoralis major
most superficial layer
72
ORIGINS of pectoralis major
1. anterior surface of clavicle
2. anterior surface of sternum
3. external oblique aponeurosis
73
INSERTION of pectoralis major
greater tubercle of humerus
74
ACTIONS of pectoralis major
1. adducts arm
2. flexes arm
3. medially rotates arm
75
INNERVATION of pectoralis major
medial & lateral pectoral nerve
76
pectoralis minor
second layer deep to pec major
77
ORIGIN of pectoralis minor
ribs 3-5 (anteriorly)
78
INSERTION of pectoralis minor
coracoid process of scapula
79
ACTION of pectoralis minor
pulls scapula down and anteriorly
80
INNERVATION of pectoralis minor
medial pectoral nerve
81
subclavius
same depth as pec minor but more superior
82
ORIGIN of subclavius
1st rib (anterior surface)
83
INSERTION of subclavius
interior surface of clavicle
84
ACTION of subclavius
pulls down and stabilizes clavicle
85
INNERVATION of subclavius
cervical nerves C5 & C6
86
serratus anterior
boxing muscle
87
ORIGIN of serratus anterior
surface of ribs 1-8
88
INSERTION of serratus anterior
medial border of scapula on the costal (ribs) surface
89
ACTIONS of serratus anterior
1. protract scapula
2. elevate ribs
90
INNERVATION of serratus anterior
long thoracic nerve
91
ORIGIN of serratus posterior - SUPERIOR
C7-T3 spinous processes
92
INSERTION of serratus posterior - SUPERIOR
superior borders of ribs 2-4
93
ACTION of serratus posterior - SUPERIOR
elevates upper ribs when contracts
94
INNERVATION of serratus posterior - SUPERIOR
T1-T4 ventral rami
95
ORIGIN of serratus posterior - INFERIOR
T11-L2 spinous processes
***further down from serratus posterior -superior
96
INSERTION of serratus posterior - INFERIOR
inferior borders of ribs 9-12
97
ACTION of serratus posterior - INFERIOR
depresses lower ribs when contracts
98
INNERVATION of serratus posterior - INFERIOR
T9-T12 anterior rami
99
external intercostals
most superficial, travel medially and inferiorly down
100
ORIGIN of external IC
inferior border of ribs
101
INSERTION of external IC
superior border of the rib below origin
102
ACTION of external IC
elevate ribs (INSPIRATION)
103
INNERVATION of external IC
intercostal nerves
104
internal intercostals
deep to external IC, muscle fibres travel more medially, anteriorly and superiorly
105
ORIGIN of internal IC
inferior border of ribs
106
INSERTION of internal IC
superior border of the rib below origin
107
ACTION of internal IC
lower ribs (EXPIRATION) - back to the normal position
108
INNERVATION of internal IC
intercostal nerves
109
innermost intercostals
deepest IC, less developed so they play a lesser role
110
ORIGIN of innermost IC
inferior border of ribs
111
INSERTION of innermost IC
superior border of rib below origin
112
ACTION of innermost IC
lower ribs (EXPIRATION)
113
INNERVATION of innermost IC
intercostal nerves
114
transversus thoracis
inside ribcage
115
ORIGIN of transversus thoracis
pleural surface (faces lungs) of ribs 2-6 (anteriorly)
116
INSERTIONS of transversus thoracis
1. posterior surface of sternum
2. xiphoid process
117
ACTION of transversus thoracis
lowers ribs (EXPIRATION)
118
INNERVATION of transversus thoracis
intercostal nerves
119
subcostales
small muscles under the ribs
120
ORIGIN of subcostales
pleural surface of lower ribs (posteriorly)
121
INSERTIONS of subcostales
1. superior border of ribs below origin
2. lower ribs
122
ACTION of subcostales
contracts and pull ribs down (EXPIRATION)
123
INNERVATION of subcostales
intercostal nerves
124
Diaphragm
driver of breathing
125
ORIGINS of diaphragm
1. xiphoid process of sternum
2. L1-L4 vertebra (anterior)
3. costal arch of ribs 7-12
126
INSERTION of diaphragm
central tendon of diaphragm
127
ACTIONS of diaphragm
1. contracts and compresses abdomen (INSPIRATION)
2. relaxes (EXPIRATION)
128
INNERVATION of diaphragm
phrenic nerve
129
blood supply - ANTERIOR - RIGHT
1. arch of aorta
