midterm Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
regulates body activities by responding rapidly using
nerve impulses
A
nervous system
2
Q
responsible for our perceptions,
behaviors, and memories, and it initiates all voluntary movements
A
nervous system
3
Q
one of the smallest and yet the most complex of all the
body system
A
nervous system
4
Q
two main subdivisions of the nervous system
A
the central nervous system
the peripheral nervous system
5
Q
HISTOLOGY OF NERVOUS TISSUE
two types of cells
A
neurons
neuroglia
6
Q
Special senses
A
smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium
7
Q
Contains nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm,
organelles such as lysosomes, mitochondria, Golgi complex.
A
Cell Body
8
Q
a yellow to brown pigment that occurs in aging neurons is a product of neuronal lysosomes.
A
lipofuscin
9
Q
includes neurofibrils providing cell shape and support while
microtubule assists in moving materials between cell body & axon.
A
cytoskeleton
10
Q
the site for CHON synthesis
contains free ribosomes and clusters of rough ER
A
Nissl bodies
11
Q
used to replace cellular components, material
for growth of neurons, and regenerate axons in the PNS
A
CHONS
12
Q
a neuronal process that receives or input portions of neuron.
Contains numerous receptor sites for binding chemical messenger from other cells.
A
Dendrites
13
Q
a neuronal process that propagates nerve impulse toward another neuron, muscle fiber, or gland.
A
Axon
14
Q
a cone shaped elevation of the cell body that joins with
the axon
A
axon hillock
15
Q
the part of the axon closest to the hillock. AP arise in the junction of axon hillock and __________ known as the trigger zone.
A
initial segment
16
Q
the cytoplasm of the axon. No rough ER, No CHON synthesis.
A
axoplasm
17
Q
the plasma membrane in the axon
A
axolemma
18
Q
the side branches
A
axon collaterals
19
Q
the fine processes when axon and collaterals divides.
A
axon terminals (telodendria)
20
Q
the site of communication between neurons or between a neuron and effector cells.
A
synapse
21
Q
the tips of axon terminals with swollen bumps called
varicosities.
A
synaptic end bulbs
22
Q
contains tiny membrane-enclosed sacs that stores
neurotransmitters.
A
synaptic vesicles
22
Q
Structural Classes of Neuron
A
Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar
23
Q
Have several or many dendrites and one axon
Most common type in brain and spinal cord
A
Multipolar
24
> Have one dendrite and one axon
Example: in retina of eye and inner ear
Bipolar
25
> Have fused dendrite and axon
Sensory neurons of spinal nerves
Unipolar
26
a neuron which has only one extension from its cell body.
Pseudounipolar neuron
27
Functional Classes of Neuron
Sensory (afferent)
Motor (efferent)
Interneurons (association neurons)
28
forms an action potential in its axon and theaction potential is conveyed into the CNS through cranial orspinal nerves.
Sensory (afferent)
29
convey action potentials away from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands) in the periphery (PNS)through cranial or spinal nerves.
Motor (efferent)
30
integrate (process) incoming sensory information from sensory neurons and then elicit a motor response by activating the appropriate motor neurons.
Interneurons (association neurons)
31
cells that help in sustaining neurons
Neuroglia CNS
Neuroglia PNS
32
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells
Neuroglia CNS
33
Schwann cells Satelite cells
Neuroglia PNS
33
four lobes of the Brain
frontal lobe,
parietal lobe,
temporal lobe, and
occipital lobe
34
can be found at the front of the head, it occupies the biggest portion of the brain.
