Midterm Flashcards
(291 cards)
1
Q
Primary Prevention
A
reducing the incident of injury before they occur
2
Q
Secondary Prevention
A
Addressing injuries in their early stage to prevent recurrence, severity and/or secondary complications
3
Q
Examples of primary prevention
A
-looking at conditions
-equipment
-warm-uo
-nutrition/hydration
-looking for unfae technique
-injury patterns
-talking with coaches
-preventative bracing
4
Q
examples of secondary prevention
A
-taping/wrapping
-education
-sufficent rehab
-early identification
-reconditioning
5
Q
When to wear a brace instead of taping
A
-if sport doesnt allow
-ongoing conditions
-larger joints
-tape can sometimes wear off before game is over
6
Q
what is the purpose of orthotics
A
-to adjust biomechanics to perform properly
7
Q
what should orthotics also be given with
A
-proper, supportive rehab
8
Q
What time period does an injury become chronic
A
over 6 weeks typically
9
Q
Types of muscle and tendon injuries
A
-strain
-tendonitis/osis
-contusions
10
Q
Types of ligament injuries
A
-sprain (overstretch, dislocations, subluxations)
11
Q
Types of Bone injuries
A
-fracture/break
-bruise
12
Q
Types of nerve injuries
A
-burner/stinger
-contusion/crash injury
13
Q
Types of brain injuries
A
-concussion
-acquired brain injury
-direct trauma or indirect trauma
14
Q
types of skin injuries
A
-lacerations, abrasions
-contusions
15
Q
Sprain vs Strain
A
Strain is muscle or tendon and a sprain is ligament
16
Q
Grade 1 sprain/strain
A
-tissues stretch/some fibres disrupted
-for sprains, integrity of joint is maintained
-for strains, contractions are strong but painful
17
Q
Grade 2 sprain/strain
A
-partial tear/many fibres disrupted
-for sprains, results some instability/laxity in the joint
-for strains, contractions are weak and very painful
18
Q
Grade 3 sprain/strain
A
-complete tear
-for sprains, results in significant instability/laxity in the joint
-for strains, unable to contract and often pain free
19
Q
types of bone fractures
A
-transverse
-linear
-oblique (displaces and non-displaced)
-Spiral
-greenstick/bend
-comminuted
20
Q
How does muscle respond to contusions
A
pain, swelling, discolouration, spasam, reflex inhibition
21
Q
pain and swelling can stop
A
voluntary muscle contraction
22
Q
difference between tendonitis and tendonosis
A
itis= inflammation (acute)
otis= tissue breakdown (chronic)
23
Q
types of overuse injuries
A
-bursitis
-shin splints
-stress fractures
24
Q
Role of student trainer
A
-EAP
-Primary and secondary intervention
-scene survey
-C spine
-Assess urgent vs non urgent
-Reassure
-support through rehab
25
What is an EAP
-organized system of managing servere injury
-allows for quick and efficent injury management
26
3 people included in EAP
Charge person, call person, control person
27
role of charge person
person in charge of delivering care
28
role of call person
-providing medical info and meeting/directing ambulance
29
role of control person
managing people and loacting supplies
30
what should be included on EAP
-Important numbers
-addresses
-location of medical records and AED
31
mechanism of injury
how it happened
32
sources of MOI
trauma and overuse
33
Onset of MOI
acute/traumatic or Insidious (gradual)
34
signs
something you see
35
symptoms
something the athlete feels/describes
36
examples of signs
-bruising
-swelling
-heat/cold
-sweating
-shivering
vomitting
37
examples of symptoms
-pain
-tingling
-numbness
-burning
-tight
-pressure
nausea
38
common measurement of pain
subjective scale of 1-10
39
essential role along with pain management
reassurance
40
how to help psychologicaly with injuries
-give injured athletes a job
-know when to refer
-listen a lot
-support
-mindful and sequential RTP
41
types of skin wounds
-lacertions
-abrasions
-punctures
-contusions
-blisters
42
steps of management of lacerations
step 1: control bleeding
step 2: clean the wound
step 3: steri-strips
43
controlling bleeding
-PPE
-pressure
-elevation
44
cleaning wounds
-soap and water
-cinder suds
*helps prevent infection
45
field considerations for when applying steri strips
-dry the area around laceration
-adhesive spray
-rub q tip on either side fo laceration
46
when do we send for stitches?
