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Breeding and Genetics > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

(110 cards)

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1
Q

Second tool for genetic change

A

Mating/Breeding System

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2
Q

a process that
determines which selected males are bred to which
selected females

A

Mating/Breeding System

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3
Q

this is when you choose the group of animals you
want to be parents

A

selection

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4
Q

In this, you match the males
and females from the selected group.

A

Mating

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5
Q

What are the reasons for using mating systems

A
  • Produce offspring with extreme
    breeding values in order to increase
    genetic change
  • Make use of complementarity
  • Obtain hybrid vigor or heterosis
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6
Q

is the mating of related animals that results to an increased homozygosity of gene pairs compared to non- inbred animals in the same population

A

Inbreeding

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7
Q

in this type of animal breeding, the animals being mated are very closely related and can be traced back to
more than one common ancestor

A

Intensive Inbreeding/ Close Breeding-

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8
Q

matings of animals that are more
distantly related and can be traced back to one
common ancestor

A

Linebreeding

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9
Q

mating of animals not as closely
related as the average of the population

A

Outbreeding

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10
Q

Crossing of animals of
different species

A

Species-cross

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11
Q

example of species-cross

A

horsexdonkey= mule

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12
Q

mating of animals of
different established breeds.

A

Crossbreeding-

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13
Q

example of crossbreeding

A

hampshire X berkshire

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14
Q

mating of animals of
different families within the same breed

A

outcrossing

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15
Q

mating of purebred
sires to commercial grade females and their
female offspring for several generations

A

Grading up

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16
Q

Is any animal not eligible for registry

A

Grading Up

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17
Q

this is crossing of 2 or more
inbred lines or strains (families within a breed)

A

Line or strain cross

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18
Q

involves mating a selected
number of males to a group of females within a herd or flock

A

Random Mating

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19
Q

where does the word oestrus cycle derived from

A

Latin

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20
Q

where does the word oestrus cycle originally came from

A

Greek

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21
Q

it comprises the recurring physiologic changes that are induced by reproductive hormones in most mammalian placental females

A

estrous cycle

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22
Q

what starts after puberty in sexually mature females?