2. brachiocephalic artery
3. right subclavian artery
4. right internal thoracic artery
5. anterior intercostal arteries
130
blood supply - ANTERIOR - LEFT
1. arch of aorta
2. left subclavian artery
3. left internal thoracic artery
4. anterior intercostal arteries
***NO BRANCHING OFF ARCH OF AORTA
131
blood supply - POSTERIOR
1. arch of aorta
2. descending thoracic aorta
3. posterior intercostal arteries
132
venous drainage
reverse passage of arterial supply
1. hemiazygos vein
2. accessory hemiazygos vein (2 of them)
3. azygos vein
4. superior vena cava
133
a joint
site where 2 or more bones connect
1. link skeletal system together
2. joints facilitate movement of the skeleton
134
joint structure and function
function and range of motion of each joint is dependent upon its structure (anatomy)
135
stability vs. mobility
as something become less mobile, it becomes more stable
ex. ball and socket joint - most mobile, but least stable
136
function of joints (types)
1. synarthrosis: no movement (fibrous, cartilaginous, bony fusion)
2. amphiarthrosis: little movement (fibrous, cartilaginous)
3. diarthrosis: wide range of motion (synovial)
137
fibrous synarthrosis
immovable, strong union between bones
ex. sutures of the skull
138
bony fusion synarthrosis
created when bones fuse together (can't really see)
ex. bones of pelvis
139
cartilaginous ampiarthrisis
bones joined by a wedge of cartilage
ex. intervertebral discs or pubic symphasis
140
synovial joints (diarthrisis)
freely moveable joints
- typically found at end of long bones
141
components of synovial joints
1. joint capsule
2. articular cartilage
3. joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
4. synovial membrane
5. accessory structures
142
joint capsule (articular capsule)
surrounds synovial joint, and encloses joint cavity
Made of:
1. outer dense connective tissue layer (external)
2. inner synovial membrane (internal)
143
synovial membrane
lines inner surface of joint and produces synovial fluid
144
synovial fluid
1. fills joint cavity
2. lubricates and reduces friction
3. absorbs shock
4. distributes nutrients to cells of articular cartilage
145
articular cartilage
covers surfaces for articulating bones to reduce friction during movement
***on top of bone
146
accessory structures of synovial joints
1. menisci
2. ligaments
3. bursae
4. fat pads
- all provide support and stability
147
menisci (meniscus)
fibrocartilage pads between bone of knee
1. reduce friction
2. disperse weight
3. protect and cushion joint surface
148
ligaments (synovial)
fibrous connective tissue connecting bone to bone that support and strengthen synovial joints
can be:
1. outside joint capsule- extracapsular (PCL)
2. inside joint capsule- intracapsular (ACL)
149
bursa (bursae)
small fluid-filled pockets in connective tissue, around tendons and bones
1. filled with synovial fluid and lines by synovial membrane
2. reduce friction
3. shock absorbers (due to synovial fluid)
150
fat pads (synovial)
yellow substance that protects articular cartilages and cushions the joint
***found around periphery (outside) of the joint
151
types of synovial joint movements
1. gliding
2. angular
3. rotational
5. special movements
152
gliding movement
two opposing flat surfaces slide past each other
ex. intertarsal joints
153
angular movement
changes the angle between articulating bones
1. flexion (decrease angle)
2. extension (increase angle)
3. abduction
4. adduction
5. circumduction (combo of movements above - ball and socket joints)
154
rotational movement
1. medial (internal) rotation
2. lateral (external) rotation
3. supination
4. pronation
155
special movements (foot)
1. inversion (sole in)
2. eversion (sole out)
3. dorsiflexion (elevate sole)
4. plantar flexion (elevate heel)
156
special movement (thumb)
1. opposition (thumb touch)
2. reposition
157
special movements (others)
1. protraction (anteriorly along transverse plane)