-only done effectively within 24hrs
-deep wounds affecting more than just skin
-unable to stop bleeding
-would to face
-wound is across joint
47
what to do for minor cuts and abrasions
non-stick gauze and cover roll
48
punctures
leave objects in and pad around, send for medical attention
49
what to avoid with contusions
-myositis ossificans
-deep tissue massage
50
what to do for contusions
-lymph drainage of effleurage
-protective padding
-ultrasound (pulse setting)
-interferential current
51
what to do for blisters
-skin lube
-second skin
-cover roll
*clean well
52
when to seek medical attention
-cant control bleeding
-dirty and cant clean
-deep wound/puncture
-object impaled
-changes in sensation
-human/animal bite
-rusty object
53
cartilage/meniscus healing
-limited capacity to healing
-little or no direct blood supply thereofore longer healing
54
ligament healing
-during repair phase, collagen or connective tissue fibres lay down randomly
-gradual scar is formed
-over following months collagen fibres align in response to joint stress/strain
55
skeletal muscle healing
-regeneration of new myofibres is minimal
-healing and repair follwos the same process of random collagen alignment and develops tensile strength in response to stress/strain
56
nerve healing
-regeneration can take place very slowly (3-4mm/day)
-peripheral nerves regenerate better than central NS
57
Wound healing stages
1. Homeostasis
2. inflammation
3. Repair and regeneration
4. Remodelling
58
wound healing: homeostasis
process leading to cessation of bleeding
59
wound healing: Inflammation
essential vascular and cellular response of proper tissue healing
60
would healing: repair and Regeneration
formation of granulation tissues
61
would healing: Remodelling
strengthening of tissues along lines of tension
62
what stage of wound healing to people often leave early
remodelling
63
length of inflammation
4-6 days
64
length of proliferation
4-24 days
65
when should advil not be taken
within first 24 hours of injury
66
how long is remodelling phase
21 days - 2 years
67
what stage does the matrix of collagen realign
remodelling
68
3 phases of musculoskeletal injuries
1. Inflammatory
2. Repair and regeneration
3. remodelling
69
Musculoskeletal: Inflammatory response
-vasodilation of blood vessels
-while blood cells fight infection, break down and clean up damaged tissue to start healing
70
S&S inflammation
-redness
-swelling
-heat
-pain
-loss of function
71
Musculoskeletal: proliferation response
-collagen laid down in disorganized matrix
-revascularization brings O2 and nutrients
-edges of wound draw closer
72
Musculoskeletal: remodelling phase
-collagen reorganizes along lines of stress
-tissues increase in tensile strength
-important for avoiding chronic conditions
73
what is the best way to differentiate stages
timelines
74
Bone healing
-follows same 3 phases but more complex
-5 stages; avg 6-8 wks
75
5 stages of bone healing
1. Hematoma formation
2. Cellular proliferation (cells grow and divide)
3. Callus formation (soft callus)
4. Ossification (hard callus)
5. Remodelling
76
Inflammatory phase aims of treatment
-decrease pain, swelling, inflammation, activity
-protect
-educate
77
Demolition phase (3-15 days) aims of treatment
-decrease residual swelling and pain
-increase ROM, flexability, strength, proprioception, CV fitness
-prevent complications
-educate
78
Healing phase (day 10 - 8wks) aims of treatment
-increase circulation, ROM, flexability, strength, CV fitness, proprioception
-decrease muscle spasam
79
long term goals aims of treatment
-maintain skin and connective tissue
-ensure full ROM, strength, flexibility, psych rediness
-optimal biomechanics
-correct habits
-proprioception
-protect injury site
80
guidelines for RTP
full ROM, 80% strength
-able to perform demands of sport
-psych rediness
81
tools trainers have
-hot/cold
-massage
-wound care
-taping and wrapping
-exercise
-educate
82
when to use heat
-healing phase and beyond
-relaxation
-promote flexability
83
tissue response to heat
-increase circulation, inflammation, metabolism, edema
-decrease spasam, pain
84
types of heat
-moist heat application
-eletric heat pads
-hot shower
-microwaveable bags
-sauna
-ultrasound
85
infrared vs traditional saunas
-heats your skin/body vs just the air around you
86
contraindications to heat
-inflammed tissues
-bleeding disorder
-blood clots
-impaired sensation
-metal implants
-infection
-open wounds
-pregnant
87
tissue response to cold
-decrease, inflammatory response, edema, pain, circulation, hematoma, muscle spasam, tissue metabolism, enzymatic activity, extensability
88
types of cryotherapy
-crushed ice or cubes
-gel packs
-frozen beanbag
-only keep on for 10-15 min
-ice cup massage
-cold immersion
-cryochamber
-gaseous therapy
liquid nitrogen
89
contrindications of electric cryochamber
-pregnant
-high BP
-Blood Clots
-Heart conditions
-Infection
90
raynauds phenomenon;
- decreased blood flow to finhers/toes due to vasospasam
"do fingers turn white in the cold"
91
contraindications to cold
-urticardia; hives from cold
-clotting disorder
-superficial nerves
-altered skin sensation
-CPRS
92
when to massage
-tight muscles
-injured msucles
93
injured muscles in inflammatory phase
lymph drainage or effleurage only
94
what to do for injured muscles in the healing phase
deeper forms of massage to increase circulation
95
contraindications to massage
-acute inflamm
-contusions
-acute spasam
-open wounds
-altered sensation
-possible clot
-bleeding disorders
-over varicose veins
-DVT
-cancer
96
four main principles of massage therapy
1. general - specific - general
2 superficial - deep - superficial
3 proximal - distal - proximal
4. Peripheral - central peripheral
97
what should be in a players medical records
Conditions, allergies, previous injuries, emergency contact, level of experience
98
What are our key goals?
