Postmidterm Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
What is “vernacular” music?
A
In the language of the people
2
Q
Importance of vernacular music
A
Impacted recording
American became leading exporter of music
Influenced composers in classical tradition
3
Q
What is “tonality”?
A
the use of keys in music and how they lead to a certain point
4
Q
Mahler
A
German
Well known for symphonies and songs
Expansions of symphony to fullest form with the usage of song in symphony, combining chorale
Legacy: Last major Austro-German symphonist
5
Q
Kindertotenlieder (Songs on the death of children)
A
Malher accompaniment
combining poetry and artwork
Poet writing after death of his children, Mahler using that emotion in accompaniment
6
Q
Richard Strauss
A
turned to opera after establishing himself with symphonic poems
legacy: successor to Wagner in German opera
7
Q
Salome
A
Strauss
Associated with John the Baptist
Dissonant harmonies with contrasts, combining different keys at the same time
8
Q
French Modernism
A
French musicians sought greater independence from German music
Drawing on national heritage; simple, direct meanings
9
Q
Claude Debussy
A
*Direction: towards pleasure & beauty
Orchestra works and songs
Impressionism and symbolism: evoking mood and feeling
*Influence: emphasis on sound itself as an element of music & seminal force in history of music
10
Q
Nuages
A
Debussy
Interacting with patterns of fifths and thirds
11
Q
Ravel
A
Outsider, independent streak
Impressionist works, strong musical
bringing in influences from different countries, evoking influences in different ways, rhythm, etc.
12
Q
Spain Modernism
A
Composers: Albeniz, Granados, and Falla
Taking Spanish styles and putting together with modernist techniques
13
Q
British Modernism
A
Composers: Vaughan Williams and Holst
Composers sought distinctive English voice
Established national identity
Folk song integrated into compositions
Composers using recognizable elements from past eras
14
Q
Suite No 1 in E-Flat
A
Holst
British military band tradition
Modal flavour or melodies, references to English folksong, country dance
Tonal
Recognizable C minor
15
Q
Rachmanioff
A
Russian; left Russia after revolution and emigrated to America
Symphonic poems
Self contained work for orchestra
Not specific narrative but more mystical sense
Influence of Chopin and Bach
Lyrical, tonal
16
Q
Prelude in G Minor
A
Rachmanioff
Innovative textures, melodies within traditional harmonies
ABA’ form
“sounds” Russian
17
Q
Scriabin
A
Schooled with Rachmanioff at Moscow Conservatory
Influenced by Liszt and Wagner
Push boundary with harmonies
Using techniques that avoid a tonal resolution
Experimental, mystical music
18
Q
Vers la Flamme
A
Scriabin
Tone poem for piano
Uncertain ending
19
Q
Avant-Garde
A
the art that seeks to overthrow accepted aesthetics , shake things up and do it in a new way
challenging the status quo
20
Q
Iconoclastic
A
smashing iconic icons, establishing a new way of writing
21
Q
Erik Satie
A
French nationalist
radical break from tradition
pokes fun and challenges conventions of classical music
22
Q
Futurism
A
Italian futurists rejected traditional instruments
Luigi Russolo, futuristic painter & composer
23
Q
Modernism
A
Movement that followed Romanticism, focused less on consumer appeal and more on composers emotions
more of a lean towards absolute music, it is what it is
Composers push boundaries of traditional harmonies
continue to call their music modern today
trying to make their own voice
24
Q
Atonal
A
Not having a home key
Moving away from resolution
25
12 tone music
using the 12 chromatic notes
26
Arnold Schoenberg
Best known for atonal and 12-tone music
Born in Vienna, self taught
Founded and directed Society for Private Musical Performance
shaped course of musical practice
Tonal compositions: nonrepetitions
Atonal compositions: coherent, developing variations, integration of melody and harmony, chromatic saturation
27
Second Viennese School
Schoenberg, Bern, Webner
28
Nonrepetitional
*Schoenberg*
Each work should not simply repeat but build on the past
Like Brahms
29
Coherence of atonal music
Developing variation
Integration of harmony and melody
Chromatic saturation
30
Pitch-class sets
Manipulated notes, intervals of a motive
*Pitch class is the note the set begins on*
31
Pierrot lunaire
Schoenberg
Psychological, introspective
Evoking traditional forms, functions of tonality, 12 tone method