frontal lobe
35
located in the upper middle part of the brain
parietal lobe
36
located in the sides of the brain
temporal lobe
37
found in the back part of the brain
occipital lobe
38
a C-shaped region that crosses brain hemispheres within the cortex, including portions of the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes. Controls emotions like
happiness, sadness, and love
Limbic Lobe
39
major parts of the brain
Brain stem
Diencephalon
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Cranial meninges
40
continuous with spinal cord
Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
Brain stem
41
superior to brain stem
Thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland
Diencephalon
42
largest part and most superior
Cerebrum
42
Surface covered with gray matter
cortex
43
posterior and inferior
Means “little brain”
Cerebellum
44
dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
Cranial meninges
45
major parts of the spinal cord
Cervical (neck)
Thoracic (chest)
Lumbar (lower back)
46
five regions of the spinal cord
8 cervical (neck)
12 thoracic (chest)
5 lumbar (abdominal)
5 sacral (pelvic)
1 coccygeal (tailbone) segment
46
coordinates reflexes, transmits sensory data from the body to the brain, and transmits motor commands from the brain to the body.
Cervical (neck)
47
carry information from the brain to the major organs,
including the heart, liver, lungs, and small intestine.
The thoracic spine and rib cage work as a barrier to safeguard the heart and lungs.
The middle and upper back are where the thoracic spine is located
Thoracic (chest)
48
it is linked with brain by the lumbar spine. The spinal cord
relays nerve messages back and forth from the brain to the body. It can
experience feelings and move the body
Lumbar (lower back)
49
protective tissues of meninges
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
49
Layers of tissue that covers the spinal cord.
meninges
50
The outer layer that protects your spinal cord from injury.
Dura mater
51
The inner layer that covers your spinal cord.
Pia mater
51
The middle layer between the epidural and subarachnoid space.
Arachnoid mater
52
space between the dura
mater and arachnoid mater
epidural space
53
between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater
subarachnoid space
54
provides extra cushioning and protection for your spinal cord
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
54
a procedure where the providers need to insert a needle into the subarachnoid space to test CSF
for certain infections.
spinal tap
55
may serve as a route of
administration for drugs used in implantable pain management treatments
intrathecal space
56
action governed by the cranial nerves
(smell)(I)
sensory (olfactory nerve - CN I)
57
action governed by the cranial nerves
(vision)(II)
sensory (optic nerve - CN II)
58
action governed by the cranial nerves
(control of eye movements)(III)
motor (oculomotor nerve - CN III)
58
action governed by the cranial nerves
(control of eye movements)(IV)
motor (trochlear nerve - CN IV)
59
action governed by the cranial nerves
(mixed)(General sensory & Motor)(V)
both (trigeminal nerve - CN V)
60
action governed by the cranial nerves
(mixed)(Special sensory (taste) from anterior of tongue
Motor to muscles of facial expression, tear glands, and some salivary glands)(VII)
both (facial nerve - CN VII)
61
action governed by the cranial nerves
(control of eye movements)(VI)
motor (abducens nerve - CN VI)
61
action governed by the cranial nerves
(special sensory, ear)(VIII)
sensory (vestibulocochlear nerve - CN VIII)
62
action governed by the cranial nerves
(mized)
Sensory for posterior of tongue, pharynx, and palate; blood pressure
Motor to pharyngeal muscles (swallowing), salivary gland (parotid) (IX)
both (glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX)
63
action governed by the cranial nerves
(mixed) (the major parasympathetic nerve)
Sensory from pharynx, ear, diaphragm, visceral organs in thoracic and abdominal cavities
Motor to palatal and pharyngeal muscles (swallowing and voice); to viscera in thoracic and abdominal cavities
both (vagus nerve - CN X)
64
action governed by the cranial nerves
motor to voluntary muscles including
sternocleidomastoid and trapezius (move head, shoulders)(XI)
motor (spinal accessory nerve - CN XI)
65
action governed by the cranial nerves
motor to tongue (swallowing and speech)(XII)
motor (hypoglossal nerve - CN XII)
66
relays sensory information
dorsal (or posterior) root
67
relays motor information.
ventral (or anterior) root
68
Regional divisions
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygea
69
5 cardinal signs and symptoms
redness (rubor)
pain (dolor)
heat (calor)
swelling (tumor)
loss of function (functio laesa)
70
-a non-specific, defensive process of the body to tissue damage.