A

oestrus cycle

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23
Q

this is interrupted by anestrous phases or pregnancies

A

estrous cycle

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24
Q

typically estrous cycle continue until_____

A

death

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25
this may display bloody vaginal discharge
estrous cycle
26
this is often mistake for menstruation
oestrus cycle
27
What are the two types of inbreeding
Intensive Breeding/ Close Breeding and Linebreeding
28
This is what you will use when you want to improve animals
Breeding system
29
these are traits that compliment each other
complementarity trait
30
What are the different types of outbreeding
Species-cross Crossbreeding Outcrossing Grading Up Line or strain cross Random Mating
31
This is the most common that we're doing in farm
Cross breeding
32
the one we produce should be 50% of the other breed and another 50% for other breed
Crossbreeding
33
most commonly employed breeding system in animals
Outcrossing
34
they are the same breed but not related
outcrossing
35
absence of estrous
anestrous
36
estrous cycle is all about ______
hormones
37
this is displayed during the estrous cycle
bloody vaginal discharge
38
they control our emotions, behavior and actions
hormones
39
what are the two gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
40
this hormone stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicle in females and supports sperm production in males
FSH
41
this hormone triggers ovulation and the formation of corpus luteum in females and stimulates testosterone production in males
LH
42
this hormone when rising or increases makes a woman feel more flirtatious (paglalandi)
estrogen
43
this is the hormone that when it increases or rises, it will signal the estrogen to go down
progesterone
44
this hormone maintains pregnancy
progesterone
45
it is the reabsorbtion of the endometrium occur if conception does not occur during that cycle
estrous cycle
46
inner lining of the uterus
endometrium
47
how many times does a dog becomes in heat
2x a year every 6 months
48
cats are what type of ovulators
induced ovulators
49
what type of ovulators are dogs
cyclic/ seasonal ovulators
50
estrous cycle of goat and sheep
17-23 days
51
what is the term for when daytime is shorter than the night time
winter solstice
52
According to Walter Heape, 1984, what are the 5 stages of estrous cycle
proestrus estrus metestrus diestrus anestrus
53
what happens before proestrus
estrogen is slowly increasing
54
preparation of uterus for pregnancy
metestrus
55
happens after estrus. In this stage, the female is anticipating her body pregnancy
metestrus
56
infection of the uterus
pyometra
57
gestation period of dog
9 weeks
58
decrease in progesterone will signal the release of the newborn
prostaglandins
59
secretes the female body for the uterus to contract
prostaglandins
60
terminate pregnancy
diestrus
61
regress of uterus in preparation for the estrous
anestrus
62
reproductive cycle of female, generally defines as period from one estrus to the next
estrous cycle
63
two phases of estrous cycle
follicular phase luteal phase
64
this is the phases to prepare the animal for mating (paglalandi)
follicular phase (estrogen and progesterone)
65
follicle which is a part of the ovary produces the hormone ______
estrodiol
66
this is the increasing activity of corpus luteum which happens during metestrus, diestrus and anestrus
luteal phase
67
it is governed not by follicles but by corpus luteum
luteal phase
68
what is the function of corpus luteum
produces progesterone
69
period when female does not experience cycles (occurs during pregnancy)
anestrus
70
uniform distribution of estrous cycles which occurs regularly throughout the year (cattle, swine, rodents)
polyestrus
71
cycles occur only during certain times of the year (horse, goats, sheep)
Seasonally polyestrus
72
cycle when day length increases
long-day breeders
73
begin to cycle as day length decreases
short-day breeders
74
one cycle per year period of estrus last for several days
monoestrus
75
this phase is period from regression of corpus luteum to ovulation
follicular phase
76
preovulatory follicle
follicular phase
77
what is the dominant hormone in follicular phase
estradiol
78
20% ONLY OF THE CYCLE
follicular phase
79
part of the ovary that is dominant during pregnancy that produces progesterone
corpus luteum
80
during follicular phase, _______ will regress, that's why progesterone will decrease
corpus luteum
81
it is about 80% of the entire cycle
Luteal phase
82
part of the ovary that produces progesterone
corpora lutea/ corpus luteum
83
it is the prerequisite of estrogen
estradiol
84
bangkay ng na rupture na follicle
corpus luteum
85
period from ovulation to corpus luteum regression
luteal phase
86
dominant hormone during luteal phase
progesterone
87
Stages of Estrous Cycle
Proestrus Estrus Metestrus Diestrus (PEM D)
88
Proestrus+ Estrus
Follicular phase
89
Metestrus+ Diestrus
Luteal phase
90
begins when progesterone declines (luteolysis) and ends at onset of estrus
Proestrus
91
how long does proestrus lasts
2-5 days
92
it is the period of major endocrine transition (transition from pregnancy phase to heat phase)
proestrus
93
what is the term for declining progesterone
luteolysis
94
because of FSH ______ will increase
estrogen
95
it is the building up phases
proestrus
96
in this phase, ovarian follicle with enclosed ovum, increase in size
proestrus
97
___________ absorbed from the follicles into blood stream stimulate increased vascularity and cell growth of tubular genitalia
estrogen
98
periods of sexual receptivity
estrus
99
during or shortly after estrus, ovulation occurs due to major surge in what hormone
LH
100
____ stops once ovulation occurs
estrus
101
at what phase is increase in progesterone and decrease in estrogen
metestrus
102
in this phase, endometrial lining thickens and uterine muscles show increased development
metestrus
103
this phase relatively short period of time between estrous cycle during the breeding season of polyestrus animals
diestrus
104
no reproduce activity on this phase
diestrus
105
what happens during proestrus?
formation of ovulatory follicle + e2 secretion
106
what happens during estrus
secretion of estrogen (peak E2 secretion)
107
what is the dominant tisse in metestrus
corpus luteum
108
what happens during metestrus
corpus luteum formation and beginning of P4 secretion
109
what happens during diestrus
sustained luteal secretion of P4
110
long period of inactivity between sexual season
anestrus

Breeding and Genetics (3 decks)

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