MIDTERM

Question 1

Sociologists believe social and cultural experiences are the only thing that shapes someone’s behavior.

Answer 1

FALSE

Question 2

Which of the following is shaped by socialization?

Answer 2

Language acquisitions

Question 3

Adrien is teaching his new puppy to be housebroken. He uses a series of rewards and punishments to accomplish this, and in time, the puppy learns to bark at the door when it needs to go to the bathroom. Because Adrien took both psychology and sociology last semester, he knows that this technique for housebreaking his puppy is called ______.

Answer 3

Behaviorism
(A phycological perspective that emphasizes the effect of rewards and punishments on human behavior)

Question 4

Which of the following statements best explains the differences in family and peer influence on children as they grow?

Answer 4

The family generally has more influence when the child is young, while peers gain significant influence as children get older.

Question 5

This agent has a great deal of influence over your career trajectory with its “hidden curriculum.”

Answer 5

School

Question 6

This agent may have a more open attitude toward experimentation with drugs and—at times—violence than the general culture.

Answer 6

Peers

Question 7

This agent instills the first ideas about gender.

Answer 7

Family

Question 8

This agent is an important part of the lives of about three-fourths of U.S. adults.

Answer 8

Religion

Question 9

What common conclusion has media studies come to on the impact of TV and other media violence on children and young adults?

Answer 9

Media violence has the clear potential to socialize children, teenagers, and even adults into a greater acceptance of real-life violence.

Question 10

Which of the following are sociological factors that help explain high fertility rates in poor countries?

Answer 10

Families in poor countries may choose to have more children who can contribute to their economic well-being.

Question 11

Close friends

Answer 11

Primary group

Question 12

Coworkers in a corporation who socialize infrequently.

Answer 12

Secondary Group

Question 13

For most of us our peer group is the reference group with the greatest impact in shaping the only views of ourselves.

Answer 13

False

Question 14

Nathaniel is born into a very wealthy family. He and his family refuse to socialize with anyone below their own social class. What did Max Weber call this type of exclusion?

Answer 14

Social closure
(The ability of a group to exclude outsiders, or those deemed undesirable from participating in the group of enjoying the groups resources)

Question 15

Bob is an assistant manager at a local fast-food chain store. His job, as he sees it, is to make sure the crew members do their jobs properly and stay busy at all times. What type of leader is Bob?

Answer 15

Transactional (concerned with getting the job done)

Question 16

Given the nature of groupthink, which of the following is a possible way to avoid it?

Answer 16

The group should consult outside experts.
(Groupthink- what happens when a group ignores ways of thinking that are different than the group consensus)

Question 17

….. _ is the concept that reminds us that we must look at and understand the overarching framework in society if we are to understand the full picture.

Answer 17

Structuralism

Question 18

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between economic, cultural, and social capital?

Answer 18

The three are interconnected, with each providing potential access to the other two.

(Economic- money and material that can be used as access to valued goods and services
Social-The personal connections and networks that enable people to accomplish their goals and extend their influence
Cultural Capitol- Wealth in the form of knowledge, ideas, verbal skills, and ways of thinking and being)

Question 19

Kendra works for the United States Postal Service (USPS). What type of organization is the USPS?

Answer 19

Formal Organization
An organization that is rationally designed to achieve particular objectives, by means of rules, regulations and procedures)

Question 20

Mariana works for a government agency in human relations, but her career goals involve moving up the bureaucratic ladder to a higher level position. Assuming this bureaucracy conforms to Max Weber’s ideal type of bureaucracy, which of the following should have the most impact on Mariana’s chances for advancement?

Answer 20

Her Skills and knowledge
(Max Weber’s Ideal type of bureaucracy- efficient and rational)

Question 21

Which of the following is one of the possible negative consequences of an international governmental organization (IGO)?

