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Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

Aims of Nursing

A
  1. Promoting Health: maximizing pts individual strengths
  2. Preventing Illness: reduce risk of illness, promote good health habits, maintain optimal functioning
  3. Restoring Health: focus is on individual with illness
  4. Facilitating coping with disability and death: facilitate optimal level of functioning
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2
Q

How does nursing qualify as a profession?

A
  • defined body of specific and unique knowledge
  • strong service orientation
  • recognized authority
  • code of ethics
  • professional organization that sets standards
  • ongoing research
  • autonomy
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3
Q

Nursing Standards

A

standards created by ANA that all nurses carry out professional roles that protect nurse, pt, and institution

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4
Q

QSEN

A

goal: address the challenge of preparing future nurses with the knowledge skill and attitudes (KSAs) needed to continuously improve the quality and safety of health care systems in which they work

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5
Q

What are current trends in nursing?

A
  • nursing shortage
  • aging population
  • consumer demands
  • increased number of pts
  • advances in technology, science, information
  • chronic illness
  • EBP(evidenced based practice)
  • changing demographics and increasing diversity
  • cost of heath care
  • health policy and regulation
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6
Q

Normal Vital Signs(temp., pulse, respirations, blood pressure, O2)

A

temp: 96.4-99.5 F
pulse: 60-100
respirations: 12-20
blood pressure: 120/80
O2: 94-100%

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7
Q

What are the 3 sources of Nursing Knowledge(traditional, authoritative, scientific)?

A

traditional: not based on evidence, passed down from generation to generation
authoritative: comes from an expert/someone experienced, accepted truth based on persons experience
scientific: scientific method of research

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8
Q

General System theory

A

how system functions and structure; break things apart to see how they work together/relationship to one another

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9
Q

Adaption theory

A

commonly used to describe how those with chronic illness/disability “adjust” to new normal baseline

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10
Q

Developmental theory

A

orderly and predictable pattern of growth and development from conception to death

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11
Q

What do all nursing theories have?

A

person, environment, health, nursing

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12
Q

What are the differences between quantitative and qualitative data?

A

quantitative: involves numbers
qualitative: based on the belief that reality is based on perceptions that differ for each person and change over time

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13
Q

Steps of Implementing evidence based practice

A
  1. be curious
  2. ask PICO(T)
    P: pt/population/problem of interest
    I: Intervention
    C: comparison of interest
    O: outcome of interest
    T: time(sometimes)
  3. find best evidence
  4. critically appraise
  5. integrate
  6. evaluate
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14
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of basic human needs

A
  1. physiologic needs: most basic; basic things needed for life
  2. safety and security needs: protection from actual/potential harm
  3. love and belonging needs: understanding and acceptance of themselves and others
  4. Self esteem needs: feeling good about oneself, accomplishment, pride
  5. self actualization: most specific; theoretical: pt reflects on their life (deep abstract feelings)
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15
Q

Types of families(nuclear, extended, blended, single parent)

A
  • nuclear family: traditional 2 parents, 2 kids; contemporary 2+ in the household
  • extended family: other family members besides the ones you live with
  • blended family: step-parents/kids
  • single parent
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16
Q

Risk factors for altered family health

A
  • lifestyle risk factors
  • physiological: divorce
  • environmental: rural, urban
  • developmental: neonates and old people needs are more and affect family dynamics
  • biologic risks
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17
Q

Thoughtful practice

A

nursing practice that is considerate and compassionate

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18
Q

QSEN competencies

A
  • person-centered care
  • teamwork and collaboration
  • evidence-based practice
  • quality improvement
  • safety
  • informatics: computer/technology
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19
Q

critical thinking

A

reasoning both inside and outside of clinical setting

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20
Q

clinical reasoning and decision making

A

refer to process used to think about pt problems in clinical setting

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21
Q

clinical judgement

A

analyzing information after critical thinking, clinical reasoning and decision making

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22
Q

nursing process

A
  1. assess: collecting, validating and communicating pt data
  2. diagnosis: analyzing pt data to identify pt(potential and actual medical problems
  3. planning: specifying pt outcomes and related nursing interventions
  4. implementing: carrying out the plan of care
  5. evaluating: measuring extent to which pt achieved outcomes
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23
Q

Pt and nurse benefits of using nursing process

A

pt benefits: scientifically based holistic individualized pt care, continuity of care, clear, efficient, cost-effective, plan of action

nurse befits: work collaboratively, satisfaction of making a difference, opportunity to grow professionally