32
Piano Suite
Schoenberg
Begins on E and ends on Bb
33
Alban Berg
Studied with Schoenberg
Uses techniques from previous era to give his listeners a reference point
34
Post Tonal
Berg
Using atonality in a tonal way - bridge point between tonal and atonality
35
Wozzeck
Atonal, expressionist opera
Leitmotives, comment on characters, situations and traditional forms but uses ideas from the past that would be recognizable
36
Anton Webner
Studied with Schoenberg
Music is a presentation of idea that presents no other way
Very concentrated in how he writes his music; does not believe in unnecessary composition, everything is tight and concise
Never gain wide popularity
37
Symphony Op 21
Webner
Entire movement is double cannon in inversion
Integration of canon
Reinterpretation of sonata form
38
Klangfarbenmelodie
different statement of melody but same notes, contrasting characters (Schoenberg concept)
39
Stravinsky
Rhythmic in dances, combining shifting chords
Style traits, most derived from Russian traditions
Frequent ostinatos: repeated bass voice
Anti-lyrical, colorful use of music
Influence: popularized neoclassicism and use of serialism
40
The Rite of Spring
Dance of the Adolescent Girls
Undermining meter, pushing strong beats into the bar
Sounds primitive
Developing of motives
Building textures
Dark themes
41
Neoclassical period
Intentional imitation of preromantic (classical form, not tonal) writing, emphasis on absolute music
42
Octet for Wind Instruments
Stravinsky
Using melodic diatonic tonal melodies but with dissonance
43
Neotonality
Stravinsky
Tonal centers not established through functional harmonic progressions, not by key but pitch collections
44
Serial period
Stravinsky
Using 12 tone methods extends to parameters other than pitch
45
Bela Bartok
Virtuoso pianist, piano teacher
Bring folk music into compositions
Style: bring peasant and classical music together
mixing concepts of dissonance, love of symmetry
46
Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta: III Movement
Bartok
starts and ends on C
Elements of tonality but not coherent
Inversions
Melody sounds like folk tune
Examples of how a modernist composer combines moderns and classical techniques
47
Charles Ives
American composer
Promoted using folk tunes (African American and FP) only if you're completely immersed in their culture
American program music: celebrated american life, building ideneity
48
Ives 4 spheres
Vernacular music: language, music of the people
Protestant church music: improvised organ preludes and posttunes, revival meetings
European classical music: highly trained, studied the type of art music
Experimental works: preserved most of the traditional rules, first composer to use polytonality systematically
49
The Unanswered Question
Ives
Atonality
First to combines tonal and atonal layer in same piece
Throwing in something different (horn and flute) into something already established (strings)
50
The Alcotts (Ives)
Polytonality (2 keys working together at the same time)
Elements of modern, no bar lines
51
France between WW
music intertwined with politics
strong anti-German sentiment, increased focus on French music
New interest in popular music; cabarets to music of African Americans, a way out of Romanticism
52
Les Siz
strong neoclassicism
Need to know 3: Honnegger, Milhaud, Poulenc
Collaborations: joint concerts, album of piano music
53
Honeggar
Dynamic action, graphic gesture
Symphonies, oratorios
Bold colors, dissonant harmonies
54
Milhaud
Draws on sounds of Americas
55
La Creation de Monde
Milhaud
Jazz influences, order to chaos
56
Francis Poulenc
Drew on Parisian popular song traditions
Musical styles: graceful, witty, satirical
Wide range of styles in instrumental works
Neoclassicism
57
Neoclassicism
looking back to classical forms of 1700's-1800's
58
Germany Between WW
government subsidizing ticket prices
Music needing to be accessible
New Objectivity: New realism; opposed complexity, promoted familiar elements; music objective in its expression, not highly emotional
59
Kurt Weill
Opera composer in Berlin
Die Moritat von Mackie Messert (The Ballad of Mack the Knife): lilting melody undercuts brutal imagery
60
Paul Hinderemith
New objectivity: music more accessible
Move away from emotion and to realism
Neotonal
Gebrauchsmuik: music for use
61
Gebrauchsmusik
music for use
62
Carl Orff
Developed new way of teaching music, still used today
63
Soviet Union
