midterm Flashcards
modules 1-7 (67 cards)
1
Q
Define plant propagation
A
process of producing new plants and preserving their unique qualities (more or less same characteristics of mother plants)
2
Q
Define cutting
A
- A cutting is a piece of vegetative tissue used to asexually propagate a mother plant.
- “Placed under the proper environmental conditions [a cutting] wil regenerate teh missing parts, roots, shoots, or both – and develop into a self-sustaining plant.”
3
Q
Define domestication
A
Wild plants are selected and adapted for human use.
4
Q
Define seed propagation.
A
Sexual propagation that results in plants with different genetic material from the parent plant.
5
Q
Define layering
A
A portion of a stem is placed in the soil and adventitious roots form.
6
Q
Define bulblet
A
New miniature bulbs may develop from leaf axils
7
Q
Define bulb
A
Compressed stems with a basal plate.
8
Q
Define corm
A
Thickened underground bases of stems.
9
Q
Define tuber
A
Swollen underground stems with growth buds
10
Q
Define tuberous root
A
Swollen sections of a root.
11
Q
Define rhizome
A
Underground horizontal stems in a variety of thicknesses.
12
Q
Define division
A
Separating plants with human intervention into many self supporting plants.
13
Q
Define separation
A
Parts of plant break off naturally.
14
Q
Define grafting
A
Joining of two separate plants so that they grow as one
15
Q
Define budding
A
The bud from one plant is inserted into a recipient plant
16
Q
Define micropropagation
A
Producing large numbers of plants through tissue culture
17
Q
Define ventilation
A
Movement of a mass of air.
18
Q
Define cooling
A
Reducing the temperature of air.
19
Q
Define cold frame
A
A small structure outside used to acclimate plants to the outdoor environment before transplanting
20
Q
Define hotbed
A
A small structure outside similar to a cold frame, except it has a source of heat to help maintain optimal temperatures
21
Q
Define F1 hybrid seed
A
Crossing of two inbred lines may produce F1 hybrid seed with increased plant vigour
22
Q
What is plant vigour?
A
Increased yield and quality
23
Q
Define seed dormancy. What types of dormancy exist?
A
An important survival mechanism for many species, especially woody perennials that prevents germination of seeds all at once or during unsuitable periods of time.
24
Q
What is a tunicate bulb? (5)
A
- solid tight structure
- fleshy scales in layers
- surrounded with a dry thin protective layer (tunic)
- can withstand dry storage
25
What is a bulbil?
Small bulblike structures produced in the flowerhead or leaf axils of certain plants
26
What were the origins of plant propagation?
27
What are the origins of greenhouse construction and what were some ways it's evolved from ancient times to today?
- Roman emperor really liked Armenian melons and made his slaves make greenhouses out of mica so that he could eat them year round.
- Orangeries
- ill fated glass and iron greenhouses made for expos for ex. Crystal Palace in London to display exotic plants
- scaling up production of plants and display of exotic plant materials
28
What are the 5 basic activities that make up plant agriculture?
1. Plant selection
2. Plant propagation
3. Crop production
4. Crop handling and storage
5. Food technology
29
What are the 3 fields of plant agriculture?
- Agronomy (cereals, fibres, forages)
- Horticulture ( vegetables, fruits, nuts, herbs)
- Forestry (trees for lumber and fuel)
30
What is a scaly bulb? (3)
- Loose separate scales
- No protective layer
- Cannot withstand dry storage
31
What are the 4 types of greenhouse heating?
- steam heating system
- forced air heaters
- hot water heating system infrared - radiant heaters
32
4 types of greenhouse ventilation and cooling?
- natural ventilation
- fan-louver ventilation
- fan-tube ventilation
- fan and pad cooling
33
How to decide on a greenhouse orientation?
- Above 40o latitude: -Freestanding greenhouse → east-west orientation to maximize light intensity
- Connected greenhouses → north-south orientation to avoid ridge and gutter shadow pockets
- Minimize loss from prevailing winds (here NW winds)
34
Given the dimensions of a greenhouse calculate the surface area and volume.
L X W x H, calculate triangle portion and rectangle portion separately.
35
List the environmental factors affecting seed germination (6)
1. Adequate Moisture
2. Proper temperature
3. Good aeration
4. Light
5. Freedom from pathogens
6. Freedom from excessive salt
36
How is a cultivar maintained through self-pollinated species for seed production?
Seed purity for self-pollinated species is generally assured.
37
How is a cultivar maintained through cross-pollinated species for seed production?
plants involved in seed production need to be separated from other plants to avoid pollen contamination
38
How is seed quality maintained in Canada?