-provide care to manage conditions
-minimize secondary complications
-determine safe removal
99
questions to address when determining safe removal from play
-weight bearing
-non weight bearing
-assisted?
-advance care requires?
100
general hierarchy of conditions
1. ABCs, Major bleeds
2. Acquired brain injury/ concussion
3. spinal
4. fracture/dislocation
5. sprains/strains
6. abrasions
101
steps for on-field assessment
1. Survey the scene
2. block the head/control cspine
3. determine LOC
4. Assess Vitals (ABC)
5. history (SAMPLE, PQRST)
6. Identify any other injuries
102
Questions to ask yourself during the scene survey
-any safety concerns in the immediate environment
-any clues to MOI
-how many people injured
103
how to control the C-spine
-block the head
-place one hand on athletes forehead
-ask athlete to remain still
-as assistant to take over using in-line stabilization
104
Assessing LOC
-use AVPU scale
105
AVPU
Alert, Verbal, Painful, Unresponsive
106
types of airway assisted devices
oropharangeal airway, or nasopharangeal airway
107
how to check circulation
-check for carotid pulse
108
Summary of secondary survey
rapid body scan, history, decision on next steps
109
rapid body scans check for:
-major bleeds
-deformities
-anything indicating a life-threatening emergency
110
call ems for spinal if the have any 2:
-central pain on palpation
-tingling/numbness/unable to move extremeties
-MOI
-unwilling to move
111
how many head injury assessment symptoms are considered a concussion?
one- no RTP
112
observable signs of head injury
-CSF in ears/nose
-deformities
-black eyes
-brusing behind ears
-aggressive/emotional
-altered speech
-cant focus
-seizure
113
oculomotor screen for head injury
-PEARL
-tracking
-peripheral vision
114
cognitive screening
-orientation
-immediate memory
-delayed recall
-concentration
115
how to treat major fractures and dislocations
-stabilize
-treat for shock
-call 911
116
emergency medical conditions
-diabetic emergency
-epilepsy
-asthma
-anaphalactic shock
-heat/cold emergencies
-abdominal injuries
117
what is shock
-circulatory system fails to adequately circulate blood
-life threatening
118
symptoms of shock
-pale, cool, clammy
-rapid breathing
-rapid and weak pulse
-changes in LOC
-nausea
-decreased BP
119
care for shock
-blanket to maintain body temp
-rest in comfortable position that minimizes pain
-have athlete lie down if necessary
-reassure
-oxygen if available
120
Emergency Situations Summary
-ABCs not present
-major bleeds
-severe head injury
-decreased LOC
-persistent pain/pressure
-sudden illness/medical emergency
-suspected spinal injury
-major fractures/dislocations
-shock
121
On field assessment
1. rule out emergency conditions (alert, ABCs, No c-spine)
2. Non-urgent conditions assessment
122
examples of non urgent conditions
-sprains/strains
-simple fractures
-contusions
-abrasions/minor lacerations
123
HOPS
history, observations, palpation, special test
124
SAMPLE
-signs and symptoms
-allergies
-medications
-past medical history
-last oral intake
-events leading up to injury
125
PQRST
-provoke
-quality
-region/radiate
-severity
-time
126
Index of suspicion
based on HOP, what structure do you suspect is injured? Ligament, Muscle, Bone
127
What test can you do to confirm the suspected injury and rate the severity?