Government controlled all aspects of music
64
Sergey Prokofiev
Initial reputation as radical modernist
Technical and challenging works
Film scores
65
Dimitri Shostakovich
Combination of traditional with experimentation
5th Symphony II Movement
- inspired by Mahler
- wide range of styles and moods
- 4 movements, in manner of Beethoven and Tachikovsky
- allegretty
7th Symophony
- programmatic, heroic defense of Leningrad against Hitler
66
Canada
Ernest MacMillan: key canadian figure
Claude Champagne: very influences by Russian composers
67
United States
New recording technologies
Conductors nationally know figures
Radio
Cycling through of classical music
The New Deal: more funding for music, education and performance
68
Edgard Varése
Spatial music and sound masses
moving away from traditional harmonies
Hyperprism
-for winds, brass, and percussion
- every combination of sounds is unusual
- heard as sound mass rather than melody, harmony, or accompaniment
Poeme electronique
- electric sounds
- sounds like Ross from friends
69
Henry Cowell
Tone clusters with fists or forearm
Experimenting in early piano music
The Banshee: explicit instructions given at beginning, erie
interest in nonwestern music
70
Ruth Seeger
first woman to win Guggenheim Fellowship in music
String Quartet 1931, best-known work
- finale: violin against other instruments
71
George Gershwin
Late 1920's and 30's: most famous, frequently performed American composer in classical genres
72
Aaron Copland
most important and central American composer of his generation
Appalachian Spring
- tonal
- familiar past elements
- ending almost hymn like, melody is fully displayed
73
Jazz
new styles
loses popularity, needing more concentrated listening
African American artists; white audience
overall: different types of jazz, different musicians use in different ways to explore techniques
74
Bebop/Bop
virtuoso soloist, small combos
style: virtuosity, harmonic ingenuity, chromaticism, complicated rhythms, improv
Combo:
- rhythm section: piano, bass drums
- one or more melody instrument
Anthropology; Charles Parker and Dizzy Gillespie
- lead sheet, melody/solo
- sax solo
- new melody; short rapid bursts, jagged, unpredictable
- Form: introduction; head (primary tune in unision), several choruses, solo improv over harmony
75
Modal Jazz
So What; Miles Davis
- modal intro
- parallel moving chords
- AABA form
- melody stated in bass
- structured yet "free-wheeling"
76
Post War Pop Music
teens as target in industry
50's, rock and roll
77
Country Music
tradition associated with white southeners
blues, banjo, western cowboy, gospel songs
characteristics: sentimental, rural, first person narratives
77
Rhythm and Blues and Rock & Roll
Electric blues
rhythms blues; developed in urban area
*Styles of blues: 12 bar blues, forms out of this type of music*
78
Musicals
Leonard Berstein
- major presence in broadway and classical music
- Cool, for West Side Story
79
Who became a patron postwar?
Universities
- composers employed at universities
- number of refugees who moved from Europe to America taught (Schoenberg)
80
Tonal traditionalsim
Individual styles without departure from the past
81
Samual Barber
american composer
tonal romanticism
Hermit Songs
- always centered tonally
- each offers blend of traditional tonaitly with modern techniques
82
Benjamin Britten
- most prominent composer in tonal or neotonal tradition
- initially wrote for film scores
- music for amateurs: choral music
Peter Pears; life partner; homosexuality
Peter Grimes
- Bitonality: uncaring sea
- C major: depicts shimmering sea
A major: citizens go about their business
War Requiem
83
Oliver Messiaen
Most important French composer: BIRDSONG & USE OF MODES AND HARMONIES
- collection of notes, don't change when transported by certain intervals, harmonies avoid resolution
Catholic
French composition: reserved, playing with colours
exploring different ways of music making
Quartour pour la fin du temps (Quartet for the End of Time)
- Violin, cello, piano, clarinet
focus on duration, not meter
Addictive, nonretogradable techniques
84
Serialism
working with series': melody, rhythm, etc.
total serialism is never total
music should be free of ideologies
12 tone music
Diversity: reflection of basic 20th C music, composers wanting to create new music linked with prominent features to the past
Leading composers: Babbitt, Boulez, Stockhausen
85
Milton Babbitt
SERIALISM!