2. retraction (posteriorly)
3. elevation (up - superior)
4. depression (down - inferior)
158
special movements (the vertebral column)
1. lateral flexion (bending vertebral column side to side)
2. flexion & extension (bending front and back)
3. rotation (twisting)
159
types of synovial joints
1. gliding (plane) joint
2. hinge joint
3. pivot joint
4. ellipsoidal (condylar) joint
5. saddle joint
6. ball-and-socket joint
160
gliding (plane) joint
flattened or slightly curved surface slide across one another
ex. intertarsal joints of the foot
161
hinge joint
CONVEX surface of a bone fits into a CONCAVE surface of a bone
- Monoaxial: across one axis (flexion/extension)
ex. elbow joint, ankle joint, knee joint, interphalangeal joints
162
pivot joint
pointed surface of bone articulates with a ring
- Monoaxial: only rotation
ex. atlanto-axial joint (C1 and C2)
- proximal radioulnar joint (radius head rotates)
163
ellipsoidal (condylar) joint
condyle (oval) sits within a depression on the opposing surface
- Biaxial: motion across 2 axes
(flexion/extension & abduction/adduction & circumduction)
ex. metacarpophalangeal joints 1-5
164
saddle joint
articular surface of a bone fits into saddle-shaped bone
- Biaxial: opposition
ex. first carpometacarpal joint (base of thumb)
165
ball-and-socket joint
round head of a bone sits into a cup-shaped depression of a bone
- Triaxial: 3 axes
(angular motion, rotation & circumduction)
ex. hip and shoulder joint
166
appendicular skeleton
1. pectoral girdle
2. arm and forearm
3. wrist and hand
167
pectoral girdle
clavicle and scapula
168
clavicle
1. acromial/lateral end articulates with acromion of scapula (furthest from neck)
2. sternal/medial end articulates with sternum (closer to neck)
3. rough INFERIOR surface = attachment site for muscles and ligaments
169
clavicle orientation
1. lateral 1/3 CONCAVE anteriorly
2. medial 2/3 CONVEX anteriorly (protrudes outwards)
170
sternoclavicular joint
join clavicle and sternum together at the clavicular notch of the manubrium
***SADDLE joint
171
borders of scapula
1. medial (comes together at middle of back)
2. lateral (outside)
3. superior (top)
172
3 fossae of scapula
1. supraspinous fossa (above scap. spine)
2. infraspinous fossa (below scap.spin)
3. subscapular fossa (anterior)
173
anterior scapula
1. acromion
2. coracoid process
174
acromion
1. articulates with lateral end of clavicle
2. larger process
3. posterior
175
coracoid process
1. smaller process
2. anterior
176
posterior scapula
1. spine of scapula - divides supra and infraspinous fossae
2. acromion - lateral end of spine
177
lateral scapula
1. glenoid fossa/cavity- forms shoulder joint with head of humerus
178
glenohumeral joint
joins head of humerus and glenoid fossa
- ball-and-socket joint protected by bursa
179
acromioclavicular joint
joins lateral end of clavicle to acromion via the acromioclavicular ligament
180
coracoacromial joint
joins coracoid process and acromion via the coracoacromial ligament
181
proximal humerus
ANTERIOR
1. head of humerus (pointing IN medially)
2. greater tubercle (larger & lateral)
3. lesser tubercle (smaller & medial)
3. intertubercular groove (between tubercles)
POSTERIOR
4. anatomical neck (end of head)
5. surgical neck (where humerus narrows)
182
shaft of humerus
1. deltoid tuberosity
2. shaft (main part)
183
tuberosity
rough, elevated surface, usually named for muscle attachments
184
distal humerus
ANTERIOR
1. condlye (capitulum & trochlea)
- capitulum = head
- trochlea = 2 bony prominences
POSTERIOR
1. trochlea
185
3 fossae of distal humerus
1. radial fossa (smaller & lateral)
2. coronoid fossa (larger & medial)
3. olecranon fossa (largest & posterior)
186
bony prominences of distal humerus
1. lateral epicondyle (small beside capitulum)
2. medial epicondyle (larger beside trochlea)
187
epicondlye
rounded bump on a condyle
188