Answer 21

Being economically tied can mean an economic crisis can drag everyone down.
IGO- facilitates and regulates trade between member countries, promotes security, human rights, environmental protection. Military power (NATO)
United Nations)

Question 22

A court-mandated drug treatment center

Answer 22

Coercive organization
(Organization in which members are forced to give unquestioned obedience to authority)

Question 23

A multinational corporation

Answer 23

Utilitarian organization
(A group with an identifiable membership that engages in concerted collective actions to achieve a common purpose)

Question 24

The Red Cross

Answer 24

Normative organization or voluntary associations
(Organizations that people join in order to pursue morally worthwhile goals without expectation of material reward)

Question 25

What did Max Weber mean when he referred to bureaucracies as “rational”?

Answer 25

He meant that bureaucracies attempt to achieve tasks with the most efficiency possible.

Question 26

Which of the following statements best describes why sociologists study social stratification?

Answer 26

Societies are made up of layers, and those layers represent inequalities among different groups. (The systematic ranking of different groups of people in a hierarchy of inequality)

Question 27

George lives in a wealthy suburb outside of the central city, while Sara lives in a very poor area in the inner central city. Given only this information, which of the following statements best describes their relationship to one another in their society?

Answer 27

George has more opportunities than Sarah. (Gaps in accessible To health Care, Health, Access to consumer goods, Education)

Question 28

18- to 25-year-olds

Answer 28

Social Category (Categories of people who share common characteristics without necessarily interacting or identifying with each other)

Question 29

College Graduates

Answer 29

Achieved States (Social position linked to a person Acquistion of socially valued credentials or skills)

Question 30

Sex, Race, or Ethnicity

Answer 30

Ascribed Status (Social positions linked to characteristics that are socially significant but cannot generally be altered)

Question 31

Aristide was born into a poor family in a French village but managed to do quite well in his studies, got into college, and became a Doctor of Medicine. Which term best describes his social mobility?

Answer 31

Upward (Change in a social position)

Question 32

In the years since the middle 1970s, the incomes of people at or near the top have risen far faster than those of earners at the bottom or middle of the income scale.

Answer 32

True

Question 33

Which of the following statements best describes changes in retail and food service jobs from the 1980s through the 1990s?

Answer 33

While the quantity of jobs created in this period helped push down the unemployment rate, the quality of jobs created has not improved. (Jobs kept people in poverty, lowers social mobility)

Question 34

Which statement describes the relationship between household poverty and neighborhood poverty?

Answer 34

Neighborhood poverty makes the negative effects of household poverty even worse. (Resources in impoverished neighborhoods)

Question 35

Which of the following is likely to compound problems in extremely low-income neighborhoods today?

Answer 35

Most people who have the resources to leave these neighborhoods do so. (Cyclical process of poverty)

Question 36

Melissa is an owner of a large company, while Sigmund is one of her employees who cleans the offices. According to Marx, what social classes would Melissa and Sigmund fit into?

Answer 36

Melissa is bourgeoisie, while Sigmund is proletariat. (Conflict Paradigm, Bourgeoise wealthy class benefits directly from the capitalist social order, Proletariat working class

Question 37

Erving Goffman

Answer 37

Dramaturgical approach, we are all actors concerned with the presentation of self in social interaction. People perform their social roles on the "Front Stage" and are able to avoid performing on the "Backstage'.

Question 38

What does the sociological imagination allow us to grasp?

Answer 38

The relationship between individual lives and the larger social forces that help shape them. -The ability to grasp the relationships between our individual lives and the larger forces that help to shape them, connection between public issues and private lifes)

Question 39

Dinesh lost his job in the 2008 financial crisis and struggled to find another. His wife, Jon, got tired of carrying all of the financial responsibilities, and they fought regularly about money until they decided to get a divorce. Which statement describes the situation from a sociological perspective?

Answer 39

Dinesh Lost his job to macroeconomic factors (2008 recession)

Question 40

In the United States, ______ is part of our national identity; people tend to disregard the social context in which people live.

Answer 40

Individualism

Question 41

According to the sociological perspective, why is blaming the poor an incomplete view of poverty?

