Midterm Flashcards
0
Q
Joan of arc reversed French fortunes on the battlefield because
A
The English forces were exhausted and she gave the French inspiration and confidence
1
Q
Hundred Years’ War
A
England vs France
Dispute over Aquitaine, succession to FRENCH throne, and economic conflicts
Led to destruction of French land, English debt, invention of the cannon, increased nationalism, English parliament
2
Q
plague resulted in
A
The decline of the feudal nobility and centralization of the state Fixed overpopulation Increased demand for labor Inflation Flagellants more religious people
3
Q
Great schism
A
Split in church leadership
Countries chose whether to recognize pope Urban VI in Rome or pope Clement VII in Avignon based on political grounds
4
Q
Conciliar movement
A
Pope should not have all authority
5
Q
Renaissance definition and where it began
A
FRENCH word for rebirth
Transition from medieval to modern world
14th century Italian city states
6
Q
Medieval Europe
A
Fragmented feudal society
Agricultural economy
Church culture
7
Q
Renaissance Europe
A
Political centralization
Urban economy
More secularization
8
Q
Italian vs northern Renaissance
A
Italian: city states. More secular. Roman mythology. Mostly civic humanism. Earlier. More influence on architecture
Northern: moving toward political centralization. Humanism geared toward common men.
Both: humanism. Education and religion important. New innovations. Flourishing art.
9
Q
Printing press
A
Germany
Renaissance period
Mostly thanks to johann Gutenberg
Literacy among laypeople increased
10
Q
Famous renaissance writers
A
Machiavelli
Boccaccio
Castiglione
11
Q
Humanism and father of it
A
Study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature
Petrarch (father of humanism)
Civic humanism: belief that education was to promote humanist leadership in civic affairs
12
Q
Virtú
A
Ability to shape the world around you
13
Q
In terms of gender relations, Humanists argued that
A
Women’s sphere of activity was private and domestic
14
Q
In late 15th century France England and Spain, the powers of taxation, war making, and law enforcement were given to
A
The monarch
15
Q
Calvinism became the influential force in
A
Scotland, Switzerland, France, and England… Not Spain
16
Q
During the reign of Mary I, Protestant legislation was
A
Repealed
17
Q
Phillip II of Spain was married to
A
Mary I
18
Q
Reformation began in
A
Germany
19
Q
95 theses
A
Luther’s list of things wrong with the Catholic Church, especially indulgences
20
Q
Diet of worms
A
Charles V ordered Luther to appear at this meeting and recant
21
Q
German peasants revolt
A
Luther believed Christians should obey their rulers and so he did not support the peasants as they thought he would
22
Q
Lutheranism
A
Saved by faith alone, authority is in the Bible, baptism and Eucharist are the only two sacraments, no hierarchy, clergy may marry, monasteries and convents closed, consubstantiation
Germany
23
Q
Zwinglianism
A
Same as Lutheranism but Communion is only symbolic
Switzerland
24
Calvinism
Same as Lutheranism but Predestination
Communion is symbolic
Geneva Switzerland
25
Henry VIII
Wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon
| Established the Church of England (Catholic Church with Henry at its head)
30
Luther's debate with Eck
Luther denied the pope
31
Edward VI
Protestant reformation based on Calvinism
32
Mary I
Restored strict catholic doctrine
| Bloody Mary
33
Elizabeth I
Her New Act of Supremacy repealed pro Catholic and anti Protestant laws
Must attend Church of England but could worship in private
Refused to marry Philip and defeated the Spanish Armada and executed Mary queen of scots because of an assassination attempt
Politique
34
Council of Trent
Reformed the Catholic Church because more people were turning to Protestantism
Could not reconcile with Protestants
35
Jesuits
Ignatius Loyola
| spread Catholicism to new lands
36
Peace of Augsburg
The ruler of the land would determine if the religion is Lutheranism or Catholicism in Holy Roman Empire
37
Huguenots
French Calvinists
38
St Bartholomew's Day massacre
Catholics killed 3000 Huguenots in Paris
39
Henry IV
Converted to Catholicism to compromise and make peace
Politique
Edict of Nantes gave religious rights to Huguenots ending wars
40
Politique
Puts the interest of the state first
41
Philip in the Netherlands
Enforced Catholicism and suppressed Calvinism
Southern provinces came under Spanish control
7 northern provinces declared their independence
42
Encomienda system
Legalized slavery
| Crown granted the right to employ Native Americans as laborers
43
Columbian Exchange
Exchange of animals plants and diseases between old and new world
Increased European population
44
Motivation and impact of European exploration of new world
Spices and gold, spread of Christianity, Glory
Global economy, increased European population, exploitation of inferior people, colonial rivals
45
European exploration and conquest of the new world/ influx of silver and gold into Europe caused
Caused inflation
(NOT an increase in wages)
a global economy
Greater division of social classes
Exploitation of people "inferior"
Colonial rivals
46
What city did Calvin create his theory
Geneva
47
What started the English reformation
Henry VIIIs desire for divorce
48
Anglicanism under Elizabeth I
Protestantism beliefs with Catholic traditions
49
30 years' war
Splits the HRE between Protestants and Catholics
Preconditions: HRE was fragmented
Treaty of Westphalia ended it and renewed peace of Augsburg but added Calvinism to Lutheranism and Catholicism
50
Louis xiv
```
Sun king
Absolute rule over France
Hated nobility because the Fronde
Lived at Versailles
Mercantilism
Devastated French economy with wars
```
51
Absolutism and constitutionalism... Where?