condyle
rounded knob that articulates with other bone
189
radius
lateral - thumb side
190
ulna
medial - pinkie side
- elbow joint range of motion
191
proximal radius
1. head (flat)
2. neck
3. radial tuberosity (surface on anterior radius)
192
proximal ulna
1. olecranon
2. trochlear notch
3. radial notch
4. coronoid process
193
olecranon
1. limit on extension (prevent hyperextension)
2. projects into olecranon fossa on POSTERIOR HUMERUS
194
trochlear notch
articulates with TROCHLEA of humerus
- bony prominences of trochlea fit
195
radial notch
articulates with head of radius
- forms radio-ulnar joint
196
coronoid process
1. limit of flexion
2. projects into coronoid fossa on ANTERIOR HUMERUS
197
muscles that move the arm - rotator cuff group
1. supraspinatus
2. infraspinatus
3. teres minor
4. subscapularis
198
muscles that move the arm - non-rotator cuff group
1. deltoid
2. coracobrachialis
3. pectoralis major
199
muscles that move the forearm
1. biceps brachii (most superficial)
2. brachialis
3. brachioradialis
4. triceps brachii
200
ORIGIN of supraspinatus
supraspinous fossa
201
INSERTION of supraspinatus
greater tubercle of humerus (lateral)
202
ACTION of supraspinatus
abduction of arm at shoulder
203
INNERVATION of supraspinatus
suprascapular nerve
204
ORIGIN of infraspinatus
infraspinous fossa
205
INSERTION of infraspinatus
greater tubercle of humerus
206
ACTION of infraspinatus
external (lateral) rotation of arm at shoulder
207
INNERVATION of infraspinatus
suprascapular nerve
208
ORIGIN of teres minor
lateral border of scapula
209
INSERTION of teres minor
greater tubercle of humerus
210
ACTION of teres minor
external (lateral) rotation of arm at shoulder
211
INNERVATION of teres minor
axillary nerve
212
ORIGIN of subscapularis
subscapular fossa
213
INSERTION of subscapularis
lesser tubercle of humerus (medial)
214
ACTION of subscapularis
1. medial (internal) rotation of arm at shoulder
2. adduct arm at shoulder
215
INNERVATION of subscapularis
subscapular nerve
216
ORIGIN of deltoid
1. lateral clavicle
2. acromion
3. spine of scapula
217
INSERTION of deltoid
deltoid tuberosity of humerus
218
ACTION of deltoid
1. abduction of arm at shoulder
2. medial and lateral rotation of arm
3. flexion and extension of arm
219
INNERVATION of deltoid
axillary nerve
220
ORIGIN of coracobrachialis
coracoid process of scapula
221
INSERTION of coracobrachialis
medial shaft of humerus
222
ACTION of coracobrachialis
1. adduction of arm at shoulder
2. flexion of arm at shoulder
223
INNERVATION of coracobrachialis
musclulocutaneous nerve
224
ORIGIN of biceps brachii
1. long head: supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
2. short head: coracoid process
225
INSERTION of biceps brachii
radial tuberosity
226
ACTION of biceps brachii
1. flexes arm and forearm at elbow
2. abducts and medially rotates arm
3. supination (forearm)
227
INNERVATION of biceps brachii
musculocutaneous nerve
228
ORIGIN of brachialis
anterior humerus
229
INSERTION of brachialis
1. ulnar tuberosity
2. coronoid process
230
ACTION of brachialis
flexes forearm at elbow
231
INNERVATION of brachialis
1. musculocutaneous nerve
2. radial nerve
232
ORIGIN of brachioradialis
lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus (proximal 2/3)
233
INSERTION of brachioradialis
styloid process of radius
234
ACTION of brachioradialis
flexes forearm at elbow joint
235
INNERVATION of brachioradialis
radial nerve
236
ORIGIN of triceps brachii
1. long head: scapula
2. lateral head: humerus
3. medial head: humerus but DEEP
237
INSERTION of triceps brachii
olecranon of ulna
238
ACTION of triceps brachii
1. extends and adducts arm
2. extends forearm
239
INNERVATION of triceps brachii
radial nerve
240
ORIGIN of internal oblique
1. thoracolumbar fascia
2. iliac crest
241
INSERTION of internal oblique
1. linea alba
2. pubis
3. inferior ribs & costal cartilage
242