Muscle/tendon= have the tissue contract (resisted testing)
Ligament= test to open the joint it stabilizes
Bone=fracture testing
128
Kendalls resisted muscle testing
rate quality of strength out of 5
129
Ligament testing
-testing for level of instability
-what motion should that ligament limit
-special tests
130
fracture tests
-tap testing
-compression test
-tuning fork
131
tap test for fractures
-gentle tap at location on the bone away from suspected fracture site
-vibration may cause pain at suspected fracture site
132
when dont we test for fractures
if we see a deformity
133
compression fracture test
-compress 2 ends of bone together
-direct or indirect
134
direct compression test
compress either end of long bone
135
indirect compression test
compress bones around the small bone with suspected fracture
136
fracture testing with tuning fork
-bang the end of the fork and place on bone with suspected fracture
-positive test looks for pain
137
sensitivity of tuning fork
75-92%, how well it can detect fracture
138
specificity of tuning fork
18%-94%, can it detect a fracture
*high proportion of false positives
139
results of tuning fork
some value in ruling out a fracture but not for ruling in a fracture
140
possible secondary complication from fracture
-muscle/ligament injury
-nerve/vessel damage
-major bleed
141
is HOPS or sideline assessment more detailed
sideline
142
what does a sideline assessment include
-ruling out the joint above and below
-full physiological ROM for the joint
-3 special tests to rule out/confirm
-more extensive palpation
143
what do you need for the major ROM to happen
accessory movements
144
accessory movements
roll, spin, glide
-these are within joint movements
-not tested in sideline assessment but can be cause for limited ROM
145
roll
multiple points along one rotating articular surface contact multiple points on another articular surface
146
glide
a single point on one articular surface contacts multiple points on another articular surface
147
spin
a single point on one articular surface rotates on a single point on another articular surface
148
what do you need to do before regaining physiological ROM
regain accessory movements
149
what is active ROM
-overpressure at the end of full range and pain free
-ROM must be full for RTP
-Resisted testing must be 80% for RTP
150
what to include in documentation
-severity
-structure
-injury
-assessment done
-treatment provided
-plan
151
what does plan include
-RTP decision
-immediate care
-educate
-communication
-transport
-referral
152
sideline management for sprain
-ice and elevation
-wrap with compression
-crutches?
153
sideline management for strain
-ice and elevation
-wrap with compression
-pressure pad to approximate ends
-crutches?
154
sideline management for contusions
-ice
-donut pad
-wrap
-NO MASSAGE
-rtp?
155
sideline management for fractures
-splint
-monitor for shock
-refer for imaging
-ice
-make sure both ends are stable
156
sideline management for abrasions
telfa/nonstick pad and cover roll
157
sideline mangement for minor lacerations
-telfa/nonstick pad and cover roll
-steri strips
158
steri strip application
unilateral direction vs distanced closure
-anchor strips on ends vs length
*get job done, be creative
159
principles of wrapping
-minimize swelling
-ensure cap refiil distally
-use compression
-support joint
160
wrapping techniques
spinal vs herringbone
161
what does the herringbone wrap techniqe offer
more specific where you apply pressure
162
where to look for symptoms of an injured plantar fascia?
