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NYCC Nutrition II > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

How long does sperm maturation take?

A

70-80 days

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2
Q

Describe the pathway of testosterone production from cholesterol

A

cholesterol –> pregnenolone –> DHEA
–> estradiol –> testosterone
OR
(DHEA) –> testosterone

(be able to recognize, true or false question)

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3
Q

What enzyme converts estradiol to testosterone?

A

aromatase

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4
Q

Cholesterol is converted to ____ which is converted to progesterone

A

pregnenolone

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5
Q

What 2 hormones are produced by fat cells?

A

estrogen
leptin

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6
Q

What BMI’s are associated with compromised fertility in women?

A

<20 kg/m
>30 kg/m

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7
Q

With obesity and waist circumference over 35 inches, there is a reduction in ____

A

sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)
(normally binds excess hormone)

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8
Q

Contraceptive pills of the 1960’s had high doses of ____ and ____ with many side effects

A

estrogen & progesterone

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9
Q

Current oral contraceptive pills (OCP’s) have ____ doses of hormones and are mainly ____ based

A

lower
progesterone

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10
Q

Name 4 significant risks associated with OCPs

A
  • breast cancer
  • HPV/cervical cancer
  • CVD
  • DVT/PE
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11
Q

Name 7 contraindications to OCPs

A
  • obesity
  • > 35 years old
  • smoking
  • Hx of CVD
  • HTN
  • diabetes
  • immobility
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12
Q

Vitamin ____ levels tend to be 33% lower with OCPs

A

B

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13
Q

Serum ____ levels tend to be 34-55% higher in patients on OCPs and will need ____ supplementation support

A

copper
zinc

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14
Q

What drug-induced nutrient depletions (DIND) are associated with OCPs?

A
  • folic acid
  • B2 (riboflavin)
  • B6 (pyridoxine)
  • B12 (cobalamin)
  • vitamin C
  • vitamin E
  • magnesium
  • selenium
  • zinc
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15
Q

What is the maternal anabolic state?

A
  • 1st 20 weeks = storage
  • build mother’s capacity to deliver nutrients
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16
Q

What is the maternal catabolic state?

A
  • 2nd 20 weeks
  • nutrient & energy delivery takes place (90% of fetal growth)
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17
Q

Total body water increases by ____ during pregnancy

A

7-10 L
(2-2.5 gals)

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18
Q

Calorie needs are increased to about ____ cal/day during most of pregnancy

A

300
(*varies: 350 cal/day 2nd trimester, 450 cal/day 3rd trimester)

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19
Q

Calorie balance should be (positive/negative) throughout pregnancy

A

positive

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20
Q

What is the minimum amount of carbs per day to meet glucose requirements of the developing baby brain?

A

175 g/day
(50-65% of calories)

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21
Q

What is the minimum amount of protein per day during pregnancy?

A

75 g/day
(1.5 g/kg body weight)

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22
Q

What are the recommendations for vitamin D3 during pregnancy?

A

2000 IU
(most women need 4000-5000 IU in winter months)

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23
Q

Babies born in what months are at significantly higher risk of MS?

A

April or May
(than those born in Oct or Nov)

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24
Q

How are the following processes affected by pregnancy?
- calcium absorption from food
- calcium excretion from urine
- bone mineral turnover rate