ACTION of internal oblique
same as external oblique but IPSILATERAL rotation
243
ORIGIN of external oblique
ribs 5-12
244
INSERTION of external oblique
1. linea alba
2. iliac crest
3. pubic crest
245
ACTION of external oblique
1. bilateral contraction: flexion of vertebral column & abdominal compression
2. unilateral contraction: lateral flexion; trunk rotation (CONTRALATERAL)
246
thoracolumbar fascia
multilayer arrangement of fascia (sheet of connective tissue) in lumbar region
247
ORIGIN of rectus abdominus
pubic symphysis
248
INSERTION of rectus abdominis
1. xiphoid process
2. costal cartilage of ribs 5-7
249
ACTION of rectus abdominis
1. flexion of the trunk
2. abdominal compression
250
tendinous instersections
transverse, fibrous bands that partially separate the muscle fibers of the rectus abdominis into segments
251
ORIGIN of transverse abdominis
1. costal cartilage of inferior ribs
2. iliac crest
3. thoracolumbar fascia
252
INSERTION of transverse abdominis
1. linea alba
2. pubis
253
ACTION of transverse abdominis
abdominal compression
254
rectus sheath
formed by aponeuroses of external & internal oblique, and transverse abdominis
- encloses rectus abdominis
- converges centrally as linea alba
255
aponeurosis
sheet-like tendon by which muscles connect to bone or fascia
256
trapezius
paired, trapezoid-shaped muscle
257
ORIGIN of trapezius
1. occipital bone of the skull
2. spinous process of thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)
258
INSERTION of trapezius
1. scapula (acromion & scapular spine)
2. lateral aspect of clavicle
259
ACTIONS of trapezius
1. upper fibers: elevate scapula
2. middle fibers: retract scapula & upward rotation of scapula (ARM ABDUCTION)
3. lower fibres: depress scapula & upward rotation of scapula (ARM ABDUCTION)
260
ORIGIN of latissimus dorsi
1. spinous processes of lower thoracic vertebrae & lumbar vertebrae (T6-L5)
2. sacrum
3. iliac crest
4. thoracolumbar fascia
261
INSERTION of latissimus dorsi
humerus (intertubercular groove)
262
ACTIONS of latissimus dorsi
1. adduction of arm
2. extension of arm
3. medial rotation of arm at shoulder
263
INNERVATION of latissimus dorsi
thoracodorsal nerve (brachial plexus)
264
ORIGIN of levator scapulae
transverse processes superior cervical vertebrae (C1-C4)
265
INSERTION of levator scapulae
superior/medial border of scapula
266
ACTION of levator scapulae
elevation of scapula
267
INNERVATION of levator scapulae
dorsal scapular nerve (brachial plexus)
268
ORIGIN of rhomboids (major & minor)
spinous processes of C7-T5
269
INSERTION of rhomboids (major & minor)
medial border of the scapula
270
ACTIONS of rhomboids (major & minor)
1. retraction of scapula
2. downward rotation of scapula (ARM ADDUCTION)
271
INNERVATION of rhomboids (major & minor)
dorsal scapular nerve (brachial nerve)
272
rhomboid minor vs major
major = below
minor = above
- minor is below levator scapulae
273
ORIGIN of teres major
inferior angle of scapula (posterior)
274
INSERTION of teres major
medial lip of intertubercular groove
275
ACTIONS of teres major
1. adduction of arm
2. extension of arm
3. medial rotation of arm
276
INNERVATION of teres major
lower subscapular nerve (brachial plexus)
277
erector spinae muscles
DEEPEST group of paired muscles running along vertebral column
1. iliocostalis (lateral)
2. longissimus (middle)
3. spinalis (medial)
278
erector spinae muscles ACTIONS
1. bilateral contraction: extension of vertebral column
2. unilateral contraction: lateral flexion of vertebral column
279
arterial blood supply (O2 blood from heart to tissues)
1. subclavian artery
2. axillary artery
3. brachial artery (supplies arm)
4. profunda brachii
5. radial artery
6. ulnar artery
280
cubital fossa
area on anterior part of elbow joint that splits profunda brachii into radial and ulnar artery
281
where does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?
