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Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the isthmus?

A

Narrow portion of the tube between the interstitial and ampulla segments (curved narrow)

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2
Q

What is the ampulla?

A

Longest and most tortuous segment of the tube.
Most common location for fertilization to occur.
Most common location of ectopic pregnancies.
(Sperm egg meet)

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3
Q

What’s Infundibulum?

A

Wide funnel-shaped opening near the ovary to which fimbriae are attached.
Considered the most distal section of the tube.
Distal close to ovary.

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4
Q

Fallopian Tubes are AKA:

A

Oviducts
Salpinx
Uterine tubes

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5
Q

What are the functions of the fallopian tubes ?

A

Transports oocytes from the ovary to the uterine cavity

Provides an area for fertilization to occur

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6
Q

What’s fimbriae?

A

Fingerlike projections that extend from the infundibulum.
Primary purpose is to draw the oocyte into the tube.
Finger like, helps the egg

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7
Q

True or false: fallopian tubes are not easily identified with sonography.

A

True

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8
Q

The fallopian tubes extend bilaterally from where ?

A

The uterine horns to the ovaries

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9
Q

Can some proximal segments may be visualized with high resolution transvaginal imaging?

A

Yes

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10
Q

Approximately how long is the length and diameter of the fallopian tube?

A

7-14cm in length
1-4mm in diameter

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11
Q

Where is the fallopian tube contained ?

A

In the upper margin of the broad ligament and it extends from the uterine corner of the uterus laterally where they drive over the ovary

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12
Q

Fallopian tubes may become distended secondary to:

A

Infection
Obstruction
Carcinoma

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13
Q

What ligaments support the fallopian tubes ?

A

Broad ligaments
Suspensory ligaments

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14
Q

Fallopian tubes may be filled with:

A

Fluid, blood, pus or combination of all three, depending on the cause

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15
Q

What are the layers of the fallopian tubes ?

A

Outer - serosal
Middle - muscularis
Inner - mucosal

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16
Q

What are some fallopian tube pathology:

A

Salpingitis
Hydrosalpinx
Pyosalpinx
Hematosalpnix

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17
Q

What are the fallopian tube sections ?

A

Interstitial
Isthmus
Ampulla
Infundibulum
Fimbriae

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18
Q

Which segment of the fallopian tube lies within the uterine horn?

A

Interstitial( Intramural )

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19
Q

What is salpingitis?

A

An inflammation of a fallopian tube caused by bacterial infection.
Common causes of salpingitis include sexually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhea and chlamydia.

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20
Q

Which fallopian tube section is concise red to be the proximal portion of the fallopian tube?

A

Interstitial

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21
Q

Which section is the narrow portion of the tube between the interstitial and ampulla segments?

A

Isthmus

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22
Q

Which section is the longest and most torturous segment of the tube?

A

Ampulla

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23
Q

In which section is the most common location of the ectopic pregnancies and where fertilization occurs ?

A

Ampulla

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24
Q

What are some cause and symptoms from salpingitis?

A

Female infertility it can cause damage the fallopian tube.
Symptoms range from asymptomatic to pelvic fullness or discomfort, pain, or a low-grade fever.