-an attempt to dispose of microbes, toxins, or foreign material at the site of injury
INFLAMMATION
71
prime symptom of inflammation
due to inflammation,joints and muscles might feel pain.In particular,the inflamed areas maybe sensitive to touch
Pain (Dolor)
72
due to inflammation,there is more blood flow to the area
Heat (Calor)
73
as the blood flow more to the inflamed area, the blood vessels of the area will be filled withmore blood than normal.Due to which the inflamed area will appear red in the color.
Redness (Rubor)
74
the primary cause of swelling is accumulated fluid in the tissues or outside the blood vesseleither in a particular area or throughout the body.
Swelling (tumor)
75
the immobility may result from the pain that restrains movement or from severe swelling thatkeeps the movement in the area
Loss of function (functio laesa)
76
harmful pathogens of tissue injury (cause)
acute inflammation
76
TYPES OF INFLAMMATION
ACUTE
CHRONIC
77
pathogens that the body cannot break down including some types of viruses, foreign bodies, that remain in the system, or overreactive immune responses (cause)
chronic inflammation
78
duration of acute inflammation
few days
79
duration of chronic inflammation
months to years
80
two classes of microbial inducers
pathogen
virulence factors
81
subdivide into two classes; microbial and non-microbial exogenousinducers
Exogenous inducers
82
associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) which are carried by all microorganisms
pathogen
83
trigger the inflammatory response due to the effects of their activity.
virulence factor
84
include allergens, toxic compounds, irritants, and foreign bodies that are too large to be digested or cause phagosomal damage in macrophages
Non-Microbial
85
signals released by tissues that are either dead,damaged,malfunctioned,or stressed. Two large groups - infectious factors and the non-infectious factors
Endogenous inducers
86
category includes bacteria,viruses, and other microorganisms
Infectious factors
87
due to physical injuries such as frostbite,burn, physical injury, foreignbodies, trauma,ionizing radiation,chemical compounds such as glucose, fatty acids,toxins, alcohol,and chemical irritants such as nickel and other trace elements.
Non-Infectious factors
88
A variety of chemical mediators from circulation system, inflammatory cells, and injured tissue actively contribute to and adjust the inflammatory response include (1) vasoactive amines such as histamine and serotonin, (2)peptide (e.g., bradykinin), and (3) eicosanoids (e.g., thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins)
mediators
89
mediators
histamine
Kinins
Prostaglandins (PGs)
Leukotrienes (LTs)
Complement
90
polypeptide formed from inactive kininogens, induce vasodilation andincreased permeability and serve chemotactic agents for phagocytes
kinins
91
mast cells in connective tissue and basophils and platelets in bloodrelease histamine.Neutrophils and macrophages attracted to the site of injury alsostimulate the release of histamine, which causes vasodilation and increasedpermeability of blood vessels
histamine
92
lipids especially those of the E series intensify the effects ofhistamine and kinins. Also stimulate the emigration of phagocytes through capillarywalls
Prostaglandins (PGs)
93
increased permeability; function in adherence of phagocytes to pathogens and as chemotactic agents and attract phagocytes
Leukotrienes (LTs)
93
stimulate histamine release, attract neutrophils by chemotaxis, andpromote phagocytosis;some components also destroy bacteria
Complement
94
pharmacologic management
Corticosteroids
Biologic drugs
Antimalarial medications
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
95
aspirin, ibuprofen,or naproxen
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
96
Home remedies
Quit smoking
Limit alcohol
Keep a healthy weight§ Manage stress
Get regular physical activity
Supplements such as omega-3 fatty acids,white willow bark,curcumin, green tea,or capsaicin.Magnesium and vitamins B6,C, D, and E also have some anti-inflammatory effects.Talk with your doctor before starting any supplement.
97
NON-PHARMACOLOGIC MANAGEMENT
Home remedies
Surgery
