Midterm Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
in vivo aversion therapy
A
pairing the target behavior with an aversive stimulus such as electric shock, noxious odor, or emetic drug
2
Q
the name of beck’s form of therapy
A
cognitive therapy
3
Q
the name of ellis’s form of therapy
A
REBT (rational emotive behavior therapy)
4
Q
processes of change
A
consciousness raising, catharsis, choosing, conditional stimuli, and contingency control
5
Q
premack principle
A
using a high probability behavior to reinforce a low probability behavior to increase the frequency of the low probability behavior
6
Q
systematic desensitization is most commonly used in the treatment of what disorder?
A
anxiety or phobias
7
Q
what does the “A” in ellis’s ABC framework stand for?
A
activating event
8
Q
what does the “B” in ellis’s ABC framework stand for?
A
behavior
9
Q
what does the “C” in ellis’s ABC framework stand for?
A
emotional and behavioral consequences
10
Q
what does the “D” in ellis’s ABC framework stand for?
A
disputing individual’s irrational beliefs
11
Q
what does the “E” in ellis’s ABC framework stand for?
A
effective new philosophy
12
Q
musturbation
A
three basic musts:
demands about the self, demands about others, and demands about the world or life conditions
13
Q
the hawthorne effect
A
individuals modify an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed
14
Q
what components make up the “positive cognitive triad”?
A
a positive view of oneself, the world, and the future
15
Q
filtering
A
taking the negative details and magnifying them while filtering out all the positive aspects of a situation
16
Q
polarized thinking
A
thinking are black or white, good or bad. you have to be perfect or you are a failure, there is no middle ground.
17
Q
overgeneralization
A
you come to a general conclusion based on a single incident or piece of evidence. if something happens once, you expect it to happen over and over again
18
Q
mind reading
A
without saying so, you know what people are feeling and why they act the way they do. in particular, you are able to divine how people are feeling toward you
19
Q
catastrophizing
A
you expect disaster, you notice or hear about a problem and start “what if’s”. what if tragedy strikes? what if it happens to you?
20
Q
personalization
A
thinking that everything people do or say is some kind of reaction to you. you also compare yourself to others, trying to determine who’s smarter, better looking, etc
21
Q
control fallacies
A
external and internal
22
Q
what is the external control fallacy?
A
you see yourself as helpless, a victim of fate
23
Q
what is the internal control fallacy?
A
you are responsible for the pain and happiness of everyone around you
24
Q
fallacy of fairness
A
you feel resentful because you think you know what is fair but other people won’t agree with you
25
blaming
you hold others responsible for your pain, or take the other tack and blame yourself for every problem or reversal
26
shoulds
you have a list of ironclad rules about how you and other people should act. people who break rules anger you and you feel guilty if you violate rules
27
emotional reasoning
you believe that what you feel must be true, automatically. if you feel stupid and boring, then you must be stupid and boring
28
fallacy of change
you expect that other people will change to suit you if you pressure or cajole them enough. you need to change people because your hopes for happiness seem to depend entirely on them
29
global labeling
you generalize one or two qualities into a negative global judgment
30
being right
you are continually on trial to prove that your opinions and actions are correct. being wrong is unthinkable and you will go to any length to demonstrate your rightness
31
heaven's reward fallacy
you expect all your sacrifice and self-denial to pay off, as if there were someone keeping score. you feel bitter when the reward doesn't come
32
according to ellis, excessive demands towards the self often lead to which type of emotion?
depression
33
nonspecific factors of therapy
attention, psychological interpretations/conceptual scheme, opportunity for catharsis, support, healing setting, therapeutic ritual, suggestion, interpersonal learning
34
conditional stimuli
modify how we behave toward specific stimuli
modify the environment to minimize the probability of the stimuli occurring
modify the behavior or environment
35
systematic desensitization
pair anxiety provoking event with relaxation
36
aversive counterconditioning
pair target behavior or a conditioned stimulus with another stimulus that provokes an unpleasant response
37
covert sensitization
client images aversive condition while simultaneously imagining engaging in the undesirable behavior
38
cognitive mediation
one individual helps another to perceive and interpret significant social or physical features in their current/past experiences in new ways
39
metacognition
the process through which individuals think about the thoughts they have and the product of these thoughts
40
common denominators in cognitive therapies
data base, activity, direction, collaboration, structure, present focus, time-limited, psychoeducation, and relapse prevention
41
what disorder is assertiveness training generally prescribed for?
anxiety
42
what are the 3 C's?
counterconditioning, contingency management, and cognitive-behavioral modification
43
what school of thought sees the therapeutic relationship as essential for producing change?
rogerian (humanisitc)
44
what style of therapy sees cognitive schemas as functional or dysfunctional?
beck (cognitive therapy)
45
first order change
rearranging variables in some field into different sequences
46
second-order change
shift in premises (rules) in which system is based, shift in the system itself
47
what is the main focus of psychoanalytic therapy?
make unconscious mental processes more conscious
48
what are the goals of psychoanalytic therapy and how are they accomplished?
foster change through insight
achieved by free association, transference, and dream analysis
49
what is the structure of psychoanalytic therapy?
usually a few years. briefer in recent versions
not very structured
focused on the past
50
is the therapeutic relationship important in psychoanalytic therapy?
yes, it is critical to enable some unconscious processes to resurface, using different techniques
the relationship is not sufficient but necessary
51
what is the main focus of behavioral therapy?
changing behaviors
52
what are the main goals of behavioral therapy and how are they accomplished?