Answer 41

Powerful social forces determine the opportunities available to each person. (Sociological Imagination)

Question 42

Which of the following is part of the six simple rules to think critically?

Answer 42

Ask questions and make evidence-based arguments.

Question 43

As a sociologist you must be mindful of your own underlying assumptions and biases.

Answer 43

True

Question 44

Why did modern sociological ideas and perspectives first develop in 19th century Europe?

Answer 44

The scientific Revolution, The Enlightenment, industrialization, and urbanization first developed there.

Question 45

What keeps society functioning smoothly??

Answer 45

Structural functionsism (Emile Durkheim, Society as a body)

Question 46

Who benefits and who loses from the existing social order?

Answer 46

Social Conflict (Marx)

Question 47

How do individuals experience themselves, one another, and society as a whole?

Answer 47

Symbolic Interactionism (Max Weber, social roles people play, peoples agency)

Question 48

Which statement captures how the functionalist paradigm views crime?

Answer 48

Because crime is universal it must play some role in society.

Question 49

Natalya is a sociologist who studies poverty. Her view is that poverty stems from the notion that there are irreconcilable, competing interests between the wealthy and the poor and that the wealthy use their power to maintain their own status, even at the expense of the poor.

Answer 49

Social Conflict theory

Question 50

What question would a conflict theorist likely ask about crime in society?

Answer 50

Why are street crimes punished so much more harshly than corporate or white-collar crime?

Question 51

What term best describes the ability to mobilize resources and achieve goals despite the resistance of others?

Answer 51

Power (The ability to mobilize resources and achieve goals despite the resistance of others)

Question 52

What term best describes the confluence of social statuses that shape people’s lives, access to resources and power, justice, health, and well-being?

Answer 52

Intersectionality

Question 53

Rashmi is a sociological researcher studying the relationship between poverty and population density in the inner city. Which of the following statements best describes the type of reasoning she should use?

Answer 53

She may begin with deductive reasoning if there is an existing theory to work from; otherwise, she may begin with inductive reasoning.

Question 54

Inductive reasoning begins with broad theories and then endeavors to break them down into testable hypotheses.

Answer 54

False

Question 55

_____ research methods are often employed through large-scale surveys.

Answer 55

Quantitive

Question 56

Onnab is a sociological researcher studying the Sudanese population of a large city. She is conducting her research by interviewing refugees. What type of research is Onnab employing?

Answer 56

Qualitative

Question 57

What term best describes an idea about the world that is derived from theories and describes possible relationships between social phenomena?

Answer 57

Hypothesis

Question 58

A scientific theory can never be “proven” to be true.

Answer 58

True

Question 59

Jayden is studying the connection between homelessness and drug use. He determines that drug use makes rates of homelessness increase. If his hypothesis is correct, what type of relationship has he described?

Answer 59

A casual relationship ( X causes Y)

Question 60

Which of the following is an example of a positive correlation?

Answer 60

The more a student studies the better grade on a exam

Question 61

Which of the following are types of sampling that are generalizable?

Answer 61

Random sample and stratified sample (Random Sample, equal chance of being chosen for the study Stratified sample, dividing a pop. into a series of subgroups and taking random samples from each group)

Question 62

Which of the following would be considered a leading question?

Answer 62

“Should disreputable doctors who perform abortions get jail time?”

Question 63

Reliability refers to the degree to which concepts and their measurements accurately represent what they intend to represent.

Answer 63

False (The accuracy of researcher's findings with different studies of the same thing0

Question 64

Scientific research findings are often more reliable than the findings of political interest groups or the media.

Answer 64

True

Question 65

Which of the following is an example of nonmaterial culture?

Answer 65

The English language

Question 66

do not pick your nose in public

Answer 66

Folkways (Conventions, woeak norms the violation which is not very serious)

Question 67

do not cheat

Answer 67

Mores (Strongly held norms, the violation which is very offensive)

Question 68

do not exceed the posted speed limit

Answer 68

Laws (Norms that have been codified)

Question 69

do not have a sexual relationship with your sibling

Answer 69

Taboos (strongly held norms, highly offensive, unthinkable)

Question 70

Real culture explains the way things “should be” in society, while ideal culture explains the way things “really are.”

