Midterm Flashcards
(35 cards)
Where are primary airborne pollutants from ships are present in?
exhaust/flue gases
A product resulting from combustion of hydrocarbon fuels that create acidification
Oxides of Sulphur (SOx)
A product of incomplete combustion
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
They were adopted in the 1997 protocol to MARPOL 73/78 and are included in Annex VI of the Convention
Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships
includes a global cap of 3.5% on the sulphur content of fuel oil from January 1st, 2012 and this will further reduce to 0.5% in January 2020
MARPOL Annex VI
may be achieved by the use of cleaner fuels or through cleaner engine technologies, such as modified combustion cycles and/or exhaust gas cleaners (scrubbers, filters, etc)
Reduction in Exhaust Gas Emissions
refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer system
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Streamlined workflows lead to faster processes and reduced operational costs
Increased Efficiency
Personalized services and quicker responses improve customer satisfaction
Enhanced Customer Experience
refer to conflicts and rivalries between nations or regions that arise from their geographical, political, and economic interests used in the context of internal political affairs, which can influence domestic and global financial markets
Geopolitical Tensions
Tensions result in trade barriers, sanctions, and supply chain breakdowns
Trade Disruptions
Political tensions create a climate of uncertainty that affects investment and long-term economic planning
Economic Uncertainty
the costs associated with transporting goods via various freight shipping methods, such as ocean, air, rail, or road
Freight Shipping Rates
The cost of bunker fuel, the primary fuel for ships, is a significant component of ocean freight costs
Fuel Prices
Ports charge various fees for the services they provide, including but not limited to docking, handling, and storage
Port Fees
The global nature of ocean freight means that transactions often involve multiple currencies
Currency Exchange Rates
Insurance coverage for cargo is an indispensable aspect of ocean freight, designed to protect shippers against potential losses or
damage during transit
Insurance
Carriers charge fees for the transportation of goods, encompassing a range of services provided during the shipping process
Carrier Charges
traditionally associated with the high seas, has taken on new forms in the digital realm, encompassing the unauthorized reproduction and distribution of copyrighted works like software, music, and movies
Piracy
involve deliberate actions to breach digital systems for malicious purposes, including data theft, financial fraud, and disruption of critical infrastructure
Cyber Attacks
Piracy undermines legitimate businesses, leading to job losses and hindering innovation
Economic Loss
Sensitive data, including crew information, cargo details, and ship routes, can be stolen, leading to privacy violations, commercial espionage, and potential future targeting
Data Breaches
Attacks on critical infrastructure, such as power grids, healthcare systems, and financial institutions, can cause widespread disruption and even endanger lives
Disruption of Critical Services
Pirates may board vessels to steal cargo, valuables, or even the ship itself. This can lead to significant financial losses and endanger the lives of crew members
Hijacking and Cargo Theft