at the border of the first rib
282
where does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?
at the inferior border of teres major
283
venous drainage (Deoxy blood back to heart)
1. deep veins (accompany arteries)
2. superficial veins (run subcutaneously)
284
venous drainage - deep veins
1. palmar venous arches (deep & superficial)
2. ulnar vein
3. radial vein
4. brachial vein
5. axillary vein
285
venous drainage - superficial veins
1. digital veins
2. palmar venous arches (deep & superficial)
3. basilic vein (medial)
4. cephalic vein (lateral)
5. axillary vein
286
venous drainage
1. radial vein
2. ulnar vein
3. brachial vein
4. basilic vein (medial)
5. cephalic vein (lateral)
6. axillary vein
7. subclavian vein
286
the axilla
pyramidal space located between thorax (ribs) and upper limb where blood vessels and nerves pass
base= skin of ARMPIT
287
walls of the axilla
1. anterior wall = pec. minor & major
2. lateral wall = humerus
3. posterior wall = subscapularis & teres major
4. medial wall = thoracic wall & serratus anterior
288
brachial plexus
network of nerves that innervates muscles of pectoral girdle and upper limb and skin of arm, forearm and hand
289
what is the brachial plexus divided into?
Roots
Trunks
Divisions
Cords
Branches
***Remember To Drink Cold Beer
290
ROOTS - brachial plexus
formed by spinal nerves C5-T1
***C8
1. dorsal scapular nerve
2. long thoracic nerve
291
dorsal scapular nerve
innervates levator scapulae & the rhomboids
292
long thoracic nerve
contributes from C5-C7 roots form LTN
- innervates serratus anterior
293
TRUNKS - brachial plexus
1. superior
- suprascapular nerve
2. middle
3. inferior
294
suprascapular nerve
located on superior trunk
- innervates supraspinatus & infraspinatus
295
DIVISIONS - brachial nerve
1. 3 anterior divisions
2. 3 posterior divisions
296
CORDS - brachial plexus
once anterior and posterior divisions enter the AXILLA, they combine to form 3 CORDS - lateral, posterior, medial
297
LATERAL cord
supplies lateral pectoral nerve: innervates pectoralis major
298
MEDIAL cord
supplies medial pectoral nerve: pectoralis major & minor
299
POSTERIOR cord
supplies...
1. thoracodorsal nerve: innervates latissimus dorsi
2. subscapular nerves: innervates subscapularis & teres major
300
BRANCHES - brachial plexus
1. musculocutaneous nerve
2. axillary nerve
3. median nerve
4. radial nerve
5. ulnar nerve
301
musculocutaneous nerve
lateral cord (C5-C7)
- innervates muscles of anterior compartment of arm
302
axillary nerve
posterior cord (C5,C6)
- innervates deltoid & teres minor
303
median nerve
lateral and medial cords (C5-T1)
- innervates muscles of anterior forearm (other than 2) and muscles of the hand
304
radial nerve
posterior cord (C5-T1)
- innervates muscles of posterior arm and forearm
305
ulnar nerve
medial cord (C8-T1)
- innervates muscles of hand, FCU and FDP (rest of muscles of forearm from median)
306
distal radius
1. ulnar notch - articulates with head of ulna and forms distal RADIO-ULNAR joint
2. styloid process
307
distal ulna
1. styloid process
308
difference between styloid processes
radius = bigger (lateral)
ulna = smaller and dips down (medial)
309
fibrous radioulnar ligaments
1. interoserrous membrane
2. annular ligament
3. radioulnar ligaments
310
interosseous membrane
fibrous sheath between radius and ulna
- separates forearm muscles into anterior and posterior compartments
311
annular ligament
thick band surrounding head of radius that holds the radius to the ulna
- flexibility allows for pronation and supination
- PROXIMAL radioulnar joint
312
radioulnar ligaments
stabilizers
- DISTAL radioulnar joint
313
proximal row bones of the wrist
(lateral to medial)
1. scaphoid
2. lunate
3. triquetrium
4. pisiform (on top triq.)
