Midterm Flashcards
(32 cards)
1
Q
why was the nile river so significant?
A
- nile adjacent areas were the only habitabal areas
- has 5 cataracts
- created good farmland and mudbrick
- homes were built on more raised land to avoid flooding
- helped to facilitate trade
2
Q
Why were cataracts important?
A
- difficult to navigate
- created natural boarders
- attacked as limits to foreign attack
3
Q
seasons in Egypt
A
1) Akhet (inundation of Nile)
2) Peret (high water)
3) Shemu (low water and harvest)
4
Q
chronology of egyptian pharaohs
A
- 31 dynasties
– some dynasties overlapped - focus on new kingdom (1550-1070)
5
Q
Capital Cities of New Kingdom
A
- memphis (the og capital)
- thebes (in upper egypt)
- amarna (akhenaten)
- pi ramesses
6
Q
other key countries/empires
A
1) nubia (upper egypt)
2) mitanni
3) assyria
4) babylonia
5) hatti (hittites)
6) Libyans
7) minoans
8) myceneans
9) levant
7
Q
late 2nd intermediate period
A
- 15-19 dynasties
8
Q
late 2nd intermediate period political situation
A
- eastern nile delta is occupied by foreign rulers
-> Hyksos at Avaris - Kerma in lower nubia in under control of Kush
- middle and upper egypt under control of Thebean kings
9
Q
Hyksos
A
- located in memphis
- Tell el Daba was a major city for trade with the Levant
- lots of foreign settlers
- adopted Egyptian customs but kept their traditions
-> mix of Egyptian and foreign goods in burials - Hyksos kings were Sekerher and Apepi
-> tooks right hands in battle
-> built large mudbrick palaces next to the water
10
Q
lower nubia in 2nd intermediate period
A
- located between the 1st and 3rd cataracts
- 12th dynasty assumes control erecting fortress of Buhen
-> fortresses evolved and became more like settler areas with intermarriage between Egyptians and Nubians - C-group = Nubians under egyptian control
-> tribal society; not a kingdom or a state
-> incorporated in egyptian army - kerma people
-> under control of kings of Kerma - Egyptian temples are built in colonies, and priest work in temples until the town is developed and self sufficient
11
Q
what was the role of intermarriage between egyptians and nubians?
A
- burial proof
- families play both sides of being pro-kush and pro-Egypt for best family interest
- reliance on local vassals
12
Q
how do rulers justify their rule?
A
- marriage within same family
- going to battle
- divine claim to throne (whether explicitly stated or not)
- art and construction projects
- never send foreigners their daughters
13
Q
Role of pharaohs’ wives
A
- stayed at palace while husband was at war
- helped with transition of power
- own estates so that if something happens to the king they’ll be able to guarantee succession
14
Q
kamose
A
- king of thebes at the end of the 17th dynasty
- led successful campaign against hyksos
- brothers with Ahmose
- leads looting campaign at Avaris
15
Q
Ahmose
A
- defeats Hyksos and attributes win to Amun
- reunifies upper and lower egypt under one rule
- expands Nubian influence to 3rd cataract in sai and adds military installations
–> campaigns further into upper nubia close to sai island by kerma but doesn’t quite get there - based in thebes
- religious attributions
- other campaigns
–> goes north to Sharuhen by Sinai
16
Q
Amenhotep I
A
asserts control over Nubia for gold
17
Q
Thutmose I
A
- wears white crown of upper egypt
- campaigns to 3rd cataract
–> deafeats the kushites and Kerma but doesn’t conquer it
–> establishes tribute system in Nubia - may have extended egypt’s boundary to euphrates
–> leaves stela at Kurgus praising Amun and threatening those who go against him/violate monument - trade with the mitanni but do not end up going that far north
–> expands into levant for luxury materials
18
Q
what are the motivations of pharaohs to expand?