medial calcaneus
163
Lateral ligaments of the ankle
-anterior talofibular
-calcaneofibular
-posterior talofibular
-anterior inferior tibiofibular
-posterior inferior tibiofibular
164
where does high ankle sprain occur
AITFL and PITFL
165
which two ligaments are commonly sprained together of the lateral ankle
ATFL and CFL
166
how to treat high ankle sprain
tibfib compression strip
167
ligaments of the medial ankle
-deltoid (MCL); 4 ligaments together
-Spring Ligamen
168
Deltoid Ligaments
-Tibionavicular
-TIbiocalcaneal
-Tibiospring
-Tibiotalar (anterior & posterior; deep and superficial)
169
key structures to consider for foot/ankle injury
-tib post
-flexor dig longus
-flexor hallicus longus
-tib ant
-peroneals
170
functional anatomy of tib anterior
eccentrically lowers the longitudinal arch
171
functional anatomy of tib posterior
stabilizer of longitudinal arch
172
functional anatomy of plantar fascia
NB for dynamic longitudinal arch support
173
functional anatomy of talus
can cause pain throughout the body
174
why do we need toe abduction
for base of support
175
tibiotalar joint actions
dorsifelxion and plantarflexion
176
subtalar joint actions
pronation and supination (inversion, eversion)
177
moi of turf toe
hyperextension of big toe
178
turf toe
1st MTP sprain of plantar ligs/capsule (can be acute or overuse)
179
signs and synptoms of turf toe
swelling, brusiing, pain, loss of toe ROM, weak hallux flexion
180
runners toe MOI
repeat trauma to end of toes
181
signs and symptoms of runners toe
pain and pressure under nail, discolouration of nail
182
prevention of runners toe
proper shoe fitting
183
sesamoiditis
sesamoid bones embedded in flexor hallicus brevis tendons
184
sesamoiditis MOI
repreat trauma to ball of foot
185
signs and symptoms sesamoiditis
pain over sesamoids, swelling, limited big toe ext, weak and painful flexion
186
treatment for sesamoiditis
rest, treat inflamm, padded insoles
187
what is the role of plantar fascia
sock absorber and support longitudinal arch
188
plantar fascitis MOI
poor biomechanics/overuse
189
plantar fasciitis S&S
pain with 1st steps in morining, stretch pain
190
what is plantar fasciitis often present with
tight achilles
191
Bunions
big toe aligns with 2nd toe, can result from genetics, mechanics or footwear
192
Tendonitis and shin splints MOI
poor mechanics and overuse
193
common structures affecting by shin splits and tendonitis
-peroneal tendons
-tib ant
-T,D,H
194
S&S shin splints and tendonitis
inflamm, pain withh running, pain w resisted muscle testing or stretching
195
treatment for shin splints and tendonitis.
correct foot/ lower extremity mechanics, taping, proper footwear, orthotics
196
Lateral ankle sprain MOI
inversion
197
S&S lateral ankle sprain
pop, giving out, swelling, bruising, limping
198
treatment for lateral ankle sprain
limit swelling, lymph drainage, proprioceptive exercises, increase circulaiton, shock wave therapy, strengthen surround structures
199
Medial ankle sprain MOI
eversion
200
S&S medial ankle sprain
pop, giving out, swelling, bruising, limping
201
treatment for medial ankle sprain
same as lateral
202
injury managemet for fractures
-splint
-check distal circulation
-monitor for shock
203
Jones fracture
preoneus brevis avulsion of base of 5th metatarsal via inversion
204
S&S jones fracture
TOP base of 5th MT, pain when weightbearing
205
Talus fracture
talus jammed into mortise
206
talus fracture MOI
severe ankle sprains, land from height, forced DF
207
calcaneus fracture MOI
jump from height
208
S&S calcaneus fracture
extreme pain, unable to weight bear
209
fibula fracture MOI
direct f=blow, ankle sprain mechanism
210
fibula fracture S&S
varies with severity but since it is not a weight bearing bone, people can often still walk
211
Knee joins
1. tibiofemoral
2. patellofemoral
3. superior tibiofibular
212
TDH stabilize what
medial ankle
213
intracapsular strucutres of the knee
ACL, PCL, meniscus, cartilage and joint surface
214
what does the wipe test test for
identifies if a structure within the capsule si damaged or if it is extracapsular, if capsule is torn htis will not be effective
215
purpose of meniscus
absorb shock
216
what muscles pull laterally on the patella
rectus femrois and vastus lateralis/intermedius
217
what muscle pulls medially on patells
vastus medialis
218
lateral hamstrings
biceps femoris
219
medial hamstrings
semimembranosis and semitendonosis
220
Glute medius action
hip abduction
221
glute medius anterior fibres
IR hip, flexion hip
222
Glute medius posterior fibers
-extend and externally rotate hip
-eccentrically control IR of the femur in WB
223
how does glute medius affect gait
prevents pelvis in dropping during gait
224
Quads : Hams ratio
Ideal 3:2
Post ACL injury 1:1
225
what is medial tibial stress syndrome
shin splints
-exercise induced pain over ant tibia and is an early stress injury