decrease maladaptive behaviors and increase adaptive ones
accomplished through counterconditioning, contingency management, and CB modification
53
what is the structure of behavioral therapy?
relatively short and very structured with a focus on the present
54
is the therapeutic relationship important in behavioral therapy?
no, a machine could do the therapist's job
55
what is the main focus of cognitive therapy?
changing thoughts and behaviors
56
what are the main goals of cognitive therapy?
decrease the frequency and intensity of irrational beliefs that cause our negative emotions/moods
based on ABC theory
57
what is the structure of cognitive therapy?
usually short, depends on exact modality diagnosis, somewhat structured with a focus on present
58
is the therapeutic relationship important in cognitive therapy?
the therapist acts as a guide that helps the patient dispute irrational beliefs and appraise situations adaptively
the relationship is not sufficient but it is necessary
59
what is the main focus of humanistic therapy?
unconditional positive self-regard
60
what are the main goals of humanistic therapy?
foster self-actualization by achieving congruence of the actual self with the ideal self
61
what is the structure of humanistic therapy?
usually lasts for years, but in recent versions it is much briefer
difficult to empirically validate, not very structured and has a focus on the now
62
is the therapeutic relationship important in humanistic therapy?
critical, there are 3 necessary components to success
genuineness
UPR
empathy
63
logical positivism
suggests all we need to know about an issue can be learned through observation
64
feedback
information given to a client concerns the individual's own actions and experiences
65
counterconditioning
changing our behavior to the stimuli
66
stimulus control
modifying environment to alter probability of stimuli occuring
67
contingency management
behavior changes are made by modifying the contingencies in the environment
68
what are the defining characteristics of behavioral therapy?
primacy of overt behavior, importance of learning, directive and active nature of treatments, and centrality of assessment and evaluation
69
what are the three steps to exposure therapy?
plan the first exposure experience, experience the exposure exercise, and debriefing after exposure
70
what are the thoughts that lead to sadness or depression?
thoughts of loss
romantic rejection
death of a loved one
loss of job
failure to achieve an important goal
71
what are the thoughts that lead to guilt or shame?
believe you hurt someone or you've failed to live up to your own moral standards
guilt results from self-condemnation
shame involves fear you'll lose face when others find out about what you did
72
what are the thoughts that lead to anger, irritation, annoyance, or resentment?
feel someone is treating you unfairly or trying to take advantage of you
73
what are the thoughts that lead to frustration?
life falls short of your expectations
insist things should be different
74
what are the thoughts that lead to anxiety, worry, fear, nervousness, or panic?
believe you're in danger because you think something bad is about to happen
75
what are the thoughts that lead to inferiority or inadequacy?
compare yourself to others and conclude you're not as good as others
76
what are the thoughts that lead to loneliness?
tell yourself you're bound to feel unhappy because you're alone
you aren't getting enough love and attention from others
77
what are the thoughts that lead to hopelessness or discouragement?
convinced problems will go on forever and things will never improve
78
what disorders is CBT good for?
mood problems, like depression, anxiety, panic attacks, phobias, anger guilt, and feelings of inferiority
79
what disorders is CBT not as effective for?
severe psychotic disorders
80
what are some similarities between beck and ellis?
originally trained in pscyhoanalytics and emigrated to cognitive therapy
share goal: help clients become conscious of maladaptive cognitions, recognize their disruptive impact, and replace with appropriate and adaptive thought patterns
integrative in technique selection and empirical in theory revision
both forms are problem-oriented, directive, and psychoeducational
view homework as central and indispensable feature of treatment
committed to bringing self-help resources to individual clients and public at large
81
cognitive specificity hypothesis
underlying cognitions are assumed to vary specifically with behavioral disorder of clients
different pathologies are related to different cognitive content
82
depressive cognitive triad
basic ideation in depression has 3 themes
1) events interpreted negatively
2) depressed individuals dislike themselves
3)future is appraised negatively
83
what are some differences between beck and ellis?
beck emphasizes process of empiricism more than ellis does
beck clients are encouraged to treat beliefs as hypotheses to be tested whereas ellis strivers for philosophical conversation based on rationality and logic
beck encourages reliance to alter existing beliefs
ellis does not think individuals disliking themselves is necessarily irrational while beck characterizes them as "too absolute" or "too extreme"
84
activity scheduling
specific daily activities are selected and evaluated strictly on the basis of how effectively they elevate mood
activities also rated by clients in terms of mastery and pleasure
85
three basic approaches to cognitive restructuring, according to beck
1) what's the evidence?
2) what's another way of looking at it?
3) so what if it happens?
86
distancing
deal with upsetting thoughts objectively, reevaluating rather than automatically accepting them
87
distributions technique
deal with upsetting thoughts objectively, reevaluating rather than automatically accepting them
88
schema-focused psychotherapy
emphasizes affective change methods, the therapeutic relationship, and limited reparenting more than standard cognitive therapy
89
limited reparenting
helps patient find experiences missed in early childhood, resolving damaging experiences that led to maladaptive schemas
90
contrary to ellis, beck uses what type of dialogue?
socratic
91
collaborative empiricism
participants on shared mission to determine from evidence gathered which thoughts may be dysfunctional and which avenues might be pursued to enhance those thoughts
92
what are the active ingredients of cognitive therapy?
identification of problematic schemas and their remediation
93
what, according to beck, is the key cognitive predictor of suicide?
hopelessness
94
beck's therapeutic / personal style
community vision
persistence
community leadership
inclusive
collaborative
empowering
benevolent
