Midterm Flashcards

Question

Staging means what?

Answer 1

extent of disease

Answer 2

anatomic site and histology

Answer 3

The appearance of abnormal cells & degree of differentiation are evaluated pathologically. For many tumor types, four grades are used to evaluate abnormal cells based on the degree to which the cells resemble the tissue of origin. Tumors that are poorly differentiated (undifferentiated) have a worse prognosis than those that are closer in appearance to the N tissue

Answer 4

Cells differ slightly from N cells (mild dysplasia) and are well differentiated.

Answer 5

Cells are more abnormal (moderate dysplasia) and moderately differentiated.

Answer 6

Cells are very abnormal (severe dysplasia) and poorly differentiated.

Answer 7

Cells are immature and primitive (anaplasia) and undifferentiated; cell of origin is difficult to determine.

Answer 8

Classifying the extent and spread of disease is termed staging. Is completed after the diagnostic workup and determines the treatment options.

Answer 9

Cancer in situ

Answer 10

Tumor limited to the tissue of origin; localized tumor growth

Answer 11

Limited local spread

Answer 12

Extensive local and regional spread

Answer 13

Metastasis

Answer 14

Tumor size and invasiveness (T), Presence or absence of regional spread to the lymph nodes (N), Metastasis to distant organ sites (M).

Answer 15

Prevention and no symptoms

Answer 16

People who have symptoms

Answer 17

We have a prominent role in the prevention and detection of cancer. Elimination of modifiable predisposing risk factors reduces the incidence of cancer and may favorably affect survival of patients who have cancer. An important aspect of nursing care is to educate the public about cancer prevention and early detection.

Answer 18

For adults aged 55-74 years with at least a 30 pack-year* smoking history who currently smoke or quit less than 15 years ago, we recommend annual screening with LDCT (low dose CT scan) up to three consecutive times. -pack year = amount smoked x how many years

Answer 19

Recommend mammography screening for asymptomatic women at least 40 years of age. Individuals born as female in Nova Scotia, aged 40-49, are recommended to have annual screening mammography. Individuals born as female in Nova Scotia, aged 50-74, are recommended to have screening mammography at two year intervals. Individuals born as female 50-74 can also be recommended to return on an annual basis if they: o have a strong family history of breast cancer (mother, sister, daughter, father, brother, son), o are currently on HRT or o the radiologist has recommended returning sooner.

Answer 20

Sexually active individuals born with a cervix* should start having a Pap test at the age of 25. Once these individuals begin having Pap tests, they should have them every 3 years. Individuals with a cervix who become sexually active* for the first time after the age of 25 should have a Pap test within three years of the time that they became sexually active. Individuals born with a cervix who have been TREATED (by LEEP, laser, cryotherapy, cone, hysterectomy) for cervical dysplasia or have a history of cancer of the cervix should receive annual screening for life.

Answer 21

after age 60 and you have three negatives q 3 years.

Answer 22

Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT)- All healthy people aged 50-74, with no family history of colon cancer, should be screened every two years. Higher Risk Individual: Colonoscopy at age 40 or 10 years earlier than youngest affected relative (whichever comes first) (for persons with a first-degree relative with CRC or adenoma diagnosed <60 OR two or more second-degree relatives with CRC or adenoma <60). A repeat colonoscopy is recommended every 5 years for these individuals

Answer 23

We recommend one-time screening ultrasonography for all individuals age 65–80 years but females with a hx of smoking or cardiovascular disease. We suggest one-time screening ultrasonography after 55 years of age for all first-degree relatives of patients with AAA.

Answer 24

Self-examination: Early detection if done consistently Breast, testicular, and skin examinations Routine screening: Essential for early detection Following treatment to detect any further tumors Disease monitoring: Status of disease at diagnosis Progression of disease

Answer 25

Tumor marker for liver cancer

Answer 26

Ovarian tumor marker

Answer 27

Breast tumor markers

Answer 28

Cure Control Palliation

Answer 29

In selected high-risk diseases, surgery plays a role in prevention of cancer. Women with BRCA1/2 mutations have a significantly increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer: Prophylactic mastectomy or bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy or both.

Answer 30

Eradicates enough tumor cells to enable the body’s natural defenses to eradicate the remaining cells. Can be a single-agent or combination chemotherapy. Induction chemotherapy: Causes shrinkage or the disappearance of tumors.

Answer 31

Administered after the surgical excision with a goal of eliminating micro metastases.

Answer 32

Administered before localized (surgical or radiation) treatment.