So Long To Pinky
314
distal row bones of the wrist
(medial to lateral)
1. hamate
2. capitate
3. trapezoid
4. trapezium (at joint of thumb)
Here Comes The Thumb
315
what carpal bones can you not see form the dorsal view?
pisiform and hook of hamate
316
wrist joints
1. radiocarpal joint
2. ulnocarpal joint
317
radiocarpal joint
synovial condylar joint
- radius articulates with scaphoid, lunate & triquetrium
- direct articulation
318
ulnocarpal joint
ulna connects with lunate & triquetrium
- no direct articulation due to bursae
- common site of wrist injuries
319
phalanges
- proximal interphalangeal joints
- distal interphalangeal joints
- thumb (pollox) only had PROXIMAL & DISTAL phlanges (no middle)
320
metacarpals
- numbered 1-5 lateral to medial
- carpometacarpal joints
- metacarpal phalangeal joint
321
anterior compartment of forearm
1. superficial
2. intermediate
3. deep
322
posterior compartment of forearm
1. superficial
2. deep
323
superficial layer of anterior compartment
1. pronator teres
2. flexor carpi radialis
3. palmaris longus
4. flexor carpi ulnaris
324
common flexor origin (CFO)
medial epicondyle of humerus
325
ORIGIN of pronator teres
medial epicondyle of humerus
326
INSERTION of pronator teres
lateral radius
327
ACTION of pronator teres
pronation of forearm
328
ORIGIN of flexor carpi radialis
medial epicondyle of humerus
329
INSERTION of flexor carpi radialis
2nd and 3rd metacarpals
330
ACTIONS of flexor carpi radialis
1. flexion of wrist
2. abduction of wrist (on radial side)
331
ORIGIN of palmaris longus
medial epicondyle of humerus
332
INSERTION of palmaris longus
palmar aponeurosis
333
ACTION of palmaris longus
weak flexion of wrist
***weak because it doesn't have much function, not all people have it
334
palmar aponeurosis
thickening of palmar fascia (CT)
- continuous with tendon of palmaris longus
335
ORIGIN of flexor carpi ulnaris
1. medial epicondyle of humerus
2. olecranon of ulna
336
INSERTION of flexor carpi ulnaris
1. carpals - pisiform & hook of hamate
2. 5th metacarpal
337
ACTIONS of flexor carpi ulnaris
1. flexion of wrist
2. adduction of wrist (ulnar side)
338
intermediate layer of anterior compartment
1. flexor digitorum superficialis
339
deep layer of anterior compartment
1. flexor digitorum profundus
2. pronator quadratus
3. flexor pollicis longus
340
ORIGINS of flexor digitorum superficialis
1. medial epicondyle of humerus
2. anterior surface of radius & ulna
341
INSERTION of flexor digitorum superficialis
4 tendons split and insert on middle phalanges 2-5
342
ACTIONS of flexor digitorum superficialis
1. flexion of wrist
2. flexion of metacarpophalangeal joints 2-5
3. flexion of proximal interphalangeal joints 2-5
343
ACTIONS of flexor digitorum profundus
1. flexion of wrist
2. flexion of metacarpophalangeal joints 2-5
3. flexion of proximal interphalangeal joints 2-5
- flexion of distal interphalangeal joints 2-5
344
flexor digitorum profundus vs. flexor digitorum superficialis
FDS splits into two to allow FDP to pass through to distal interphalangeal joints
345
ORIGIN of flexor pollicis longus
1. anterior radius
2. interserrous membrane
346
INSERTION of flexor pollicis longus
digital phalanx of the thumb
347
ACTIONS of flexor pollicis longus
flexion of thumb
348
ORIGIN of pronator quadratus
distal anterior surface of ulna
349
INSERTION of pronator quadratus
distal anterior surface of radius
350
ACTION of pronator quadratus
pronation of forearm
351
anterior forearm innervation
1. median nerve innervates all forearm muscles other than ones innervated by ulnar nerve
2. ulnar nerve innervates FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS & MEDIAL HALF of FLEXOR DIGITORUM PROFUNDUS
352
flexor retinaculum