A
- plunder for the gods
- glory
- recognition
- revenue
19
Q
imperialism vs nationalism
A
explain using examples
20
Q
Thutmose II
A
- ruled about 3 years
- campaigned (putting down rebellion) in Kush
- Queen Hatshepsut takes over after he dies, rules in place of son (who is not her own)
21
Q
Hatshepsut
A
- takes on title of king of upper and lower egypt after Thutmose I dies and a little after just being called queen
–> originally called “great king’s wife” and “god’s wife of Amun”
–> title “god’s wife of Amun” is passed down from wife to wife along with property and land - uses throne name “maat-ka ra”
- commissioned a lot of art
–> used both female and male identities (wears ram crown, depicted with and without a beard, sometimes wears man’s kilt but in female stance)
–> depictions of her royal birth and divine right
–> co-depictions with Thutmose III (but was always the one depicted as more incharge)
–> key art: mortuary temple at del el bahri - by 7th regal year, becomes co-regent with Thutmose III
- expedition to Punt with lots of tribute
22
Q
punt
A
- major trading partner
–> gold, incense, resin and oil, good wood - lots of gold
–> used to make rings - sailed using boats that could broken apart
- not a lot expeditions occurred, but main one was facilitated by Hatshepsut
23
Q
religious practices
A
- opet festival and beautiful feats of the valley
–> taking statues of amun on boats down nile to Hatshepsut’s mortuary temple @ end of peret to the barque shrine - believed in linear and circular time
- although not always claimed by pharaohs, many saw themselves as gods and would have people bring tribute to their statues especially after death
- rotating priest system because of extensive requirements and knowledge expected of them
24
Q
what were reasons for the proscription of Hatshepsut?
A
explain
25
Senemut (the manager of god's wife's estate)
- works under Hatshepsut
- promoted to be one of architects (overseers)
- holds very high up position
--> depicted holding Hatshepsut's daughter Neferurei as he was her tutor
- oversees deir el bahari (djeser djeseru)
--> great steward of amun at deir el bahari and karnak
- received many rewards and recognition
- resulted in his and his family's social mobility
26
proscription of Hatshepsut
- 1st stage during end of Thutmose III's rule (about year 42, 20 years after her death), 2nd stage during Amenhotep II's rule
- wall carvings at karnak removed and replaced
- thutmose III carved his annals on her walls
- Hatshepsut is erased from red temple, and temple is soon torn down and replaced
- hole outside deir el bahari with statues of Hatshepsut
- kingly depictions and name erased, but kept female depicitons
--> replaced with names of Thutmose I and II
- destruction of past king's work was only ok if that ruler was illegitimate or the current ruler allowed for it
- Thutmose III's motivations?
27
Thutmose III
- military leader who goes on 17 campaigns
--> battle of Meggido
- took wives from defeated foreign rulers
--> transactional marriages
--> sons were raised in Egyptian courts and wives had elaborate burials
- nubian campaign:
--> ends state of kerma and builds new royal city at Dukki Gei
--> connection to Thutmose I
--> major temple building campaign
--> all of lower Nubia is aggregated in Egyptian state (subject rulers)w
--> southern Nubia falls under indirect rule
- Upper Nubia:
--> Gebel-Barkal is boundary with stela cementing legitimacy of Thutmose III
--> pay annual tribute
--> inscription at Kurgus by 5th cataract was other boundary
28
compare the nubian empire rule with that of the levant
- levant: people are kicked out and have subjugated rulers
- took cannanite soldiers
29
Amenhotep II
- son of Merytre (minor wife)
--> possibly not intended heir
- characterised by sport
- establishes 2 capitals at thebes and memphis
--> memphis has greater attention and patronage than before
- praises Horemakhet (sun god identified with the sphinx)
- campaigns:
--> 3 in syria (yrs 3, 7, 9) with Amada stele in Nubia
--> year 7 campaign = single-handedly captures local princes and warriors and does some copper shooting
--> tries to assert more control
--> year 9 campaign = southern levant and coastal towns; takes close to 90,000 prisoners (10% of population)
- prisoners are moved from homes and resettled somewhere else
30
Thutmose IV
- reigned about 10 years
- depictions with his mom Tiaa
- erects Sphinx dream stela
--> cements belief in Horemaket
- Campaigns:
--> benefited from those of ancestors
--> major vassal tribute event
31
Amenhotep II
- slight changes to thutmoside art style
- relatively peaceful and long reign
--> lots of art and buildings
- marries some lower ranking elites
- creates divine birth text (like Hatshepsut)
- marries queen Tiye but she never gets title of "god's wife of Amun" (not sister)
--> uses disk and horns in her depictions
- Early years:
--> yr 1+2: new quarries and building projects
--> yr 5: put down rebellious troops in Nubia
- Foreign policy:
--> empire reached Kush in 5th cataract and Kadesh in the Levant
--> lots of trade, begins trade with Myceneans and Cyprus (keftiu?)
--> trades with Hatti and have peace treaty
--> tributaries!! and diplomatic marriages
- Monuments:
--> thebes, luxor and southwest thebes (mortuary temple in kom el-hetan)
--> colossi of memnon
--> statues with queen tiye
--> royal palace at malqata for royal jubilee
--> temple of luxor
- policy:
--> gives higher positions to scribes over military
32
how were art and other objects like scarabs used?
- explain
- ex. deification of Amenhotep III, legitimacy of Hatshepsut, etc.