Canadian Seed Growers' Association determines the purity standards and is responsible for the certification of most agricultural crops ie. F1 hybrids
39
Plants ____ in how long the embryos remain viable.
vary, eg. Willow, maple, elm → few days or months, Certain legumes → several years
40
In general seeds stored in ________ ___________ at _____ temperatures and relative humidity (___%) last longer.
sealed containers, low, 15%
41
What are the 6 seed viability tests?
1. Cut
2. Float
3. X-ray
4. Germination
5. Tetrazolium
6. Excised Embryo
42
In this test a seed is cut in half to determine the presence of an embryo:
Cut test
43
How would you know if a seed is viable following a float test?
Seeds that float are often empty, seeds that sink are often viable.
44
Which test is used by some seed labs to determine if a seed is hollow or abnormally small?
X-ray test
45
What is the process of a germination test?
For seeds that have dormancy issues seeds are placed in conditions for germination and the germination % is calculated.
46
What is the name of the chemical that turns red when it comes into contact with respiring tissue?
Tetrazolium
47
Which test is used by some seed labs for woody plant species where the seeds may be persistently dormant?
Excised Embryo test
48
What are the two types of seed dormancy and how can they be overcome?
1. Seed coat dormancy happens when the seed coat is impermeable to water and gasses or has high resistance to embryo expansion.
- overcome by: scarification, heat treatment, acid scarification
2. Embryo dormancy: physiological conditions in the embryo prevent active growth
- overcome by: stratification (chilling treatment)
49
What conditions are required for stratification?
i) Moisture
ii) Chilling temperatures: 1 to 7oC
iii) Adequate oxygen
iv) Time: varies among species
50
Draw a map of the different types of cuttings and the best times of year to take them.
on paper!
51
Which factors affect the rooting of cuttings?
1. Source of cutting material (bettwer if grew in full sun at moderate rate and accumulated carbs)
2. Time of year
3. Etiolation (growth of shoots with little or no light)
4. Treatment of cuttings with auxins
5. Misting
6. Bottom heat (base at 24 degrees, tops at 18.5 degrees)
52
What are plant breeder's rights?
- the owner has the sole right to produce or sell the propagating material of the cv.
- owner can take legal action against those who propagate and sell material without permission
- rights secured 18-25 with payment of annual fee
53
What are 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of layering?
Advantages
- Layering requires minimal equipment
- and doesn't require removal from mother plant until later (food source)
Disadvantages
- takes time to root, growth tip may be lopsided
- production cannot be scaled up.
54
Name and describe the 5 types of layering:
Tip layering: bury tip of branch in soil (rasp-black berry)
Simple layering: long Branch buried in soil with tip bent and exposed above ground.
Compound/trench layering: branch layered in soil for multiple plants (honeysuckle, grapevine)
Mound layering: mother plant cut in late winter, soil mounded on top, babies cut away.
Air layering: remove bark and add auxin, cover with moist sphagnum moss in plastic or tinfoil.
55
What is the physiological basis of layering?
1. construction of stem
2. exclusion of light
56
When should layering be done?
when plant is actively growing and performed on newer growth
57
What documentation should be provided for layering production? (3)
- mother plant details
- date of planting
- annual yield in given area
58
What are the 3 ways to propagate using bulbs?
ScaScooSco
Bulb scaling: scaly bulbs separated and put in moist soil plastic bag. tunicate bulbs cut in pieces with basal plate tissue and placed in moist soil plastic bag.
Bulb scooping: basal plate scooped out, bulblets form at point of injury.
Bulb scoring: score basal plate, bulblets form
59
How can clump-forming plants be propagated through division?
Separate using hands, pitchfork, other sharp tool into multiple plants. Each section should contain roots.
60
What factors are relevant in choosing a layer bed?
1. Location
2. Soil Type
3. Soil borne pests and disease
4. Irrigation
5. Mechanization
6. Time of the year to layer
61
Which factors are important for the location of a layer bed?
- sheltered from wind, not in frost pockets
- fencing to protect from rabbits and rodents
- shading if necessary
62
Describe the ideal soil type for a layer bed:
sandy loam, pH below neutral, sufficient phosphorus
63
What are some exs. of soil borne pests and diseases?
bacteria, fungus, nematodes, insects > solved by fumigation if it gets real bad
64
Why is irrigation required for layer beds?
- provides enough water for veg and root growth
- allow establishment of mother plants
- help in lifting the layers during dry weather
65
What kind of mechanization is used for layering?
- Machinery used for initial planting and
cultivations
▪ Specialized machinery available for mounding soil and harvesting
66
What time of year should a plant be layered?
When a plant is actively growing
67