Answer 33

Used to kill Ca cells while minimizing the damage to normal structures

Answer 34

Damages cells by imparting enough ionizing radiation to cause molecular damage to the DNA. Causes irreversible damage to normal cells. Lifetime radiation dose

Answer 35

Internal radiation

Answer 36

High in red meat and increase ETOH intake

Answer 37

Weight loss & cachexia (severe tissue wasting): R/t inc. metabolic demand, altered carbohydrate and protein metabolism, cachectic factors Anemia: R/t chronic bleeding, bone marrow depression, anorexia, dec food intake Bleeding: R/t Erosion of blood vessels, tissue ulceration Infections: R/t bone marrow depression, impaired immune response Paraneoplastic Syndromes: R/t release of substances by tumor cells that affect neurological function, blood clotting, hormonal effects Hyper-coagulation: Effusions: Inflammation causing fluid buildup in body cavities.

Answer 38

C: Change in bowel or bladder habits A: A sore that does not heal U: Unusual bleeding or discharge T: Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere I: Indigestion or difficulty swallowing O: Obvious changes in warts or moles N: Nagging cough or hoarseness

Answer 39

Mutated DNA in cells that occur most often early in life Second leading cause of death in children < 15 years Advances in treatment have increased survival Often difficult to detect

Answer 40

Osteosarcoma is the most common bone cancer in children. Osteosarcomas grow on the outside of bones where Ewing sarcoma grow on bone tissues. Usually found in the metaphysis of long bones, especially in the lower extremities, with most tumors occurring in the femur. The peak age of incidence is between 10 and 25 years. Symptoms in early stage are often attributed to extremity injury or normal growing pains.’ -Swelling near a bone -Bone or joint pain -Bone injury or bone break for no clear reason Treatment may include surgical resection (limb salvage procedure) to save a limb or remove affected tissue, or amputation. Chemotherapy is used to treat the cancer and may be used before and after surgery.

Answer 41

Colorectal cancer includes two types of cancers: cancer of the colon (large intestine or bowel) referred to as colon cancer, and cancer of the rectum (the end portion of the large intestine) or rectal cancer. Both types of cancer have many features in common, so they are collectively called colorectal cancer. Risk factors that increase the chance of developing colorectal cancer include: a family history of colorectal cancer inherited syndromes benign polyps a personal history of colorectal cancer inflammatory bowel disease, such as ulcerative colitis

Answer 42

A change in your bowel habits.(obstruction, pencil stools, constipation, diarrhea) Blood in your stool, either apparent (visible) or occult (hidden). Pain in your lower abdomen or pelvis. Anemia (low iron in your blood) Feeling very tired Nausea or vomiting Weight loss and weakness

Answer 43

General physical exam including a digital rectal examination (a doctor or nurse practitioner puts their finger in your bum to examine you). Lab and blood tests Testing of stool sample for occult (hidden) blood. Colonoscopy: Scope that looks at entire bowel Biopsy of colon or rectal tissue: A doctor removes a small portion of the colon or rectum to examine under a microscope. This is the most accurate test of all, but because it involves cutting the body, the other tests are usually done first. CT (computed tomography) scan of abdomen and pelvis: to see the tumor and if the cancer has spread

Answer 44

Melanoma is the most aggressive of all skin cancers The leading cause of melanoma is (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources (tanning beds, sunlamps)

Answer 45

Asymmetry Border Color Diameter Evolution

Answer 46

May start from an existing mole (dysplastic nevus).

Answer 47

A nodule appears, usually not related to an existing mole.

Answer 48

Less common. Most commonly appears on the sun-exposed faces of the elderly.

Answer 49

Occurs on the palms or the soles of the feet or under the nail Accounts for the majority of malignant melanomas for dark-skinned people but for only a small percentage of all melanomas for light-skinned people.

Answer 50

Predominantly benign tumour of the meninges occurring at both cranial and spinal sites. Produces symptoms from local mass effect due to compression of neural structures or may present with seizure. Diagnosis confirmed by the characteristic appearance on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with and without contrast enhancement. Asymptomatic lesions may be followed up with serial observation. Treatment of symptomatic meningioma is usually surgical resection, although, in some cases, local radiotherapy is used as primary treatment. Radiation therapy considered as adjuvant treatment for grade III meningiomas and in some cases grade II lesions.

Answer 51

Personality, movement, sense of smell

Answer 52

identification of objects, sense of pain and touch, body navigation, spatial position

Answer 53

Control of eye and face movement

Answer 54

Memory, speech, musical rhythm

Answer 55

Family history Headaches Neurological Deficits Seizure Radiotherapy

Answer 56

MRI – definitive diagnosis CT Scan – may not be as cut and dry but more accessible Asymptomatic lesions may be monitored by serial observation. The majority of incidental meningiomas show minimal growth; thus, they may be observed without surgical intervention unless specific symptoms appear of the tumor demonstrating growth. The treatment of meningiomas is generally considered surgical. An open surgical approach is usually indicated.

Answer 57

All meningiomas should have a 6 month MRI follow-up after diagnosis then annually After 5 years, the interval can be doubled In those patients who have not had treatment of their meningioma, any change in headache pattern or development of new or progressive neurological symptoms should prompt a return for evaluation of the tumor. In patients with seizure presentation, maintenance of anticonvulsant therapy may be required,

Midterm Flashcards

(83 cards)