Midterm Flashcards

Question

Romantic Legacy

Answer 1

1. Home music making 2. Lieder of Schubert and Schumann formed core song repertoire 3. Piano works by Mendelssohn, Schumann, Chopin became central to repertoire 4. Attitudes toward women change 5. Romantic concepts of absolute music remained influencial

Answer 2

for amateurs 3 types: short choral works, oratorios, liturgical (anthems, hymns) tradition of choral music: 19th century looked back on previous eras, big number of people participated in choral music

Answer 3

choral societies (leisure time, develop unity, elevate music taste) festivals: sings from across regions gather to perform

Answer 4

100 partsongs Die Nacht: short, lyric poem, important works emphasised with melodic peaks, relatively easy

Answer 5

Handel & Haydn core repertory for oratorios Mendelssohn oratorios: St. Paul (dramatic effects: Romantic style) Berlioz Requiem: partiotic tradition inspired by music festivals of French Revolution, huge dimensions

Answer 6

church music also sung at home and public gatherings Catholic music: choirboys, Schubert's Mass, Rossini's Stabat mater Protestant churchs: lutheran composes, women sang in church choirs Reformed Judaism: adopted Protestant practices: congregational hymns, organs and choirs America: divided by sect and race, African-American churches own style Lowell Mason: introduced music into school curriculum

Answer 7

string quartets increasingly played in public concerts played by professionals treated as seriously as symphonies Beethoven's middle quartets as defining model

Answer 8

early works, home performance, modeled on Mozart and Haydn late works, dramatic concert music String quintet in C Major: Schubert's lyricism with Beethoven's drama style, 1st movement sonata form

Answer 9

chamber music traces evolution as composer works from youth Octet for Strings earliest masterpiece Sing Quartets in A Minor: influence of late Beethoven's quartets Piano trios: tuneful themes, classical genre and forms

Answer 10

Robert: Op 41 strings quartets, interchange among parts, reflects Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven Piano Trios No 1: study of Bach, influential works on German composers Clara: Piano Trio in G Minor: inspiried Robert's trios, songlike themes, development through imitation, fugue, slow third movemen

Answer 11

central to public concert life size and composition shifted, new and redesigned instruments, wider range of color conductions: began at Paris Opera, baton to beat of time

Answer 12

middle class piano transcriptions prestige, lasting impression of Beethoven symphonies diversity of works

Answer 13

songlike melodies, adventurous harmonies, colorful instrumentation Unfinished Symphony: first large scale symphony, completed only 2 movements Symphony No. 9 in C major: known as the Great, romantic lyricism, expanded classical form, not performed in his lifetime; long, slow introduction, 3 key exposition, elements of horn melody return

Answer 14

Programmic Symphonie Fantastique: establish Brlioz leader outlines of traditions symphony (reccuring themes, array of colors) 5 movements: 1(slow), 2 (waltz), 3 (pastorale), 4 (dreams of own death), 5 (demonic) Harold en Italie: solo viola, recurring viola theme, heroism later symphonies: depart from traditional model concert overtures: follow Beethoven and Mondelssohn precedents

Answer 15

1. leader of Romantic radical wing 2. created new harmony, color, expression and form

Answer 16

classically sounding Symphonies: No 5 in D minor, No 2 in B flat major, No 3 in A minor, Italian Symphony, concert overtures: A midsummer nights dream: set standards for all overtures, imaginative piano concertos: 4 own performances, Violin Concerto in E Minor: 3 movements played without pause, violin and orchestra equal parts, first movement; variant of sonata form, soloist states main theme

Answer 17

1841 orchestral year models: Schuberts Great Symphony, Mendelssohn symphonies and concertos Symphony No 1 Spring Symphony No 4 D Minor: rethinking symphonic form, 4 movements without break

Answer 18

1. torrent of new music 2. emergence of musical classics 3. elements of Romanticism blended in 18th C 4.

Answer 19

opera theaters built all over western Europe Opera in elite and popular culture Focus on singer, paid more than composers Strong plots, interesting character, wide audience appeal

Answer 20

french Revolution, Napoleonic Wars: spread concept of nation, unified people, identity through shared characteristics Germany and Italy divided since Middle Ages, foundation for unification: common language, literature, music, other arts, presence of national elements in Opera Use of exoticism

Answer 21

Opera invented and popularized in Italy 40+ produced each year Emphasis on voice, less on orchestra, bel canto; want to look easy, power of the voice COMPOSERS: Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti,

Answer 22

One of the most popular and influential composers of his generation best known for comic operas BEL CANTO: elegant, effortless technique General style: catchy melodies, snappy rhythms, "Rossini crescendo": repeating phrases louder each time, often at high pitch The Barber of Seville: comic opera with bel canto tradition, chaotic plot, CANTABILE & CABALETTA Guillaume Tell: written for Paris Opera, timely themes of rebellion, 4 sections,

Answer 23

After Rossini dramas of passion, fast, gripping action Norma, Casta Diva; Italian yearnings for freedom, constant vocal movement, chorus plays important role

Answer 24

oratorios, cantatas, chamber and church music: melodies capture character, situation, or feeling, constantly moves drama forward

Answer 25

Most prestigious genre Opera centered in Paris and shaped by politics Napoleon restricted theaters Defeat of Napoleon, monarchy restored Opera Comique: spoken dialogue instead of recitative, fewer singers and players, straightforward comic or serious drama Ballet: Gieselle, music by Adolphe Adam