France was absolute
| England was constitutional
52
War of Spanish succession
Final war of Louis xiv
European powers feared that Louis would consolidate the French and Spanish
Treaty of Utrecht
Ended expansionism of Louis xiv
53
Ruling family in Prussia
Hohenzollerns
54
Peter the great
Tamed the Russian nobility, increased military and navy power, westernized Russia
Absolutist
55
English civil war
Charles I ruled with minimum aid from Parliament
Short parliament: Charles asked for money to suppress Scottish but they refused
Long parliament: Charles asked for money to suppress Scottish and Irish
Cavaliers (Charles) vs Roundheads (parliament)
Pride created Rump Parliament by barring all supporters of the king
Executed Charles
56
Scientific revolution
People began to define the scientific method and apply it to search for truth
Impact: formed the basis for modern thought, improved navigation, medicine, and mapmaking, accelerated agricultural revolution, led to enlightenment
57
The interregnum/Puritan republic
Oliver Cromwells military dictatorship after the English civil war
Abolished all sinful things
Cromwell became hated
Invaded Ireland leaving a legacy of Irish hatred for the English
58
Glorious Revolution
James II was peacefully overthrown by his daughter Mary and her husband William
Bill of rights ensured superiority of parliament over monarch
59
Richest country in the 17th century Europe
Dutch Republic/ Netherlands
60
Style of art/music that became popular after the Renaissance
very exaggerated detailed and dramatic
Baroque
61
Women during the scientific revolution
Thought to have inferior minds and barred from science
| Noblewomen got involved through their husbands
62
The enlightenment
Movement of intellectuals who were greatly impressed with the accomplishments of the scientific revolution
63
Philosophes
Intellectuals of the enlightenment
Believed: Rely on reason to improve society, liberty and happiness and toleration are essential, deism (clock set in motion)
64
John Locke
English philosopher,
advocated limited government,
life, liberty, and property,
Tabula Rasa
65
Hobbes
English enlightenment thinker
| Absolute monarchy
71
18th century late marriage trends
People wanted to first become financially independent
72
Illegitimate trends after 1750
Explosion because people were moving into cities and loosened social controls let more men not follow through with vows
73
Causes of the French Revolution
Inequality in the feudal system, weak monarchs, the Enlightenment, American Revolution, financial crisis
74
Estates General
Comprised of 1st 2nd and 3rd estates
called to form a new tax
French Revolution
75
National Assembly
Third estate and sympathizers
French Revolution
76
Tennis court oath
National assembly met and vowed not to disband until a French Constitution was drafted
77
Declaration of the rights of man and citizen
Gave natural rights and freedoms to men and apportioned taxes equally
78
Constitution of 1791
Drafted by national assembly established a constitutional monarchy formed the legislative assembly allowed only active citizens to vote
79
Causes of the radical phase of the French revolution
War with Austria and Prussia, September massacres, storming of the Tuileries Palace, execution of the King
80
National convention
Declared France a republic and abolished the monarchy
81
Reign of terror
Began with execution of Marie Antoinette
Ended with Robespierre's execution French revolutionary state tried and executed thousands suspected of treason
committee of Public Safety
planned economy
total war effort
82
Thermidorian reaction
Reaction against the radicalism of the revolution
Marked the end of the terror
Wealthy reasserted their authority
July 1794
83
Napoleonic code
First clear and complete codification of French law
84
Napoleon's battles
Broke up HRE
Continental system blockaded Britain
peninsular wars against Spain and Portugal
scorched earth policy in Russia
Leipzig/nations: defeated by quadruple alliance and exiled to Elba
Waterloo: final defeat and exiled to Saint Helena
85
Congress of Vienna
Representatives of major powers of Europe met to restore order after the French Revolution
86
Industrial revolution causes in Britain
Increased demand from colonies, Center of agricultural revolution, free-trade, good location, stable political structure, natural resources, cottage system