A

all increase

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25
How much calcium intake is recommended during pregnancy?
300mg/day
26
How does moderate caffeine intake affect pregnancy outcomes?
does not seem to have negative effects (inconclusive) (also no improvement w/ lack of caffeine)
27
How is thirst affected during pregnancy? What is the average amount of water that should be consumed per day?
increased thirst 9 cups/day (national institute of medicine says AI is ~13 cups)
28
What is the first step in managing gestational diabetes?
monitor: - blood glucose levels (FBG & PPG levels) - ketones in urine - diet/exercise modifications
29
What test is done between 24 and 28 weeks gestation for gestational diabetes?
1-hr fasting glucose test (3-hr test if 1-hr test fails)
30
What recommendations can be made for insomnia during pregnancy?
- Magnesium (200-400mg/day at night) - chamomile tea - relaxation techniques - physical activity - acupuncture
31
What dietary recommendations can be made for constipation during pregnancy?
- ^water - prunes & berries - insoluble fiber (celery & other roughage)
32
What supplement recommendations can be made for constipation during pregnancy?
- magnesium citrate (300-400mg at night) - vitamin C (500-1000mg/day after 1st trimester)
33
Topical application of ____ mimics prostaglandins which "ripens" the cervix in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy
evening primrose oil
34
What are 2 uterine tonics help to prepare the uterus for labor in the 3rd trimester?
black cohosh & blue cohosh
35
Blue cohosh may stimulate ____ in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy
uterine contraction
36
Red raspberry leaf tea is rich in ____, and has what effects in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy?
iron helps tone the uterus, eases nausea & helps w/ labor pain
37
How many months does the Academy on American Pediatrics recommend breastfeeding for?
12 months
38
How many months does the Academy on American Pediatrics recommend **exclusively** breastfeeding for?
6 months
39
When is breastmilk the highest in fat content during breastfeeding?
end of breastfeeding (hindmilk)
40
What is the major protein in mature breastmilk?
casein
41
What are the 2 major carbohydrates in breastmilk?
1. lactose 2. polysaccharides
42
Lactose in breastmilk enhances ____
calcium
43
What are the functions of polysaccharides in breastmilk?
- contribute calories - prebiotic for bifidus bacterium - inhibits pathogenic bacteria like E. coli
44
What oligosaccharide is unique to human breastmilk?
2'FL (2'-fucosyllactose)
45
What is the recommendation for vitamin D intake for infants that are exclusively breastfed?
400 IU/day (800 IU when sick)
46
What 2 feeding reflexes should be present in an infant?
- Oral search: open mouth & thrust tongue - Rooting: turn head toward side when cheek stimulated
47
What are signs of breastfeeding malnutrition in infants?
- **10% or more bodyweight loss in first week** - weak cry - sleepy - nonresponsive - few wet diapers
48
Why is hydration key for breastfeeding?
#1 component of breastmilk is water; if dehydrated, will not produce enough breastmilk
49
How many extra calories should a nursing mom consume per day?
400-500
50
A nursing mother's diet should include how much DHA per day?
200-300 mg
51
How long does it take for the GI system to mature?
6 months
52
What is the estimated serving size of food for kids?
1 tbsp of food per year of age
53
What foods should be avoided or limited in infancy?
- honey - nuts - raw foods - milk
54
What should be recommended for children after completing antibiotic therapy and for those with food intolerances?
3-4 billion CFU probiotics
55
Name 3 risk factors associated with iron deficiency anemia in pediatric patients?
- preterm - high lead exposure - poor nutrition (**link to early use of cow's milk before 12 mo.**)
56
What can long-term iron deficiency in pediatric patients lead to?
learning delays from CNS development
57
Which of the following is **not** a cause of diarrhea in pediatric patient? A) pathogens B) too much sugar C) food intolerance D) too much water E) irritable bowel
D) too much water
58
What is the BMI percentile range for underweight?
<5th percentile
59
What is the BMI percentile range for healthy weight?
5th to <85th percentile
60
What is the BMI percentile range for overweight?
85th to <95th percentile
61
What is the BMI percentile range for obesity?
equal or > 95th percentile
62
What are the 5 components of a balanced diet according to MyPlate?
- fruits - vegetables - protein - grains - dairy
63
____ is caused by eating food that is cheap and filling but deficient in essential vitamins and micronutrients
hidden hunger (nutritional deficiency that occurs in presence of otherwise nutritionally or calorically appropriate diet)

NYCC Nutrition II (3 decks)

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