Answer 26

designed to appeal to newly well-to-do middle class librettos on romantic level Les Huguenots: Meyerbeer, 5 acts, enormous cast, ballet, dramatic scenery; closing scene: deep, personal feelings, variety of styles and gestures Impact: Meyerbeer's approach admired and emulated, genre spread to Germany, London, and elsewhere, influence on Wagner

Answer 27

Interaction between music and literature developed fully, elements from French opera Weber: Der Freischutz: established German Romantic opera, plots drawn from medieval history, legend, fairy tale, musical styles from other countries Wolf Glen Scene: spoken dialogue with background music, casting of bullets, entire scene centers on dimished 7th chord Influence: model for Wagner

Answer 28

Nationalism: subject matter, set designed, costumes, music; tool of propaganda, government use Mikhail Glinka: recognized equally by Russians and western Europeans A Life for the Tsar: pro-government historical drama; major Western operatic traditions, distinctive Russian characters

Answer 29

Important part of musical life European opera in New Orleans, New York, and San Francisco widespread as popular entertainment No demand for American composers to produce opera Minstrel shows: white performers blackened their faces, most popular for of musical theatre in 1830-70's, impersonating African American's, propagated offensive stereotypes, explored issues of social and political power, able to behave outside social norms

Answer 30

Europe and America industrial powerhouses 1848 revolutions Political reforms National unification

Answer 31

One of the most influential musicians of all time Gesamtkunstwerk: total or collective artwork; could help form society, art not undertaken for profit, controversial views on nationalism

Answer 32

Rienzi: grand opera in Meyerbeer mold Der Fliegende Hollander: based on Germanic legend Tannhauser: adapted Germanic legend, sin and redemption Logengrin: medieval legend, German folklore, suffused with nationalism

Answer 33

cycle of 4 dramas Collective title Der Ring des Nibelungen First complete performance in Bayreuth Leitmotive: leading motive

Answer 34

Tristan und Isolde Prelude: desire, inexpressible yearning Act 1: magical love potion

Answer 35

operas quickly became central to wolrdwide operatic repertoire more written about Wagner than any other musician

Answer 36

Epitome of romantic drama and passion dominant figure in Italian music for 50 years after Donizetti camouflaged patriotic messages in historical dramas Approaches to Opera: works of theatre, librettos, working methods (wrote with certain singers in mind) Rigoletto: musical characterization, dramatic unity, melodic invention La Traviata: one of first tragic operas set in present Recpetion: phenomenal success in his lifetime performed more often than any other Italian composer

Answer 37

Verismo: literary realism

Answer 38

Most successful Italian opera composer after Verdi exoticism, another form of realism; added appeal of unfamiliar (Madame Butterfly, Nagasaki) Style: blend of Verdi (focus on vocal melody), Wagner style's (recurring leitmotives)

Answer 39

Paris remained centre for production of new works Grand opera, ballet, and lyric opera popularity French exoticism: several operas exploited interest in exoticism, example Carmen by Bizet, Spanish centred piece

Answer 40

artists sought to create distinctive national tradition

Answer 41

Opera was specifically nationalist project Smentana and Dvorak

Answer 42

2 approaches to modernization: nationalists ("Slavophiles" idealized Russian distinctiveness) internationalists ("westernizers" adapted European technology) Influence: Tchaikovsky and Mighty 5 developed strongly individual national style; influenced later 19th C early 20th C western Europe composers

Answer 43

most prominent Russian composer of 19th C Operas based on novels of Aleksander Pushkin Ballets, most famous and in permanent repertory

Answer 44

Mily Balakirev (leader) Aleksander Borodin (many unfinished works) Casar Cui (14 operas) Modest Musorgsky (considered most original, Coronation scene) Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov ( stood against professionalism of conservatories

Answer 45

Poland divided between Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany Britain dominated by foreign opera New York, 1883: Metropolitian Opera Company opened Brazil: Antonio Gomes

Answer 46

spoken dialogue both funny and romantic The Pirate of Penzance

Answer 47

Wagner and Verdi brought opera of their nations to a peak never surpasses Split between elite and popular music: Verdi wanted to please the public, Wagner did not care

Answer 48

Audience wanted more familiar sounding pieces, revival of past music audience gaining new appreication for older composers Revival of national pride

Answer 49

conflict in ideologies Brahms: carries on old technique, classical ways Wagner: saw Beethoven as absolute ideal for music German-speaking land dispute around Brahms and Wagner absolute vs programmatic, innovation vs tradition had mutual respect for each other strong nationalism in instrument, song and choral music

Answer 50

Leading German composer of his time Unique personal style, worked very slowly, well-versed in music of the past Wrote 4 Symphonies: No 1 took over 20 years to compose, conventional sequence of movements, echoed Beethovens 5th Symphony No 3: wide melodic spans opening measures (classic Brahms), conflict between major and minor recurs in finale No 4: chaconne, reflects fascination with Baroque music Chamber Music: built off ideas in previous measures, developing variation Piano music: individual piano style, 3 large sonatas, waltz and Hungarian dances Songs: Schubert model, over 200 Lieder, piano varied in texture Choral works: all composed for amateur performances, A German Requiem Influence: path breaker, introduced new elements into traditional forms, developed subtle and complex techniques, appealed to amateurs

Answer 51

12 symphonic poems part of Wagnerians influences: symphonic peoms taken up by many composers, chromatic harmonies

Answer 52

absorbed Wagner's style liturgical approach to sacred texts Symphonies: Beethoven symphony No 9 as model, influence of Wagner

Answer 53

adapted Wagners method's to German Lied 250 Lieder

Answer 54

dominant figure in German musical life programs based on literature and personal experience Tone Poems

Midterm Flashcards

(78 cards)