87
Impact of steam engine
Turning point of industrialization, shift to mechanical power,
made possible the urbanization of factories and industrialization
88
Rococo
18th century art
Enlightenment time
Soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, starry eyes lovers protected by hovering cupids
89
Salons
Talented and well born people attended to discuss science literature and philosophy during the Enlightenment
90
Enlightened rulers
Catherine the great of Russia not as affected
Joseph II of Austria
Fredrick II of Prussia not as affected
91
From 1712-1763 what was at stake in the warfare between Great Britain and France
The position as Europe's maritime power with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion
92
Enclosure movement
During agricultural revolution
Consolidation of fields for more rational use and commercial profit
Used by English
Turned peasants into landless rural wage earners
93
18th century population explosion
Caused by fewer wars and epidemics, Improved hygiene, better diets and immune systems
Led to New demand for goods and more workers
94
Cottage industry/putting out system
Merchants gave raw materials to families they made finished goods and merchants sold the goods
95
Family economy
The household is the basic unit of production and consumption
Everyone in the house played a role
96
Industrious Revolution
Families focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption
97
War of Spanish succession outcome
Louis xiv was defeated by Grand alliance
| peace of Utrecht made France cede North American holdings to Britain
98
War Jenkins ear
Opening encounter to a series of colonial and trade wars
Cause: treaty of Utrecht gave Britain control of Spanish West African slave trade but Britain smuggled goods
Led to war of Austrian succession
99
War of Austrian succession
Frederick of Prussia seized Austrian Silesia breaking the pragmatic sanction (agreement arranged by Charles VI honoring Maria Teresa's succession)
Treaty of aix-la-chappelle gave Prussia Silesia
Ended in stalemate
100
Seven years war in Europe
Frederick of Prussia invaded Saxony
101
Seven years war in North America
Britain and France wanted to colonize east of the Mississippi but the French built forts along the Ohio River Valley
William Pitt helped the English beat the French
Treaty of Paris
France no longer a colonial power
102
Wet nursing
Women of all classes were paid to breast-feed other women's babies
103
18th century expansion of education was led by
Protestants because they believed everyone should be able to read the Bible
104
18th-century consumer revolution
```
Goods increased in variety, number, and demand
consumption of sugar and tea increased
Cheaper clothes allowed working class to follow fashion
```
105
Methodism
Protestant religion formed by John Wesley
refuted predestination
said anyone could be saved
106
Greatest achievement of 18th century medical science
Smallpox vaccine
107
Edict of Nantes
Henry IV gave religious rights to Huguenots and the right to participate in French public institutions to Protestants
108
Netherlands revolted against this monarch in the 16th century
Philip II
109
Treaty of Westphalia
Ended the 30 years war
| renewed the peace of Augsburg and added Calvinism to Lutheranism and Catholicism
110
Monarchial power ordained by God
Divine Right
111
Blunder of Louis xiv that closed Protestant churches and schools and caused emigration of a quarter million French
Fountainbleau
112
Known for their 18th century military power
Prussia
113
2 characteristics of prosperous countries in the 18th century
Strong military and effective tax
114
Role of upper-class women in the enlightenment
Ran salons
115
English navigation acts
All British imports and exports be transported on English ships
Gave British merchants a monopoly on trade with the colonies
116
Established the consulate and the rule of Napoleon
Constitution of year eight
117
Pope Pius VII and Napoleon's agreement that the religion of the majority of France would be Catholicism
Concordat of 1801
118
The fall of Robespierre was motivated by
Instincts of self-preservation among his associates
119
The problem of the French monarchy in the late 18th century did NOT include
No male heir
120
Congress of Vienna
After French Revolution major powers f Europe met to restore order