fibrous connective tissue band located on palmar surface of hand that hold tendons of flexor muscles in place
- forms roof of CARPAL TUNNEL
353
carpal tunnel
flexor retinaculum arches over carpal bones to form carpal tunnel
contains:
1. flexor digitorum superficialis
2. flexor digitorum profundus
3. flexor pollicis longus
4. median nerve
354
superficial layer of posterior compartment
1. brachioradialis
2. extensor carpi radialis longus (most superficial)
3. extensor carpi radialis brevis (deep to longus)
4. extensor digitorum
5. extensor digiti minimi
6. extensor carpi ulnaris
355
deep layer of posterior compartment
1. supinator
2. abductor pollicis longus (most lateral)
3. extensor pollicis brevis (shorter tendon on radius)
4. extensor pollicis longus (longer tendonon ulna)
5. extensor indicis
356
common extensor origin (CEO)
lateral epicondyle of humerus
357
ORIGIN of extensor carpi radialis longus & brevis
lateral epicondyle of humerus
358
INSERTION of extensor carpi radialis longus & brevis
2nd & 3rd metacarpals
359
ACTIONS of extensor carpi radialis longus & brevis
1. extension of wrist
2. abduction of wrist (radial side)
360
ORIGIN of extensor carpi ulnaris
lateral epicondyle of humerus
361
INSERTION of extensor carpi ulnaris
base of 5th metacarpal (pinky)
362
ACTIONS of extensor carpi ulnaris
1. extension of wrist
2. adduction of wrist (ulnar side)
363
ORIGIN of extensor digitorum
lateral epicondyle of humerus
364
INSERTION of extensor digitorum
posterior surfaces of phalanges 2-5
365
ACTIONS of extensor digitorum
1. extension of wrist
2. extension of fingers
366
ORIGIN of extensor digiti minimi
lateral epicondyle of humerus
367
INSERTION of extensor digiti minimi
1. middle phalanx of pinky finger (5th digit) - posterior surface
368
ACTIONS of extensor digiti minimi
1. extension of wrist
2. extension of pinky finger
369
ORIGIN of supinator
1. lateral epicondyle of humerus
2. proximal ulna
370
INSERTION of supinator
lateral proximal radius
371
ACTION of supinator
supination
372
ORIGIN of abductor pollicis longus
proximal ulna & radius - posterior surface
373
INSERTION of abductor pollicis longus
1st metacarpal
374
ACTION of abductor pollicis longus
abduction of thumb & wrist
375
ORIGIN of extensor pollicis longus
1. posterior ULNA
2. interosseus membrane
376
INSERTION of extensor pollicis longus
distal phalanx of the thumb
377
ACTION of extensor pollicis longus
extension of thumb
378
ORIGIN of extensor pollicis brevis
1. posterior RADIUS
2. interosseous membrane
379
INSERTION of extensor pollicis brevis
proximal phalanx of the thumb
380
ACTION of extensor pollicis brevis
extension of thumb
381
ORIGIN of extensor indicis
1. posterior distal ULNA
2. interosseous membrane
382
INSERTION of extensor indicis
index finger
383
ACTIONS of extensor indicis
1. extensor of index finger
2. extension of wrist
384
lateral border of anatomical snuffbox
1. abductor pollicis longus tendon
2. extensor pollicis brevis tendon
385
medial border of anatomical snuffbox
1. extensor pollicis longus tendon
386
posterior forearm innervation
radial nerve innervates all posterior forearm muscles
387
extensor retinaculum
fibrous connective tissue band located on dorsal surface of hand that holds tendons of the extensor muscles in place
388
extrinsic muscles of the hand
- originate in forearm and insert on hand
- control crude movements
ex. flexor digitorum profundus
389
intrinsic muscles of the hand
- originate and insert within the hand
- control fine movements
ex. hypothenar and thenar muscles
390
hypothenar and thenar muscles
hypothenar = base of pinky
thenar = bulging muscles base of thumb
391
ORIGIN of flexor digitorum profundus
1. ulna
2. interosseus membrane
392
INSERTION of flexor digitorum profundus
distal phalanges 2-5