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25
What is hydrosalpinx?
Fluid within the fallopian tube. Appears as an Anechoic tubular structure. Due to abruption.
26
Which section is wide funnel shaped opening near the ovary to which fimbriae are attached.
Infundibulum
27
What is pyosalpinx?
Pus within the fallopian tube. May appear echogenic or have low level internal echoes.
28
Which section is considered to be the most distal section of the tube ?
Infundibulum
29
Which section is finger like projections that extend from the Infundibulum?
Fimbriae
30
What is hematosalpinx?
Blood within the fallopian tube. Appears as tubular structure with internal low level echoes.
31
What is included in the female reproductive cycle:
-ovarian and uterine cycles -hormonal changes that regulate those cycles -related cyclical changed in the breast
32
What are the menstrual cycles?
Ovarian cycle and uterine (endometrial) cycle
33
Define ovarian cycle
Series of events in the ovary that occur during and after the maturation of an oocyte
34
Define uterine (endometrial) cycle
Series of events in the endometrium to prepare it for the arrival of fertilized ovum that will develop in the uterus until birth
35
What are some facts of the menstrual cycle:
-the average menstrual cycle lasts for 28 days -typically days 1-5 correlate with menses -ovulation typically occur around day 14 ** ovulation is when one or more oocyte are released from the ovary
36
What are the two structures of the brain that releases hormones of the menstrual cycle?
Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary gland
37
Hypothalamus releases:
Gonadotropin releasing hormone- GnRH - stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release its hormones
38
Anterior pituitary gland:
In response to GnRH the anterior pituitary gland releases its hormones: 1. Follicle stimulating hormones— FSH 2. Luteinizing hormones— LH
39
What is FSH?
Causes ovarian follicles to develop during the first half of the menstrual cycle
40
What are the three main segments of a follicle?
1. Oocyte 2. Theca cells 3. Granulosa cells **theca and granulosa cells respond to FSH & LH and in turn produce hormones and fluid ** the fluid contained within the follicle is easily visualized sonographicaly
41
What happens to a follicle when FSH is released?
Usually only one follicle will reach full maturity— this is the dominant follicle or Graafian follicle
42
What is LH?
Surges (or reaches its peak) around day 14 of the menstrual cycle - the LH surge triggers ovulation meaning it causes the Graafian follicle to rupture and release the oocyte (Tell it’s time to release egg)
43
What are the steps of the hormones of the menstrual cycle?
Hypothalamus + GnRH + Pituitary + LH & FSH + ovaries
44
In the ovaries, what are the two main hormones during the menstrual cycle?
1. Estrogen 2. Progesterone
45
What is estrogen?
-produce by the theca cells and granulosa cells within the maturing follicle - estrogen is secreted during the first half of the menstrual cycle -signals the endometrium to thicken -a thick endometrium provides a favorable environment for implantation of products of conception (Prepare for possible egg)
46
What is progesterone?
-secreted after ovulation has occurred by the corpus luteum of the ovary (formed by residual cells of the rupture Graafian follicle) -progesterone is secreted during the 2nd half of the menstrual cycle -Responsible for maintaining the thickness of the endometrium
47
What are the two phases of the ovarian cycle:
1. Follicular phase 2. Luteal phase
48
Whats the follicular phase:
-development and maturation of follicles -begins on day 1 of the menstrual cycle -lasts until approximately day 14 when ovulation occurs
49
What is mittelschmerz?
Sharp pain felt during ovulation
50
What is ovulation?
-occurs with LH surge - Graafian follicle ruptures -oocyte is released -small amount of fluid may be seen with ultrasound in pouch of Douglas
51
What is luteal phase?
-second half of ovarian cycle - occurs after ovulation - lasts from approximately days 15- 28
52
At what ovarian cycle does the Luteal phase occur?
Second half after ovulation
53
How long does the Luteal phase last?
Approx 15-28 days
54
What happens during the Lucite phase?
Corpus luteum forms from residual cells of the graafian follicle
55
Does the corpus luteum produce estrogen or progesterone?
Progesterone
56
What does progesterone do to the endometrium?
Thickends it
57
What happens if fertilization of the Oocyte does not occur during the luteal phase?
The corpus Luteum regresses becoming the corpus albicans, which will eventually complete regress
58
In the Luteal phase, does the secretion of progesterone stop or continues?
The secretion of progesterone stops and the endometrium is no longer maintained. The cycle begins again.
59
What is the name of the cyst that forms as a result of the menstrual cycle??
Functional cysts
60
If the dominant molecule fails to rupture in ovulation and continues to grow, what kind of cyst is it called?
Follicular cyst
61
How long is the width of an ovarian follicle in an ultrasound?
Less than 3 cm
62
What are the three phases of the endometrial cycle?
Menstrual Proliferated Secretary
63
What is the thickness in multi layer during the menstrual phase of the endometrium?
2-4mm
64
What is the thickness of the endometrium during the proliferative phase?
4-8mm
65
What is the thickness of the endometrium in the secretory phase?
7-14mm
66
At what phase does shedding of the functional layer of the endometrium occur?
Menstrual phase which last approximately 5 days
67
What causes endometrial thickening?
Estrogen
68
At what phase does the endometrium undergoes thickening?
Proliferation phase-during the first half of the menstrual cycle
69
During the proliferative phase, how does the endometrium look in an ultrasound?
It is thin and echogenic
70
In an ultrasound, how does the endometrium look during a late proliferative phase?
The endometrium has a varying echogenicity between the layers, which is referred as the three line sign
71
Which phase occurs after ovulation?
Secretory phase
72
During the secretory phase, what is a stimulated by to maintain the endometrial thickness?
Progesterone
73
During the secretory phase in an ultrasound, how does the endometrium appear ?
Endometrium appears thickened and uniformly echogenic
74
What does the hypothalamus secrete that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release its hormones?
GnRH
75
What hormones does the pituitary gland release?
FSH & LH
76
What does FSH stimulate in the ovaries?
Follicle maturation
77
The phase where LH surge causes graafian follicle to ovulate or rapture releasing the oocyte
Luteal phase of the ovary
78
The cells within the developing follicles release estrogen during the first half of the menstrual cycle. Estrogen stimulates thickening of the endometrium at what phase does this occur?
Proliferative phase of the endometrium
79
The corpus luteum forms from residual cells of the raptureed Graafian follicle. In Which phase does this occur?
Luteal / secretory phase

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