Midterm Flashcards by macy walker

What is research?

systematic inquiry

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what are the 2 types of research?

Basic and Applied (clinical)

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Types of Applied Research

explanatory, exploratory, descriptive

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What is qualitative research?

natural phenomena

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What is quantitative research?

controlled, measured at beginning and end

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Efficacy

ideal conditions
controlled
CaC

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Effectiveness

real-world scenarios

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What does each part of PICO stand for?

P- patient
I- intervention/exposure (IV)
C- comparison (DV)
O- outcome

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what are concepts?

operationally defined, measured (weight)

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What are constructs?

abstract concepts

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what are propositions?

linkages

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Difference between deductive and inductive reasoning

Deductive reasoning is going from broad to specific
Inductive reasoning is going from specific to broad

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“Ways of Knowing” triangle from big to small

scientific evidence
ded. <–> ind. reasoning
experience
authority
tradition

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3 pillars of Evidence Based Practice

best available research evidence
patient values and preferences
clinical experience

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Hierarchy of Evidence order (best to worst)

SR/MA RCTs
RCTs
SR cohort
cohort
SR case-control
case-control
case study
clinical experience

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The Process of EBP (5As)

Ask, Acquire, Appraise, Apply, Assess

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Research differs from clinical practice in what 3 ways

intents, innovative, plan

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What are the 3 guiding ethical principles of research

respect for persons
benefidence
justice

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Who are the vulnerable people within research?

children, prisoners, pregnant women, disability

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Types of “harm” in research

physical, economic, and social

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What are the ‘rules’ for the IRB

at least 5 members
different genders
not from 1 group
1 nonscience member
1 “public” member

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name 2 examples of nominal and why it is

blood type, color, gender, religion
no order or rank

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name 2 examples of ordinal and why it is

degree earned, pain, MMT
has order/rank but no equal groups

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name 2 examples of interval and why it is

calendar, time, SAT/ACT, temperature
has order/rank, equal groups, but no true zero

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name 2 examples of ratio and why it is

income, cm, degrees, age, weight, height has order/rank, equal groups, and true zero

what is a continuous variable

ex: age, ROM, weight a value that has "no end" decimals possible

what is a discrete variable

only in whole units ex: children, cups of coffee is dichotomous

what are the 2 types of independent variables

active: treatment, manipulation (changes) attribute: can’t change (race, eye color, shoe size)

Independent groups

different groups of people for each level

repeated measures

same people measured at all "levels" of IV

What is it called when there is one independent variable?

single factor, one-way design

What is it called when there is 2+ independent variables?

multifactoral design, "two-way" design

dependent variables name when there is more than one

multivariate designs

Dependent variables name when there is only 1

univariate designs

reliability definition

consistency

validity definition

accuracy, correctness

types of measurement error

systematic error, random error

explain systematic error

consistently off

explain random error

unpredictable, due to chance

measurement error explained

3 trials needed at least more measurements = the closer (regress) to the mean

sources of measurement error

rater, instrument, variability

relative reliability

ICC & kappa NO UNITS

Absolute reliability

standard error of the measurement (SEM) UNITS

Types of reliability

test-retest intrarater interrater

test-retest

2 separate occasions

interrater

"between" raters, 2+ raters

intrarater

"with-in" rater

reliability for questionnaires

internal consistency, split-half, alternate forms

internal consistency

very specific consistently off ***questionnaires***

types of validity

content, construct, criterion-related

types of construct validity

convergent, divergent, known groups

types of criterion-related validity

predictive, concurrent

what is face validity?

it does what it looks like it is not useful and not studied

Minimal Detectable change (MDC)

value at which observed change is NOT measurement error above this value = real change below this value = measurement error

Minimal Clinically Important Difference (MCID)

the ability of an instrument to detect minimally important change above this value = patient notices a difference

content validity

**questionnaires** not way to objectify group of people determine (yes/no) so it is Nominal (dichotomous)

Construct validity: convergent

together (both measure shoulder ROM)

Construct validity: divergent

separated (one shoulder and one knee ROM)

Criterion-related validity

gold standard, concrete thing

concurrent (criterion-related)

@ same time diagnostic test (yes/no)

predictive (criterion-related)

with some certainty what will happen in the future -ACL tests that mean high/low risk

define population

persons, objects, or events that meet criteria

define target population

larger population, who results will be generalized around

define accessible population

actual population chosen for the study

define sample

subgroup of population of interest

two types of selection (eligibility) criteria

inclusion and exclusion

define inclusion criteria

make someone eligible to be a participant

define exclusion criteria

keep someone from being the subject

sampling bias

sample systematically misrepresents population -conscious -unconscious

sampling error

sample is randomly misrepresenting population

probability sampling types

simple random systematic stratified random cluster

simple random sampling ex

dice, out of a hat

systematic sampling ex

every 10th person

stratified random sampling ex

specific number from group/category

cluster sampling ex

multilayer/stages

types of nonprobability sampling

convenience, quota, purposive

what is convenience sampling

when subjects are chosen based on their availability -volunteers/flyers **most common

what is quota sampling

like stratified but not random -don't randomly pick groups

what is purposive sampling

subjects handpicked by specific criteria

random sampling is

how we obtain our sample

random assignment is

what we do with the sample

Nuremberg Code

first formal guidelines voluntary consent to participate competence of the investigator

Declaration of Helsinki

independent review of protocols

National Research Act

clearly stated research design informed consent Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Belmont Report

The Common Rule - Respect for persons - Beneficence - Justice

Levels of Measurement: Number of Chairs

Ratio (and discrete)

Levels of Measurement: Color of markers

nominal

Levels of Measurement: results of a coin flip

nominal

Levels of Measurement: elapsed time

ratio

Measurement Error equation

error = observed score - true score observed score = true score + or - error

if I measure 95 degrees, and the SEM = 5 degrees...the TRUE value ROM is ________

90 - 100 degrees

Midterm Flashcards

(91 cards)