Three Compositions for Piano
"time point" approach to duration
First piece to apply serial principles to rhythm (duration)
86
Karlheinz Stockhausen
created "mode" by comprising 36 pitches
SERIALISM
87
Pierre Boulez
Influential French composer
Bourreaux de solitude
- attractive musical surface
Instrumental prelude and postled circulate 12 chromatic notes
88
John Cage
Studied with Cowell and Schoenberg
Serialism but also experimentalist tradition
Search for new sound
Form: each part is connected and important
Prepared Piano: various objects inserted between stings of piano, to experiencing sound for own sake
Lots is up to chance, composer removed from equation leaving it up to performer
Music for Changes
- charts of possible sounds
resulting piece, sounds occur randomly
Indeterminacy: whatever happens, happens
- 4'33" ; performer sits quietly at piano, sounds in the music hall is the piece
89
Morton Feldman
Indeterminacy
- uses boxes rather than note heads
- approximate register indicated, specific pitches left up to player
90
Electronic Music
Musique concréte
- tape recorders
- sounds manipulated through mechanical and electronic means
- different instruments for different sounds
Electronic Sound
- musical instrument itself
- theremin by Lev Termen
- multitracks
Synthesizers
- composers call on pitches from keyboard
91
Historical developments late 20th C
Cold war eased in 70's
European communism collapse
time of growing and equality
economies become interdependent
spread of communication technologies
92
Musical canon
like biblical canon
93
Late 20th C
- jazz accepted into canon
- musicals
- glocalization
- crossing between western and non-western traditions; ethnic traditions, folk music, etc
94
Bright Sheng
Studied with Leonard Bernstein
Season from Seven Tunes Heard in China
- cello suite
- Chinese bowed string instruments
- mostly pentatonic Chinese tune
95
Late 20th C new technologies
- digital synthesis, more accessible
- recording & producing
- sampling: patching together digital pieces of previous recorded music (rap/hip hop), raised copyright issues
- computer music: digital composing
96
Mixed media 20th C
pop music more visual: concerts, music videos, choreography, costumes
film music
*Take away: how music is bringing all forms of art together, no longer just the music but a whole performance
97
Minimalism
Simplicity, clarity, regularity
REPETITIVE PATTERNS OF SIMPLE ELEMENTS
procedure of composition simplified
reduced to minimum
98
Steve Reich
brought minimalism to broader audience
developed quasi-canoic procedure: musicians play same material out of place with each other (canon in name)
Come Out
- tape loopes of spoken phrase
- phasing: looped moved ahead of other, layers
99
Postminimalism
influence on minimalism but include more traditional methods
more expressivity
100
Phillip Glass
Minimalist composer
influenced by rhythm organization of Indian music
Repetition
101
John Adams
mixes minimalist techniques with other approaches
elements from both popular and classical
Short Ride in a Fast Machine
- Ostinatos (repeated lines), chord repetition creates sense of harmonic progression
- 3-part counterpoint over rapid pulsing, slowing changing harmonies
- wide range of melodies
- minimalism, repeated themes
-starts and end on D, implies pitch centered
102
György Ligeti
inspiration in minimalism
Etude No 9, Vertige (Vertigo)
- simple, familiar ideas
- moving quickly
- more dramatic and expressive than other minimalists
103
Spectralism
analysis of timbre
sound spetra led to new trend, spectral music
- approach to sound and composition, focus on perception, acoustics, tone colour
- What sound it sounds like, and what we can do with frequencies (different instruments make different sounds and colors, etc.)
- Rather than thinking of rhythm or melodic relationships, thinking of frequency relationships
first developed by French composers
104
Sophia Gubaidulina
Rejoice! (V movement)
- Sonata for cello and violin
Chromatics, tremolos, harmonics, glissandos
- playing with techniques of instruments
- religious undertones
105
R Murray Schaffer
leading Canadian composer
variety of styles, neoclassical to avant-garde
106
Postmodernism
reaction against narratives, anything can be possible
abandons musical idioms develop continuously
107
Alfred Schnittke
Postmodernist
worked in soviet union
Concerto Grosso No 1 II movement
- evokes Vivaldi concertos
- 18th C with modern, atonal and popular styles
- canons and polytonal
108
Arvo Pärt
Seven Magnificat Antiphons
109
Chromatic saturation
Appearance of all 12 pitch-classes within a segment
110
Alexander Nevsky IV movement
Prokovfiev
- chant like
- realism: music that promotes the common people
- looking back to neoclassical forms