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24
Q

reflection in action

A

happens in the here and now

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25
reflection on action
occurs after the fact and involves thinking though a situation
26
factors affecting infection
- intact skin and mucous membranes - normal pH levels - WBC - ages, sex, race, hereditary factors - immunization - fatigue, nutritional, and general health status - stress - invasive or indwelling medical devices
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medical asespis
clean technique
28
surgical asepsis
sterile technique
29
when should hand hygiene be performed? (5)
1. before touching pt 2. after touching pt 3. before procedure 4. bodily fluid exposure or risk 5. touch pt surroundings
30
MRSA: Where is it found? the two types, and treatment
- found in nasal membranes, skin, respiratory and GI tract - CA-MRSA: common cause of skin and soft tissue infections - HA-MRSA: cause bloodstream and wound infections, ventilator-associated PNA, multidrug resistance -treatment: vancomycin
31
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci: where is it found? causes, treatment
- found: in GI and GU tracts - causes: bloodstream, urinary, wound, and cardiac infections - treatment: antibioltics
32
CDIFF: where is found? causes, s&s
- found: intestinal tract - causes: normal flora is destroyed and c/diff grows out of control - s&s: increased BM, loose diarrhea, bad smelling, abdominal pain/cramping
33
Contact Precautions
- MRSA, VRA, c.diff - private room - gown and gloves - limit movement of pt outside the room - avoid sharing pt-care equipment
34
Droplet precautions
- adenovirus, influenzia, bacterial meningitis - private room(door can remain open) - mask - transport only when needed --> surgical mask on pt
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airborne precautions
- TB, varicella - private room with negative pressure(double door system) - DOOR CLOSED - respirator (N95) - transport only when needed --> pt wear surgical mask
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signs of systemic infection(4)
- fever -fatigue/lethargy - increased BP/HR - enlarged lymph nodes
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signs of acute infection(5)
- redness - swelling - pain - heat - loss of function
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initial comprehensive assessment
complete database
39
focused assessment
data about specific problem, can identify new problems
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emergency assessment
identify life-threatening crisis
41
time lapsed assessment
compare current status to baseline data
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triage assessment
determine extent and severity of problems
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5 sources of pt data
1. family 2. pt record 3. medical history, physical exam, progress notes 4. lab results 5. diagnostic study reports
44
When does data need to be validated?
- discrepancy between what the pt is saying and what the nurse is observing - lacks objectivity
45
How is data validated?
- physical exam - clarifying statements - share inferences with other team members - check finds with research - compare cures to normal function - check consistency of cues
46
Nursing diagnosis
- describes pt problems - nurse can treat individual - can change day by day - focus on unhealthy responses to illness/disease/health
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PED statment
P: problem E: etiology D: defining characteristic
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3 types of diagnosises
1. problem focused: problem exisits 2. risk: problem doesnt exist but can occur 3. health promotion: involves motivation and desire to increase wellbeing
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3 elements of comprehensive planning
1. initial 2. ongoing 3. discharge
50
Nurse initiated intervention
actions preformed by a nurse w/o physicians orders
51
physician initiated intervention
actions initiated by a physician in response to a medical diagnosis by carried out by a nurse under doctors orders
52
collaborative intervention
treatments initiated by other providers and carried out by a nurse
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8 implementation guidelines
1. reassessing the pt and reviewing the plan of care 2. clarifying prerequisite nursing competencies 3. pt boards or whiteboards 4. organizing resources (plan ahead) 5. anticipating unexpected outcomes/situations 6. preventing errors and omission 7. promoting self care 8. assisting pt to meet outcomes
54
common reasons pt doesn't cooperate with plan of care
- lack of family support - lack of understanding about the benefits - low value attached to outcomes - adverse physical or emotions affecting the treatment - ability to afford treatment - limited access to treatment
55
3 actions of evaulation
1. terminate: a plan of care when each expected outcome is achieved 2. modify: plan of care of there are difficulties achieving the outcomes 3. continue: plan of care if more time is needed to achieve the outcomes
55
the "rights" of delegating tasks(5)
1. right task 2. right circumstance 3. right person 4. right directions and communicate 5. right supervision and evaluation
56
factors affecting personal hygiene(6)
1. culture 2. socioeconomic status 3. spiritual practice 4. developmental level 5. health state 6. personal preferences
57
self care deficit
problem w/ hygiene, problem statement for nursing diagnosis
57
Types of drainage(4)
1. serous: pale yellow color, clear, watery 2. sanguineous: bright red 3. serosanguinous: red, pink color, bloody, mix of clear and red fluid 4. purulent: yellow, brown, green color, foul oder --> sign of infection
58
local factors affecting wound care
1. pressure 2. dehydration 3. overhydration 4. trauma 5. edema 6. infection 7. excessive bleeding 8. nervocosis 9. biofilm
59
systemic factors affecting wound healing
1. age 2. circulation and oxygenation 3. nutritional status 4. wound etiology 5. medications 6. immunosuppression 7. adherence to treatment plan
60
types of pressure injuries (staging)
stage 1: no skin breakage (redness) stage 2: breakage in the skin stage 3: full thickness loss (whole dermis gone) stage 4: full thickness loss and exposed bone, tendon, and muscle --> tunneling and undermining unstageable: full thickness loss with necrosis/eschar
61
effects of applying heat
- dilates vessels - increases tissue metabolism - reduced blood viscosity and increases capillary permeability - reduces muscle tension - helps relieve pain
62
effects of applying cold
- constricts blood vessels - reduces muscle spasms - promotes comfort
63
variables influence body alignment and mobility (7)
1. developmental considerations 2. physical health 3. mental health 4. lifestyle 5. attitude and values 6. fatigue and stress 7. external factors
64
isotontic movement
muscle shortening and ACTIVE movement ex: ADLs, running, walking , hiking
65
isometric movement
muscle contraction w/o shortening (no movement of muscle fibers) ex: holding yoga poses, planks
66
isokinetic movement
muscle contraction with resistance ex: weight lifting
67
Mobility as a "problem" includes what diagnosises?
1. activity intolerance 2. impaired physical mobility 3. risk for injury 4. risk for falls
68
Mobility as an "etiology" includes what diagnosises?
1. impaired transfer ability r/t generalized weakness 2. self care deficit r/t physical weakness or altered mobility 3. sexual dysfunction r/t neuromuscular impairment
69
when implementing activity intervention what must be included?
body mechanics: proper body movement; prevention and correction of problems; enhancement of coordination and endurance safe pt handling
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Concepts (2 decks)

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