**do not train through
226
compartment syndrome
excessive pressure within a muscle/facial compartment
227
acute compartment syndrome
trauma or following a long bone fracture
228
compartment syndrome (overuse)
often overlooked as shin splints
229
S&S compartment syndrome
red, hot, shiny, pain, humb, weak, faint pulse distally
230
acute management of compartment syndrome
no pressure, reduce inflamm, no RTP, NWB, refer
231
gastroc/soleus strain
overstretch in dorsifelxion with knee ext (gastroc) especially with forceful contraction
232
S&S gastroc/soleus strain
pop, pull, sharp pain, swelling, bruising
233
special test for gastroc/soleus strain
muscle test for gasroc, soleus, deep flexors, thompson test to rule out achilles rupture
234
acute management soleus/gastroc strain
PIER, pressure pad with wrap over injured tissues, NWB, avoid stretch and contraction, No RTP
235
MOI achilles rupture
sudden forceful contraction
-common in stop and go sports
236
S&S achilles rupture
pain, swelling, unable to PF, delayed bruising
237
special test achilles rupture
thompson test, toe raise
238
acute management achilles rupture
PIER, NWB, pressure pad, educate, refer
239
Patellofemoral Pain syndrome MOI
poor tracking of patella in the femoral condyle
-often oversue
240
S&S patellofemoral pain syndrome
TOp post aspect of patella
241
what to check for with patellofemoral pain syndrome
-mechanics bottom up & top down
-stable base
-quad imbalance
242
patellar dislocation MOI
valgus force with foot planted causing IR of femur
243
S&S patellar dislocation
patella on side of knee, pain
244
subluxed patellar dislocation special test
apphrehension test
*no special test if fully dislocated
245
what to rule out if its a first time dislocation of patella
osteochondral fracture
246
acute management patellar fracture
PIER, refer, brace
247
patellar tendonitis MOI
excessive traction on patellar tendon
248
S&S patellar tendonitis
pain, swelling, heat over tendon, pain with jumping, running, quad contraction but can train through pain
249
special test for patellar tendonitis
thomas test
250
acute management patellar tendontitis
Pier, roll/soft tissue mobility for quads, lower extremity mechanics, tendinopathy rehab, RTP with tape
251
Knee bursitis
fluid filled sacs lay flat between areas of friction
252
knee bursitis MOI
direct trauma, friction from tight muscles/tendons
253
knee bursitis S&S
rebound pain, often painless, visible fluid filled sac
254
acute management knee bursitis
protect with padding, soft tissue mobility
255
stress fractures MOI
overuse/poor mechanics
256
patellar fracture MOI
direct blow, patellar dislocation
257
Tibial Plateau Fracture MOI
varus or valgus load, direct blow
258
How to differential menisci
Medial = C
Lateral =O
259
why are meniscus hard to heal
poor blood supply
260
types of meniscus tears
-vertical
-trasverse
-peripheral
-bucket handle (surgical)
-parot-break
-flap
261
MOI meniscus tears
plant & twist, contact, wear & tear
262
S&S meniscus tear
sharp pain at specific ROM, loaded rotation, deep squat pain, clicking/locking, swelling
263
Meniscus tear is commonly asociated with
ACL injury
264
Special test for meniscus tear
mcmurrays and Apleys, duck walk
265
acute management meniscus tear
PIER, NWB, educate, refer, bracing
266
Knee ligaments
MCL, PCL, ACL, LCL
267
ACL location
anteromedial aspect of intercondylar area of tibial plateau, passes up and back to posterior medial femorla condyle (lateral)
268
2 bundles of ACL
posterolateral and anteromedial
269
posterolateral ACL
taught in extension with less than 30 deg rotation
270
anteromedial ACL
taught going in flexion and with rotation
271
purpose of ACL
prevents ant translation of tibia on femur and limits IR
*stabilizes
272
ACL moi
sudden cut or pivot
273
ACL S&S
swelling, pain, not able to WB, delayed bruising
274
incidence of ACL
higher in females than males because of Q-angle
-30% from contact
-70% from wrong movement
275
special tests for ACL
ANt drawer, lachmans, pivot shift
276
ACL acute managemnt
PIER, NWB, clear inflamm, no RTP
277
types of ACL surgery
autograft, allograft, bone-tendon-bone graft, hamstring graft, BEAR
278
PCL
ant-lateral aspect of medial frmoral condyle within the notch and inserts post aspect of tibial plateau
279
PCL MOI
hyperflexion, forced translation
280
PCL S&S
swelling, pain, not WB, delayed bruising
281
PCL special tests
psot drawer, sag sign
282
acute management PCL
PIER, NWB, refer
283
LCL MOI
varus stress to knee
284
LCL S&S
lateral knee pain, swelling, stiff
285
LCL special test
varus stress
286
LCL acute management
PIER, NWB, pressure pad to approximate ends
**strenngthen dynamic stabilizers
287
MCL commonly associated with
ACL injury
288
MCL moi
valgus stress on knee, plant and twist
289
MCL special test
valgus stress
290
MCL acute management
PIER, NWB, pressure pad to approximate ends
291