Answer 70

False (ideal culture is what a society says there culture is, real culture is the reality)

Question 71

Sharing a common language allows people to be more easily integrated into society.

Answer 71

Functionalism

Question 72

Multiculturalism enriches a society by embracing its differences.

Answer 72

Conflict theory

Question 73

Cultures must be judged from within rather than from the standards of another culture.

Answer 73

Cultural Relativism

Question 74

Some people view the “English-only” movement as a way to integrate people into society and provide the “social glue” that holds society together. This viewpoint is most likely supported by which of the following theoretical perspectives?

Answer 74

Functionalism

Question 75

Which of the following is an example of high culture?

Answer 75

- Going to an opera (Exclusive, limited audience, associated with upper class)

Question 76

What theory would be most likely to be concerned with how television might make the less powerful more passive and vulnerable to manipulation by the powerful?

Answer 76

Conflict theory

Question 77

The social class a person ends up in is mostly due to the individual choices he or she makes in life.

Answer 77

False

Question 78

Which of the following is an example of cultural capital in the middle and upper classes that is well accepted in school systems?

Answer 78

Having developed academic skills

Question 79

Lori is born into an upper-middle-class family in the suburbs. Her parents are college graduates, read to her as a child, and helped her with her homework. Bonny is born into a working-class family in a rural town. Bonny’s parents graduated from high school, then went to work in the local meatpacking plant. Bonny’s parents think Bonny’s schooling is important, but they are not able to help her with many of her high school classes. If both Bonny and Lori want to go to college, which of the following statements is most likely true?

Answer 79

Lori is more likely to go to college

Question 80

Which of the following best describes the focus of functionalism as it relates to globalization?

Answer 80

-Economic interdependence among nations

Question 81

Which of the following is a common criticism of the functions of mass media?

Answer 81

- Mass media can encouragement passive disengagements of its audiences

Question 82

Daniel is a software developer who loves to get tattoos, piercings, and body modifications. However, he lives in an upper-middle-class section of the suburbs among an aging population of neighbors who do not like Daniel’s body art. Those in his community mumble about him behind his back, glare at him in the grocery store, and even confront him angrily at times. What sociological term would describe how Daniel’s community views his body art?

Answer 82

Deviant

Question 82

Which of the following statements is true about deviance?

Answer 82

Deviance encompasses not only crimes but also noncriminal attitudes, practices, and conditions.

Question 83

Which of the following statements best characterizes social control theory?

Answer 83

The stronger the social bonds a person has with nondeviant people, groups, and institutions, the more likely they are to conform to society’s norms and avoid deviance.

Question 84

Which of the following statements is true, according to feminist theory?

Answer 84

Gender-specific norms socialize women into specific roles that are less likely to be deviant.

Question 85

According to differential association theory, which of the following is likely to be deviant?

Answer 85

Charlies friends all like to illegally drag race on the weekends.

Question 86

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between crime and deviance?

Answer 86

Crimes are illegal acts that may or may not be considered deviant.

Question 87

Property crimes are much more common in the United States than violent crimes.

Answer 87

True

Question 88

Why is measuring the incidence of crime difficult?

Answer 88

Many crimes go unreported

Question 89

Judy is a lawyer who regularly charges her clients more than the rate given by her employer, and then pockets the difference for herself. What kind of crime is Judy committing?

Answer 89

White Collar Crime (punished less harshly, yet effects a wider range of people)

Question 90

The fact that many of the nation’s most at-risk children are pushed by academic policies and practices toward jail instead of college is referred to as ______.

Answer 90

The school-to-prison-pipeline

Question 91

What has been the trend for violent and property crime in the last 10 years?

Answer 91

It has fallen steadily (despite popular belief of crime rates being higher, media paradox

Question 92

Race

Answer 92

Race is not a biologically meaningful concept.