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midterm Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Name 3 prominent geological features in the Niagara Peninsula

A

-The Fonthill kame
-Vinemont moraine
-Lake Iroquoios bench/plain
-Haldimand clay plain
-Niagara escarpments (and Onondaga)

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2
Q

Glacial action resulting from slow moving ice

A

Glacio

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3
Q

Glacial action resulting from fast moving water

A

Fluvio
-Coarse textured
-Roughly sorted

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4
Q

Glacial action resulting from slow moving water

A

Lacustrine
-fine textured
-highly stratified/layered

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5
Q

course unsorted sediments as a result of glacial action

A

Till

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6
Q

Glacial till that is deposited in a ridge.

A

Moraines

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7
Q

A deposit of glacial till beginning in a depression on top of a glacier
and deposited during retreat.
(font hill)

A

Kame

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8
Q

Glacial deposits deposited in river beds located under melting glaciers

A

Eskers

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9
Q

soil is made from weathering. What are three examples?

A

-Sunlight (UV exposure)
-Temperature
-Rain

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10
Q

What is soil derived from?

A

Organic and inorganic materials

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11
Q

Does the rate of soil development depends on the composition of the bedrock/parent material

A

yes

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12
Q

How does Igneous rock weather

A

Through heat (slowly over time)

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13
Q

How does sedimentary rock weather

A

Trough gravitational accumulation (relatively quickly)

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14
Q

The most weathered horizon

A

A horizon

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15
Q

Why is the B horizon less weathered

A

Protection from A horizon

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16
Q

what horizon resembles the parent material

A

C horizon

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17
Q

What is the deference between Ah and Ae horizons

A

Ah is high in Organic matter
Ae is low in Organic matter

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18
Q

What is the Ap horizon

A

Soil disrupted through agricultural use

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19
Q

what horizon is the most active horizon and why?

A

A horizon
due to weathering, OM content and flora, Fauna

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20
Q

Why is the Bm horizon denser

A

Weight and compaction

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21
Q

Why is the Bt high in clay content

A

leaching from A zone

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22
Q

what causes greying in Bg horizon

A

high water table & alternating aerobic/anaerobic condition

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23
Q

Why is C horizon have a Higher pH that B horizon

A

due to limestone origin (in Niagara)

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24
Q

What horizon contains no - undetectable Organic Matter

A

C horizon

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25
Characteristic of Ck Horizon
high in free carbonates (pH >7.5)
26
what are cores textured soils
sands
27
Drainage characteristics of of sandy soils
moderate to excessive water drainage
28
what are fine textured soils
silts and clay
29
Drainage characteristics of silty soils & clay
imperfect - poor water drainage
30
differences in drainage between tills and lacustrine
tills drain better due to the mixed particle size Lacustrine soils drain more poorly due to fine deposits
31
what are three types of water in the soil matrix
gravitational water capillary water hygroscopic water
32
What is capillary water
water that is a attracted to particles that maintain continuous columns, where particles are fine and close together . main source of water for plants
33
What is Hydroscopic water
water that is bound to soil particles. is unavailable to plant
34
What is gravitational water
water that moves through the soil profile by gravity to accesses the normal ground water level
35
ground water table
level that the GW will naturally stabilize at
36
perched water table
GW that is artificially stored above the normal water table. caused by compaction layers, chemical accretions
37
field capacity
the maximin amount of capillary water the soil type is capable of retaining, after GW has reached the water table
38
Permanent wilting point
when only hydroscopic water is available in the soil profile. plants will not recover upon re wetting
39
what is Field capacity also known as
Drained upper limit (dul)
40
what are column of water that are held together by cohesion (polar molecule h2o) and adhesion
Capillaries
41
are coarse soils able to maintain good capillaries integrity? why or why not
no. less surface area per unit V, to large to maintain good Capillary integrity
42
void space
the space in the soil matrix other than soil particles
43
soil with moderate to high pH made of limerstone
Clay
44
soil with moderate to low pH made from igneous formations
sand
45
soil high in organic matter (25--30%)
musk soils
46
soil solutions govern minerals what?
solubility and availability
47
are minerals available for plant uptake when not in solution
no
48
chemical equation for ionic Equilibrium
dissolved CO2 -> carbonic acid -> dissociation h^+
49
part of the root that has low permeability & and slow entry * hint active cell division *
root cap
50
part of the root that has rapid entry
root hair zone
51
what is interception
root hairs make contract with minerals in soil solution
52
what is diffusion
very slow movement of minerals in solution to meet an ion concentration gradient (caused by plant uptake
53
what is mass flow
loss of water through stomates creates a deficit in vapor pressure, causing more water to be absorbed by the root
54
true or false minerals don't need to cross a differentially permeable membrane on root hairs
false (they do)
55
True or False: arbuscular & vesicular mycorrhizae decrease the membrane surface area and increases the lvl of mineral uptake
false ( mycorrhizae icrease )
56
True or False: P solubility is problematic at low pH and high pH
True
57
why is Phosphorus fertilization is difficult
the narrow zone of solubility
58
why dose Niagara have low lvl of Phosphorus
limestone release low Phosphorus levels
59
clay have multiple layers of what
mica (with negative layers )
60
do clays normally have a high or low pH
high
61
do sands normally have a high moderate or low pH
moderate
62
three things to note when observing mineral nutrition
Leaf colouration growth stage morphological abnormalities
63
what is chlorosis
loss of natural pigment in various pattern
64
what is necrosis
death of various patterns
65
what is Veinal,
interveinal or marginals patterns
66
where dose growth stage affect in young tissue
shoot tips
67
where dose growth stage affect in older tissue
lower leaves
68
what are 2 morphological abnormalities
shoot direction splitting of stems/fruit leaf shape failure cluster rachis failure
69
three soil minerals that macro
N, P, Ca, Mg. S
70
three soil minerals that micro
Mn, Zn, Fe, B, Na, (Mo, Cu)
71
What confounding conditions, involve virus infection
Disease
72
What confounding conditions, involve Hormone herbicides, glyphosate, triazines
Herbicide damage
73
What confounding conditions, involve Potato leafhopper, thrips, Lygus bugs
Pests
74
What confounding conditions, involve Drought/flooding, salt contamination, ozone
Physiological/environmental
75
Advantages to soil analyses
done at any time no special tools needed simple relatively stable samples
76
Disadvantages to soil analyses
-usually no N analysis as too unstable -not a good indicator of uptake for perennials -sample depth needs to be appropriate for crop -may be a pH/cation interaction preventing uptake
77
Advantages to tissue analyses
-specific snapshot of uptake, -small sample requirement, -comparison of poor/good areas, -quick analysis allows for present season remedial applications (micronutrients),
78
Disadvantages to tissue analyses
-confounded with fungicides (Zn, S, Mn), -time critical -Sample leaf age critical -need vineyard history for best context
79
when should Nitrogen be applied
-Spring, broadcast, first cultivation of the cover crop -Split – first cultivation + bloom/set -Must match root growth, solubility to avoid leaching
80
when should Potassium be applied
Pre-bloom to match root growth Banded to improve efficiency
81
there's nothing on this card
lol
82
when should Blend (10-10-10) be applied
At sowing of cover crop, mid July
83
when should Boron be applied
Just prior to full bloom
84
when should Zinc, Manganese be applied
probably post bloom Very weather dependent
85
when should Magnesium be applied
usually 2-3 times per season, July/August

soils (1 decks)

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